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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Zwiers, Merle (Delft University of Technology); van Ham, Maarten (Delft University of Technology); Manley, David (University of Bristol) |
| Abstract: | Western cities are increasingly ethnically diverse and in most cities the share of ethnic minorities is growing. Studies analyzing changing ethnic geographies often limit their analysis to changes in ethnic concentrations in neighborhoods between two points in time. Such a static approach limits our understanding of pathways of ethnic neighborhood change, and of the underlying factors contributing to change. This paper analyzes full trajectories of neighborhood change in the four largest cities in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2013. Our modelling strategy categorizes neighborhoods based on their unique growth trajectories of the ethnic population composition, providing a longitudinal view of ethnic segregation. Our results show that the ethnic composition in neighborhoods remains relatively stable over time. We find evidence for a slow trend towards deconcentration of ethnic minorities and increased (spatial) population mixing in most neighborhoods. We show how residential mobility decreases segregation, while natural population growth tends to reinforce segregation. While the ethnic minority presence in cities grows, there is a substantial share of neighborhoods which can be identified as white citadels; characterized by a stable large native population, with high incomes and high house values. These neighborhoods seem to be inaccessible to ethnic minorities, which illustrates the spatial manifestation of exclusionary elitism in increasingly ethnically diverse cities. |
| Keywords: | ethnic segregation, neighborhood trajectories, population dynamics, latent class growth modelling, longitudinal study |
| JEL: | J15 O18 R23 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10216&r=mig |
| By: | Shari Eli; Laura Salisbury; Allison Shertzer |
| Abstract: | The American Civil War fractured communities in border states where families who would eventually support the Union or the Confederacy lived together prior to the conflict. We study the subsequent migration choices of these Civil War veterans and their families using a unique longitudinal dataset covering enlistees from the border state of Kentucky. Nearly half of surviving Kentucky veterans moved to a new county between 1860 and 1880. There was no differential propensity to migrate according to side, but former Union soldiers were more likely to leave counties with greater Confederate sympathy for destinations that supported the North. Confederate veterans were more likely to move to counties that supported the Confederacy, or if they left the state, for the South or far West. We find no evidence of a positive economic return to these relocation decisions. |
| JEL: | J61 N31 R23 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22591&r=mig |
| By: | Borjas, George J. (Harvard University); Monras, Joan (CEMFI, Madrid) |
| Abstract: | The continuing inflow of hundreds of thousands of refugees into many European countries has ignited much political controversy and raised questions that require a fuller understanding of the determinants and consequences of refugee supply shocks. This paper revisits four historical refugee shocks to document their labor market impact. Specifically, we examine: The influx of Marielitos into Miami in 1980; the influx of French repatriates and Algerian nationals into France at the end of the Algerian Independence War in 1962; the influx of Jewish émigrés into Israel after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s; and the exodus of refugees from the former Yugoslavia during the long series of Balkan wars between 1991 and 2001. We use a common empirical approach, derived from factor demand theory, and publicly available data to measure the impact of these shocks. Despite the differences in the political forces that motivated the various flows, and in economic conditions across receiving countries, the evidence reveals a common thread that confirms key insights of the canonical model of a competitive labor market: Exogenous supply shocks adversely affect the labor market opportunities of competing natives in the receiving countries, and often have a favorable impact on complementary workers. In short, refugee flows can have large distributional consequences. |
| Keywords: | immigration, refugee supply shocks |
| JEL: | J15 J61 J2 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10212&r=mig |
| By: | van Hoorn, Andr (Groningen University) |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gro:rugsom:16006-gem&r=mig |
| By: | Seidu, Ayuba; Onel, Gulcan |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, |
| Date: | 2016–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamf16:243993&r=mig |
| By: | Mbaye, Linguère M. (African Development Bank Group, and IZA); Zimmermann, Klaus F. (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University, and Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the effect of natural disasters on human mobility or migration. Although there is an increase of natural disasters and migration recently and more patterns to observe, the relationship remains complex. While some authors find that disasters increase migration, others show that they have only a marginal or no effect or are even negative. Human mobility appears to be an insurance mechanism against environmental shocks and there are different transmission channels which can explain the relationship between natural disasters and migration. Moreover, migrants' remittances help to decrease households' vulnerability to shocks but also dampen their adverse effects. The paper provides a discussion of policy implications and potential future research avenues. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, forced migration, remittances, Insurance, droughts, earthquakes, floods |
| JEL: | J61 O15 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2016040&r=mig |
| By: | Constant, Amelie F. (UNU-MERIT, and IZA); Zimmermann, Klaus F. (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University, and Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | Findings: Diaspora economics is more than a new word for migration economics. It opens a new strand to political economy. Diaspora is perceived to be a well-defined group of migrants and their offspring with a joined cultural identity and ongoing identification with the country or culture of origin. This implies the potential to undermine the nation-state. Diasporas can shape policies in the host countries. Design/methodology/approach: Combine ethnicity, migration and international relations into a new thinking. Provide a typology of diaspora and a thorough evaluation of its role and the roles of the home and host countries. Originality/Value: Provide a new understanding of global human relations. |
| Keywords: | Diaspora economics, ethnicity, migration, nation-state |
| JEL: | F22 F24 F66 F68 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2016–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2016042&r=mig |
| By: | Gordon Hanson; Craig McIntosh |
| Abstract: | How will worldwide changes in population affect pressures for international migration in the future? We contrast the past three decades, during which population pressures contributed to substantial labor flows from neighboring countries into the United States and Europe, with the coming three decades, which will see sharp reductions in labor-supply growth in Latin America but not in Africa or much of the Middle East. Using a gravity-style empirical model, we examine the contribution of changes in relative labor-supply to bilateral migration in the 2000s and then apply this model to project future bilateral flows based on long-run UN forecasts of working-age populations in sending and receiving countries. Because the Americas are entering an era of uniformly low population growth, labor flows across the Rio Grande are projected to slow markedly. Europe, in contrast, will face substantial demographically driven migration pressures from across the Mediterranean for decades to come. Although these projected inflows would triple the first-generation immigrant stocks of larger European countries, they would still absorb only a small fraction of the 800-million-person increase in the working-age population of Sub-Saharan Africa that is projected to occur over the coming 40 years. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22622&r=mig |
| By: | Malakhov, Vladimir Sergeevich (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | The paper evaluates the possibilities of modern Russian migration policy at stages of occurrence, distribution, settlement and integration of refugees. The authors examine the economic, demographic, legal, political and socio-cultural aspects of the problem of refugees in the context of a comparison of the European administrative experience and Russian practices. The study analyzes the peculiarities of asylum procedure in Russia and identifies the main opportunities and risks associated with the influx of refugees from Ukraine. |
| Keywords: | refugees, refugee status, asylum, Ukrainian refugees, stateless persons, integration of refugees, international migrations |
| Date: | 2016–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:16610&r=mig |
| By: | Zharkov, Vasiliy Petrovich (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Malakhov, Vladimir Sergeevich (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Simon, Mark Evgenievich (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)); Letnyakov, Denis Eduardovich (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | This paper is devoted to the international political and economic aspects of global migration. Contemporary international migration seems as a natural effect of the free trade policy. Being under the influence of the macroeconomic foundations, international migration couldn’t be explained only in terms of economic reasons. The regulation of the global migration is the question of both economic and politics at the same time. Obstacles to the formation of an international regime on migration looks in a clash of international actors interests, security problems, human rights, collective identity, based values of democracy and nation-state, which actually do political issues. The research presents a critical review of the main approaches existing in modern theories of international relations and international political economy in their relation to international migration. |
| Keywords: | global migration, free trade police, macroeconomy |
| Date: | 2016–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:16611&r=mig |
| By: | Gordon H. Hanson; Matthew J. Slaughter |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this paper, we document the importance of high-skilled immigration for U.S. employment in STEM fields. To begin, we review patterns of U.S. employment in STEM occupations among workers with at least a college degree. These patterns mirror the cycle of boom and bust in the U.S. technology industry. Among younger workers, the share of hours worked in STEM jobs peaked around the year 2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble. STEM employment shares are just now approaching these previous highs. Next, we consider the importance of immigrant labor to STEM employment. Immigrants account for a disproportionate share of jobs in STEM occupations, in particular among younger workers and among workers with a master's degree or PhD. Foreign-born presence is most pronounced in computer-related occupations, such as software programming. The majority of foreign-born workers in STEM jobs arrived in the U.S. at age 21 or older. Although we do not know the visa history of these individuals, their age at arrival is consistent with the H-1B visa being an important mode of entry for highly trained STEM workers into the U.S. Finally, we examine wage differences between native and foreign-born labor. Whereas foreign-born workers earn substantially less than native-born workers in non-STEM occupations, the native-foreign born earnings difference in STEM jobs is much smaller. Further, foreign-born workers in STEM fields reach earnings parity with native workers much more quickly than they do in non-STEM fields. In non-STEM jobs, foreign-born workers require 20 years or more in the U.S. to reach earnings parity with natives; in STEM fields, they achieve parity in less than a decade. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22623&r=mig |
| By: | Chiswick, Barry R. (George Washington University); Rebhun, Uzi (Hebrew University, Jerusalem); Beider, Nadia (Hebrew University, Jerusalem) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the Hebrew language proficiency, probability of employment, and labor market earnings of immigrants in Israel. It uses the 2010/11 Immigrant Absorption Survey conducted by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. Unique features of the analysis include the study of long-duration immigrants (3 to 20 years), and analyses for: males and females, primary reasons for immigration, the subsidized intensive Hebrew language training program (ulpan), Ethiopian Jews, and Jewish and non-Jewish immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU), in addition to standard immigration, demographic, and human capital variables. Results from multivariate analyses largely accord with the "standard theoretical model" of language proficiency regarding the mechanisms of "exposure", "efficiency", and "economic incentives". Acquaintance with the local language, on its part, increases the likelihood of being employed, and it has positive earnings outcomes. We discuss implications of the findings for public policy which can improve the adjustment of these new immigrants into their new society hence also moderate inter-group tensions. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, Israel, language proficiency, employment, earnings, motive for immigration, ulpan |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10214&r=mig |
| By: | John F. Helliwell; Aneta Bonikowska; Hugh Shiplett |
| Abstract: | Strong versions of the set point hypothesis argue that subjective well-being measures reflect each individual’s own personality and that deviations from that set point will tend to be short-lived, rendering them poor measures of the quality of life. International migration provides an excellent test of this hypothesis, since life circumstances and average subjective well-being differ greatly among countries. Life satisfaction scores for immigrants to Canada from up to 100 source countries are compared to those in the countries where they were born. With or without various adjustments for selection effects, the average levels and distributions of life satisfaction scores among immigrants mimic those of other Canadians rather than those in their source countries and regions. This supports other evidence that subjective life evaluations, especially when averaged across individuals, are primarily driven by life circumstances, and respond correspondingly when those circumstances change. |
| JEL: | F22 I31 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22601&r=mig |
| By: | Bjerre, Liv; Helbling, Marc; Römer, Friederike; Zobel, Malisa Zora |
| Abstract: | The Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) database includes data on migration policies for 33 OECD countries and the period 1980-2010. The dataset is presented in Helbling, Marc, Liv Bjerre, Friederike Römer and Malisa Zobel (2016) “Measuring Immigration Policies: The IMPIC-Database”, European Political Science (forthcoming). When using the data, please cite Helbling et al (2016) and, when appropriate, this discussion paper (Bjerre et al 2016). Please always include the version number in analyses using the dataset. This technical report provides additional information on the data collection (part 1), the codebook of the dataset (part 2), a glossary that defines the relevant terms and concepts that have been used (part 3) and the questionnaire that has been used to collect the data (part 4). |
| Keywords: | immigration,policy,measurement,aggregation |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdiv:spvi2016201&r=mig |