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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Vladimir Kozlov (Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS)); Ekaterina Sokolova (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan); Olga Veselovskaya (Eurasian Technological Universit Kazakhstan); Daria Saitova (Eurasian Technological Universit Kazakhstan) |
| Abstract: | A significant part of Russian migrants, who fled the country after February 2022, are qualified professionals, and almost half have moved with their partners and children. For them, the social capital required for integration in the host country is closely linked to family issues and daily routines. Defining social capital as a combination of relationships and attitudes, this study examines the role of employment, children, and gender in its development after migration. Empirical data were obtained from online surveys conducted among Russian migrants around the world, as well as among those who stayed in Russia. Quantitative analysis of the data shows that employment, children, and gender are related to the formation of migrants' social capital. In addition to the role of employment, we show that in migration women are more sociable and open to interaction, and having children widens their social circle and increases the number of acquaintances, which in turn contributes to the formation of social capital. Based on the above, it can be concluded that migrant families with children have a great potential for integration into the host society. |
| Keywords: | Migration, social capital, integration, families, gender |
| JEL: | F22 J12 J13 J15 I31 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ost:wpaper:405 |
| By: | Liliana Harding; Ciprian Panzaru |
| Abstract: | This study explores how refugees' destination preferences evolve during transit, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Romania. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyse data from the International Organization for Migration's (IOM) Flow Monitoring Surveys and complement it with qualitative insights from focus group discussions with refugees. The quantitative analysis reveals that refugees' preferences for destination countries often change during transit, influenced by factors such as safety concerns, asylum conditions, education, and the presence of relatives at the destination. Our results support the application of bounded rationality and human capital theory, showing that while economic opportunities are important, safety becomes the dominant concern during transit. The qualitative analysis adds depth to these findings, highlighting the role of political instability, social networks, and economic hardships as initial migration drivers. Additionally, the study reveals how refugees reassess their destination choices based on their experiences in transit countries, with Romania emerging as a viable settlement destination due to its relative stability and access to asylum procedures. This research contributes to migration studies by challenging the traditional view of transit countries and offering new insights into the fluid nature of refugee decision-making. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.08350 |
| By: | Anger, Silke (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg); Bassetto, Jacopo (University of Bologna); Sandner, Malte (Technische Hochschule Nürnberg) |
| Abstract: | While Western countries worry about labor shortages, their institutional barriers to skill transferability prevent immigrants from fully utilizing foreign qualifications. Combining administrative and survey data in a difference-in-differences design, we show that a German reform, which lifted these barriers for non-EU immigrants, led to a 15 percent increase in the share of immigrants with a recognized foreign qualification. Consequently, non-EU immigrants' employment and wages in licensed occupations (e.g., doctors) increased respectively by 18.6 and 4 percent, narrowing the gaps with EU immigrants. Despite the inflow of non-EU immigrants in these occupations, we find no evidence of crowding out or downward wage pressure for natives. |
| Keywords: | skill transferability, occupational recognition, immigrant integration |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J62 F22 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17444 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Despite the international community’s resolve to deal with the human outfall of conflicts, violence, persecution, natural disasters, and climate change, forced displacement is increasing, and durable solutions for the displaced – voluntary return in safety and dignity, local integration, and resettlement – are seldom found. While historically, assisting and protecting the forcibly displaced have mostly been handled by the humanitarian sector, a new way of working gained prominence in 2016, with the objective of strengthening collaboration between humanitarian, development, and peace actors: the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDP Nexus). This paper reviews 27 initiatives tackling the challenges of forced displacement in low-income and middle-income countries with an HDP Nexus approach, drawing lessons in terms of the programming, co-ordination, and financing. |
| Keywords: | Conflict, Coordination, Development, Development Co-operation, Forced Displacement, HDP Nexus, Human Mobility, Humanitarian, Inclusion, Migration, Official Development Assistance, Peace, Refugees |
| JEL: | F22 F35 F5 F53 O1 O2 H84 |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:57-en |
| By: | Carlo Medici |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that immigration fostered the emergence of organized labor in the United States. I digitize archival data to construct the first county-level dataset on historical U.S. union membership and use a shift-share instrument to isolate a plausibly exogenous shock to the labor supply induced by immigration, between 1900 and 1920. Counties with higher immigration experienced an increase in the probability of having labor unions, the number of union branches, the share of unionized workers, and the number of union members per branch. This increase occurred more prominently among skilled workers, particularly in counties more exposed to labor competition from immigrants, and in areas with less favorable attitudes towards immigration. Taken together, these results are consistent with existing workers forming and joining labor unions for economic as well as social motivations. The findings highlight a novel driver of unionization in the early 20th-century United States: in the absence of immigration, the average share of unionized workers during this period would have been 22% lower. The results also identify an unexplored consequence of immigration: the development of institutions aimed at protecting workers’ status in the labor market, with effects that continue into the present. |
| Keywords: | labor unions, immigration, labor market competition, discrimination |
| JEL: | J15 J50 J70 N31 N32 P10 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11437 |
| By: | Vladimir Kozlov (Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS)); Ekaterina Sokolova (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan); Olga Veselovskaya (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan); Daria Saitova (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan.) |
| Abstract: | The paper is devoted to the fertility intentions of the migrants from Russia belonging to the recent wave of so called ‘Exodus’ caused by Russia’s invasion in Ukraine in 2022 and its social impact on Russian society. The authors use the disruption hypothesis and predict the drop in the fertility intentions of new-wave Russian migrants in comparison with the old- wave Russian migrants and stayers, matching and controlling for their socio-economic status. Although the new-wave migrants are in the active reproductive age, partnered and in many cases childless, the authors find a strong intention to the fertility postponement and even cancellation among them. The research is based on two on-line surveys organized in April – October 2023 via online social media and by the snowball method. The first survey provided authors with empirical data on old-wave and new-wave migrants, the second one – on stayers, who have close socio-economic characteristics to the migrants. As a result not only the lower birth intentions of the new-wave migrants was observed, but the positive effect on fertility intentions of the subjective income and willingness to stay in the host country. Especially it is obvious for the countries beyond the EU (mainly for post-Soviet and the Balkan ones). On the other hand for the countries of EU (welfare states) the fertility intentions are the highest |
| Keywords: | Fertility intensions, fertility among migrants, disruption, forced migration, Russian migrants |
| JEL: | D10 J13 J15 J18 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ost:wpaper:403 |
| By: | Velthuis, Sanne; Le Petit-Guerin, Mehdi; Royer, Jeroen; Leibert, Tim; Cauchi-Duval, Nicolas; Franklin, Rachel S. (Newcastle University); MacKinnon, Danny |
| Abstract: | Over the past ten years or so, concern has mounted about places in the Global North that have been ‘left behind’ by the growth and prosperity experienced in superstar cities and other wealthy regions. This briefing paper summarises the findings from the one of the strands of the ‘Beyond Left Behind Places’ project, which involved quantitative analysis of residential migration patterns in economically ‘left behind’ regions in the UK, France, and Germany during the immediate pre-COVID period. In addition, we conducted qualitative research with residents of economically ‘left behind’ regions in the three countries to get their perceptions. We use national administrative and census data for the three countries to examine whether economically lagging regions tend to lose or gain population through migration, and what age groups are moving in or out. Economic theories often assume that individuals migrate from economically lagging regions to areas offering better economic conditions. But actually, economically lagging regions in the UK, France and Germany generally tend to experience net population inflows. In other words, more people are moving to these regions than are moving out. In fact, when it comes to internal migration (i.e. people moving within the same country), these lagging regions tend to attract more new residents, on average, than more economically successful regions do. |
| Date: | 2024–11–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:t4vbd |
| By: | Hersch, Joni (Vanderbilt University) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Current Populations Survey 2015-2024 matched to skin color data in the New Immigrant Survey, this article shows that immigrants from countries with darker skin color face a substantial earnings penalty. The penalty is similar to that found using 2003 data on individual immigrants. Controls for extensive labor market characteristics and race and ethnicity does not eliminate the negative effect of darker skin tone on wages. Color discrimination lawsuits in light of the addition of a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) reporting category for US government surveys may become more viable. |
| Keywords: | colorism, race, skin tone discrimination, immigrant, earnings, Current Population Survey, New Immigrant Survey, MENA |
| JEL: | J15 J61 J71 J78 K31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17397 |
| By: | Cremaschi, Marco; Vitale, Tommaso Prof (Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | An examination of public space provides insights into the disconnection between regulation and reception within the Parisian context. The visibility of refugees in public spheres has been instrumental in heightening civic consciousness in Paris. Simultaneously, it serves as a subject of political apprehension and an opportunity for the display of state-inflicted violence by humanitarian NGOs, too. The governance of public open spaces extends beyond traditional command and control approaches, emphasizing delegation, integration of new knowledge and technologies, negotiation, and self-regulation. The central concern involves an evolving, albeit ambiguous and partially contradictory, process of outsourcing certain aspects of reception policies without a well-experienced governance mode (Artioli, Le Galès, 2023). The first section describes the relevant social geography of Paris. Social transformations due to deindustrialization have left a lasting impact, concentrating immigrant populations in areas marked by blue-collar workers and social housing estates. While Paris actively engages in social and redistributive policies, achieving a balanced geographical distribution for diverse social groups remains a challenge. The ensuing section delineates the social policy responsibilities of both central and local institutions, against the backdrop of which the handling of refugees has transformed into a separate specific policy domain. Despite ongoing collaboration in Paris, challenges endure due to the stance of the French government and the inadequate coordination within the EU. The following three sections analyse the role of space in framing the reception policies of Paris, paying reference to different ways of framing the space: - The so-called ‘Project Territories’ of the EU Structural Funds exhibit a progressive drift where coalitions of territorial actors reinterpret national rules following their competencies (and expertise). - Locally managed reception comes to a standstill in the face of state normative injunctions. - Government authorities and local actors consciously use space for repressive purposes, even to manage conflicts between potentially incompatible uses. The conclusions deal with the evolving landscape of local reception policies driven by state and non-state actors. Despite innovative efforts, there is a lack of coherence, and central dispersion policies (Dollet, 2023) contradict local commitments, raising questions about the role of local governance. However, the cyclical coming and going between the dismantling of refugee camps and sheltering asylum seekers question the notion and scope of integration, highlighting the porous boundary between formal and informal regulations. Besides, the design of policies cannot underestimate the role of space in shaping welcoming practices. |
| Date: | 2024–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:z2dur |