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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Edward P. Lazear |
| Abstract: | Success, measured by earnings or education, of immigrants in the US varies dramatically by country of origin. For example, average educational attainment among immigrants ranges from 9 to 16 years, depending on source country. Perhaps surprisingly, immigrants from Algeria have higher educational attainment than those from Israel or Japan. Also true is that there is a strong inverse relation of attainment to number of immigrants from that country. These patterns result because in the US, immigrant slots are rationed. Selection from the top of the source country’s ability distribution is assumed and modeled. The main implications are that average immigrant attainment is inversely related to the number admitted from a source country and positively related to the population of that source country. The results are unequivocally supported by results from the American Community Survey. Additionally, a structural model that is more explicit in the assumptions and predictions fits the data well. |
| JEL: | F22 J01 J15 J61 M5 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23548&r=mig |
| By: | Aurelien Abrasiert (University of Bern); Marius R. Busemeyer (University of Konstanz); Maria A. Cattaneo (Swiss Coordination Centre for Research in Education); Stefan C. Wolter (CESifo, IZA) |
| Abstract: | Using a unique and original dataset measuring attitudes toward vocational and academic education in Switzerland, we explored differences between Swiss natives and immigrants with regard to individual preferences for these different types of education, and their perceived labor market value and social status. More particularly, we tested the hypothesis that migrants exhibit stronger preferences for academic education and attribute a higher labor market value and social status to this form of education compared to Swiss natives as a result of rational calculations and cultural expectations. As our results indicate, first-generation immigrants do exhibit stronger preferences for academic education and assign a higher labor market value to it, but not necessarily a higher social status, although important differences across distinct groups of migrants can be observed. In general, the rational aspects of distinct types of education as measured by their perceived labor market value appear more relevant for the understanding of the formation of attitudes toward vocational vs. academic education, although the variation across groups of migrants indicates that cultural aspects also matter to a certain extent. |
| Keywords: | migrants, preferences, educational system, vocational education, academic education, rational action theory, cultural heritage |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0128&r=mig |
| By: | Marfouk, Abdeslam |
| Abstract: | During his presidential campaign, the new elected President of U.S., Donald Trump, called for a complete ban on Muslims from entering the United States. Although numerous European observers have been shocked by his racist proposal, using the most recent round of the European Social Survey, this paper found that a sizeable proportion of Europeans support a similar ban in their own countries, e.g. Czech Republic (54%), Hungary (51%), Estonia (42%), Poland (33%), and Portugal (33%). The paper also provides evidence that racism and immigration phobia play a key role in shaping Europeans’ support of a ban on Muslim immigration. This finding challenges the discourse and campaigns of the populist groups who exploit the ‘Islamization of Europe’ rhetoric successfully and use various pretexts to justify a call for a ban on Muslims’ immigration, e.g. the threat to security, secularism, democracy, Western ‘identity’, culture and values. |
| Keywords: | Anti-immigrants sentiment, Anti-Muslim sentiment, Islamophobia, Racism, Xenophobia, |
| JEL: | F22 J61 J71 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79747&r=mig |
| By: | Judith Betts and Claire Higgins |
| Abstract: | Sri Lanka's civil war lasted almost 26 years and cost tens of thousands of lives. Since the end of the war in 2009, several thousand asylum seekers from Sri Lanka have sought protection in Australia, but both Labor and Liberal/National Coalition governments have taken a restrictive approach to their arrival and have expressed support for the Sri Lankan government. This article explores Australia's response to the protection needs of Sri Lankans during an earlier era, at the outbreak of the war in 1983, when a Labor government processed Tamils ‘in-country’ under Australia's Special Humanitarian Program. |
| Keywords: | refugee, Sri Lanka, immigration policy, asylum seeker, Australian history |
| Date: | 2017–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201720&r=mig |
| By: | Stark, Oded |
| Abstract: | This paper adds three dimensions to the received literature: it models migration when the individuals' preferences regarding their relative income are ordinal, it works out the resulting spatial steady-state distribution of the individuals, and it shows that the aggregate of the individuals' migration choices in the spatial steady-state distribution sums up to the social optimum. This finding does not apply when the individuals' preferences regarding their relative income are cardinal. We highlight the importance of the assumption about the nature of the individuals' social preferences (whether ordinal or cardinal) to studying and predicting their migration behavior, and to elucidating the consequences of that behavior for social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Ordinal preferences,Distaste for low relative income,An ordinal measure of income relative deprivation,Interregional migration,Steady-state spatial distribution,Social Welfare |
| JEL: | C61 C62 D50 D60 D62 I31 R13 R23 Z13 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuewef:98&r=mig |
| By: | Christian Dustmann (University College London and CReAM); Francesco Fasani (Queen Mary University of London, CReAM, CEPR and IZA); Xin Meng (Australian National University, CReAM and IZA); Luigi Minale (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CReAM and IZA) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the relation between individual migrations and the risk attitudes of other household members when migration is a household decision. We develop a simple model that implies that which member migrates depends on the distribution of risk attitudes among all household members, and that the risk diversification gain to other household members may induce migrations that would not take place in an individual framework. Using unique data for China on risk attitudes of internal (rural-urban) migrants and the families left behind, we empirically test three key implications of the model: (i) that conditional on migration gains, less risk averse individuals are more likely to migrate; (ii) that within households, the least risk averse individual is more likely to emigrate; and (iii) that across households, the most risk averse households are more likely to send migrants as long as they have at least one family member with sufficiently low risk aversion. Our results not only provide evidence that migration decisions are taken on a household level but also that the distribution of risk attitudes within the household affects whether a migration takes place and who will emigrate. |
| Keywords: | : risk aversion, internal migration, household decisions |
| JEL: | J61 R23 D81 |
| Date: | 2017–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:423&r=mig |
| By: | Gharad Bryan; Melanie Morten |
| Abstract: | We estimate the aggregate productivity gains from reducing barriers to internal labor migration in Indonesia, accounting for worker selection and spatial differences in human capital. We distinguish between movement costs, which mean workers will only move if they expect higher wages, and amenity differences, which mean some locations must pay more to attract workers. We find modest but important aggregate impacts. We estimate a 22% increase in labor productivity from removing all barriers. Reducing migration costs to the US level, a high mobility benchmark, leads to an 8% productivity boost. These figures hides substantial heterogeneity. The origin population that benefits most sees an 104% increase in average earnings from a complete barrier removal, or a 37% increase from moving to the US benchmark. |
| JEL: | J61 O18 O53 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23540&r=mig |
| By: | Malakhov, Vladimir (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Simon, Mark (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | The research describes how the European Union's migration policy has been used as a means of economic growth, and how the strategy of migration processes’ regulation was changing, depending on economic conditions. Through the study of instruments used by the national governments and the EU institutions in the field of migration control during the crisis period, the authors identify both positive and negative aspects of their experience. The specifics of the Russian situation is considered in the context of the "new immigration countries" in Europe. The authors analyze the transformations of the Russian migration policy, assess the situation on the Russian labor market and identify the key internal and external challenges that Russia is the current period. Based on the research results, the recommendations on policy measures that can contribute to the sustainable economic development of our country are formulated |
| Keywords: | ÅÑ, Ðîññèÿ, èììèãðàöèÿ, ìèãðàöèîííàÿ ïîëèòèêà, ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ðûíêà òðóäà, ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé êðèçèñ, EU, Russia, immigration, migration policy, labour market regulation, economic development, economic crisis |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:051723&r=mig |