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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Berger, Melissa; Heinemann, Friedrich |
| Abstract: | The experiences of the ongoing refugee crisis in Europe highlight the failures of the current model of having the EU and its members states share responsibility for asylum policies. Based on standard criteria of fiscal federalism, this paper analyses the shortcomings of the status quo. We show that European asylum policies stand in sharp contradiction to the optimal assignment of tasks within a federal system. For example, the current system creates substantial incentives for free-riding and foregoes the potential benefits of European economies of scale. Given this diagnosis, we explore the pros and cons of different options for a more European approach. In particular, we analyze and provide estimates of the quantitative implications for the options of: (A) quotas that would distribute refugees across countries according to a pre-determined calculation of reception capacity; (B) EU financing of national service provision; and (C) EU service provision in asylum policies. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:12016&r=mig |
| By: | Fakih, Ali (Lebanese American University); Ibrahim, May (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes time-sensitive data on a humanitarian crisis in the Middle East. It aims to assess the impact of the steep influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan on the country's labor market since the onset of the conflict in Syria (March 2011). As of August 2014, nearly 3 million registered Syrians have sought refuge in neighboring countries (Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Turkey), according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Jordan and Lebanon are hosting the majority of them. This paper utilizes data regarding unemployment rates, employment rates, labor force participation, the number of refugees, and economic activity at the level of governorates. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology is used to examine time series data from the most affected governorates in Jordan. The empirical results of Granger causality tests and impulse response functions show that there is no relationship between the influx of Syrian refugees and the Jordanian labor market. Our results are verified through a set of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | forced refugees, host country, labor market, VAR model |
| JEL: | J61 H56 N45 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9667&r=mig |
| By: | van Ham, Maarten (Delft University of Technology); Tammaru, Tiit (University of Tartu) |
| Abstract: | The term segregation has a strong connotation with residential neighbourhoods, and most studies investigating ethnic segregation focus on the urban mosaic of ethnic concentrations in residential neighbourhoods. However, there is now a small, but growing, literature, which focusses on segregation in other domains of daily life where inter-ethnic encounters and social interaction might take place, such as: workplaces; family/partner relationship; leisure time; education; transport, and virtual domains such as social media. The focus on residential segregation is understandable. Ethnic residential segregation is easily visible in cities as segregated neighbourhoods often have their own distinct identity and reputation. Residential segregation is also relatively easy to investigate by using register or census data on where different ethnic groups live. However, if the interest in segregation stems from the idea that we want to measure the integration of ethnic minorities in society, and from an interest in social interaction between ethnic groups, then just investigating where people live is far too limited and other domains such as workplaces should be taken into account. In this paper we present an integrated conceptual framework of ethnic segregation in different life domains in which we combine elements from the life course approach and from time geography. |
| Keywords: | ethnic segregation, neighbourhoods, work places, life course approach, time geography, domains approach |
| JEL: | I32 J15 R23 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9663&r=mig |
| By: | Höckel, Lisa Sofie (RWI); Santos Silva, Manuel (University of Göttingen); Stöhr, Tobias (Kiel Institute for the World Economy) |
| Abstract: | Educational outcomes of children are highly dependent on household and school-level inputs. In poor countries remittances from migrants can provide additional funds for the education of the left behind. At the same time the absence of migrant parents can affect families' time allocation towards education. Previous work on education inputs often implicitly assumed that preferences for different kinds of education inputs remain unchanged when household members migrate. Using survey data and matched administrative school-level public expenditures from the World Bank's Open Budget Initiative (BOOST) from Moldova, one of the countries with the highest emigration rates in the world, and an instrumental variable approach we find that the strongest migration-related response in private education expenditure are substantially lower informal payments to public school teachers. This fact is at odds with a positive income effect due to migration. In addition we find that migration slightly increases caregivers' time spent on their children's education. We argue that our results are likely to be driven by changing preferences towards educational inputs induced by migration. |
| Keywords: | migration, emigration, corruption, education spending, social remittances, children left behind |
| JEL: | F22 I22 H52 D13 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9687&r=mig |
| By: | Démurger, Sylvie (CNRS, GATE); Wang, Xiaoqian (GATE, University of Lyon) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how private transfers from internal migration in China affect the expenditure behaviour of families left behind in rural areas. Using data from the Rural-Urban Migration in China (RUMiC) survey, we assess the impact of remittances sent to rural households on consumption-type and investment-type expenditures. We apply propensity score matching to account for the selection of households into receiving remittances, and estimate average treatment effects on the treated. We find that remittances supplement income in rural China and lead to increased consumption rather than increased investment. Moreover, we find evidence of a strong negative impact on education expenditures, which could be detrimental to sustaining investment in human capital in poor rural areas in China. |
| Keywords: | remittances, labour migration, expenditure behaviour, left-behind, China, propensity score matching |
| JEL: | O15 J22 R23 D13 O53 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9640&r=mig |
| By: | Weingarten, Severin; Uebelmesser, Silke |
| Abstract: | Optimal integration policies should take the language skills of arriving migrants into account. However, little is known about the determinants of these skills, because most survey-based studies cannot distinguish between language learning before and after migration. We present a new dataset which reports the extent of language course and exam participation at the German Goethe institutes in 91 countries for the period 1966 2013. The dataset allows for a detailed examination of the determinants and consequences of adult language learning on the institute and country level. We estimate a fixed-effects model for the relationship between language learning and a set of macro-economic variables. Immigration flows are positively correlated with exam participation. Additionally, in EU countries, migrant stocks are positively correlated with course and exam participation. They may act as a proxy for otherwise unobserved short-term migration and cultural ties, both of which could influence language learning decisions. In non-EU countries, the link between migration and language learning is strengthened by two factors: By positive economic conditions, indicating that migrants who leave amidst economic turmoil may arrive with worse language skills. And by linguistic distance, indicating that migrants react to distance by increasing learning effort instead of refraining from learning the language. |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112958&r=mig |
| By: | Ehrlich, Isaac (University at Buffalo, SUNY); Kim, Jinyoung (Korea University) |
| Abstract: | Census data from international sources covering 77% of the world's migrant population indicate that the skill composition of migrants in major destination countries, including the US, has been rising over the last four decades. Moreover, the population share of skilled migrants has been approaching or exceeding that of skilled natives. We offer theoretical propositions and empirical tests consistent with these trends via a general-equilibrium model of endogenous growth where human capital, population, income growth and distribution, and migration trends are endogenous. We derive new insights about the impact of migration on long-term income growth and distribution, and the net benefits to natives in both destination and source countries. |
| Keywords: | immigration, human capital formation, endogenous economic growth, migrants, natives, population, long-term income |
| JEL: | F22 F43 O15 O4 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9599&r=mig |
| By: | Lücke, Matthias; Stöhr, Tobias |
| Abstract: | We estimate a gravity model for bilateral FDI out-stocks from panel data for OECD reporting countries with bilateral and year fixed effects. With this demanding test, we find a robust positive effect of bilateral immigrants on bilateral FDI - provided that residents of the two countries have few language skills in common. We find a similar effect, in terms of size and statistical significance, for immigrants from third countries who speak the language(s) of the FDI host country. They thus are potential substitutes for bilateral migrants. A 1 percent increase in either immigrant group raises the FDI out-stock by 0.2 to 0.4 percent. Combined with various robustness checks, our findings suggest that immigrants facilitate outgoing FDI through their language skills, rather than through other characteristics like cultural familiarity. As most developing country residents have few language skills in common with rich country residents, developing country migrants in rich countries have a key role to play in facilitating FDI in their countries of origin. |
| JEL: | F21 F22 O14 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113191&r=mig |
| By: | Keller, Nicolas; Gathmann, Christina; Monscheuer, Ole |
| Abstract: | We study whether the option to naturalize improves social and cultural integration of immigrants in the host country. The empirical analysis relies on two immigration reforms in Germany, a country with a traditionally weak record of immigrant integration both in terms of labor market performance but also social integration. For identi |
| JEL: | J13 J01 J18 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113184&r=mig |
| By: | Brüggemann, Ulf; Bloomfield, Matthew J.; Christensen, Hans B.; Leuz, Christian |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the effect of international regulatory harmonization on cross-border labor migration. We analyze directives in the European Union (EU) that harmonized accounting and auditing standards. This regulatory harmonization should make it less costly for those who work in the accounting profession to move across countries. Our research design compares the cross-border migration of accounting professionals relative to tightly-matched other professionals before and after regulatory harmonization. We find that, on average, labor migration in the accounting profession increases relative to comparable professions by roughly 15% after harmonization. The findings illustrate that diversity in rules constitutes an important economic barrier to cross-border labor mobility and, more specifically, that accounting harmonization can have a meaningful effect on cross-border migration. |
| JEL: | J44 J61 K22 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112850&r=mig |
| By: | Steinhardt, Max Friedrich; Poutvaara, Panu |
| Abstract: | Immigration is a major challenge and opportunity for rich Western countries. Integration of immigrants is a two-way process, the success of which depends both on immigrants and on natives. We provide new evidence on the determinants of individual attitudes towards immigration, using data from the 2005 and 2010 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel. In particular, we show that bitterness in life is strongly associated with worries about immigration. This effect cannot be explained just by concerns that immigrants are competing with oneself in the labor market. Instead, it appears that people who feel that they have not got what they deserve in life oppose immigration for spiteful reasons. As economic crises foster bitterness, they are likely to increase public opposition towards immigration, and by this harm integration of immigrants. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 D72 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113094&r=mig |
| By: | Norlander, Peter (Loyola University); Sorensen, Todd A. (University of Nevada, Reno) |
| Abstract: | We address the impact of declining migration on the measurement of labor market health. We first document an historically significant decline in the growth rate of the U.S. foreign born population since 2000. A decomposition shows that nearly two-thirds of the decline can be attributed to declining pull factors in the U.S. Had this decline not occurred, there would have been approximately 7.2 million more immigrants present in the U.S. in 2013. Making a conservative assumption about the hypothetical likelihood of employment for these "Discouraged Immigrants," a recalculation of the Employment to Population Ratio reveals a 13% larger decline since 2000 than is shown when conventionally measured. |
| Keywords: | employment data, population, international migration |
| JEL: | J21 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9668&r=mig |
| By: | Ruhose, Jens; Parey, Matthias; Waldinger, Fabian; Netz, Nicolai |
| Abstract: | We investigate international migration choices of high-skilled individuals and measure migrant selection using predicted earnings. High-skilled migrants select to destinations as predicted by Borjas' (1987) model of migration choices. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, relative to non-migrants. For our analysis, we use a survey of university graduates, including detailed information on background characteristics, university studies, and labor market choices, combined with measures of earnings inequality for high-skilled individuals in destination countries. Our rich data allow us to decompose the observed selection patterns. Positive selection to less equal countries is driven by university quality and grades. Negative selection to more equal countries is driven by university subject and gender. Our results highlight the relevance of the Roy/Borjas model for high-skilled individuals in a setting where credit constraints and other barriers to migration are unlikely to be binding. |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113148&r=mig |
| By: | Tani, Massimiliano (University of New South Wales) |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits a quasi-experiment to shed light on whether the wage penalty experienced by migrants reflects poor schooling quality in the country of education or employers' discrimination in the host country. The quasi-experiment is the possibility for migrants to undertake an official assessment of their foreign qualifications, and remove the uncertainty surrounding the educational curriculum completed abroad. Data about the assessment can be used together with indicators of where education was completed to test empirically which determinant most affects the returns to foreign education. Since the assessment is a choice it is instrumented with a measure of relative distance between awareness of degrees awarded in the country of education and the host country. The analysis is based on the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia. The results suggest that undertaking the assessment raises the returns of foreign education, offsetting the penalty for being educated abroad. The assessment's effect weakens over time, as employers observe migrants' productivity. The effect of where schooling is completed also trends upwards over time. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of statistical discrimination due to the imperfect information about migrants' educational credentials. Adding a local signal appears to be effective in easing immigrants' economic assimilation and improve the international transferability of their human capital. |
| Keywords: | immigration, foreign education, statistical discrimination |
| JEL: | J24 J61 J70 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9597&r=mig |
| By: | Mägi, Kadi (University of Tartu); Leetmaa, Kadri (University of Tartu); Tammaru, Tiit (University of Tartu); van Ham, Maarten (Delft University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Most studies of the ethnic composition of destination neighbourhoods after residential moves do not take into account the types of moves people have made. However, from an individual perspective, different types of moves may result in neighbourhood environments that differ in terms of their ethnic composition from those in which individuals previously lived. We investigate how the ethnic residential context changes for individuals as a result of different types of mobility (immobility, intra-urban mobility, suburbanisation, and long-distance migration) for residents of the segregated post-Soviet city of Tallinn. We compare the extent to which Estonian- and Russian-speakers integrate in residential terms. Using unique longitudinal Census data (2000-2011) we tracked changes in the individual ethnic residential context of both groups. We found that the moving destinations of Estonian- and Russian-speakers diverge. When Estonians move, their new neighbourhood generally possesses a lower percentage of Russian-speakers compared with when Russian-speakers move, as well as compared with their previous neighbourhoods. For Russian-speakers, the percentage of other Russian-speakers in their residential surroundings decreases only for those who move to the surburbs or who move over longer distances to rural villages. By applying a novel approach of tracking the changes in the ethnic residential context of individuals for all mobility types, we were able to demonstrate that the two largest ethnolinguistic groups in Estonia tend to behave as 'parallel populations' and that residential integration in Estonia is therefore slow. |
| Keywords: | residential mobility, migration, suburbanisation, ethnicity, longitudinal data, Estonia |
| JEL: | J15 J61 R20 R23 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9602&r=mig |
| By: | Diette, Timothy M. (Washington and Lee University); Uwaifo Oyelere, Ruth |
| Abstract: | There is a perception among native born parents in the U.S. that the increasing number of immigrant students in schools creates negative peer effects on their children. In North Carolina there has been a significant increase in immigrants especially those with limited English language skills and recent data suggest that North Carolina has the 8th largest ELL student population with over 60 percent of immigrants coming from Latin America and the Caribbean. While past research suggests negative though negligible peer effects of Limited English (LE) students on achievement of other students, potential peer effects of student from Latin America in general has not been considered. In this paper we attempt to identify both LE student and Latin American (LA) student peer effects separately utilizing fixed effects methods that allow us to deal with the potential selectivity across time and schools. On average we find no evidence of negative peer effects of LE students on females and white students but note small negative effects on average on males and black students. We also find that, holding constant other factors, an increase in the share of LA students share does not create negative peer effects on native students' achievement. Rather, it is the limited English language skills of some of these students that leads to small, negative peer effects on natives. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, student achievement, peer effects, education, race, gender, Limited English students, Latino peer effects, Hispanic peer effects |
| JEL: | I20 I21 J15 J24 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9661&r=mig |
| By: | Constant, Amelie F. (Temple University); García-Muñoz, Teresa (Universidad de Granada); Neuman, Shoshana (Bar-Ilan University); Neuman, Tzahi (Hebrew University, Jerusalem) |
| Abstract: | We study the health determinants of immigrant men and women over the age of fifty, in Europe, and compare them to natives. We utilize the unique Survey of Health Aging and Retirement (SHARE) and augmented it with macroeconomic information on the 22 home countries and 16 host countries. Using Multilevel Analysis we can best capture the within and between countries variation and produce reliable results. We find that during the first decade after arrival, immigrants report higher levels of subjective health compared to natives and to previous cohorts of immigrants. As time since migration passes by, reported subjective health decreases; immigrants' health becomes the same as that of comparable natives or it even decreases. The level of economic development of both the origin and the host country positively affect the individual's health, but the effect of the host country is much more pronounced. It appears that positive and negative deviations (of the host from the origin country) have different impacts on individual health: an increase in a positive deviation (the country of origin is more developed compared to the host country – a 'loss' for the immigrating individual) leads to a decrease in the immigrant's subjective health, while an increase in the absolute negative deviation (a 'gain' for the immigrating person) leads to an increase in the immigrant's subjective health. These differential effects can be explained as some variant of the Loss-Aversion Theory. |
| Keywords: | self-assessed health status, immigration, Europe, country of origin, older population, multilevel regression |
| JEL: | C22 J11 J12 J14 O12 O15 O52 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8754&r=mig |
| By: | Grossmann, Volker; Schäfer, Andreas; Steger, Thomas M. |
| Abstract: | We theoretically investigate the effects of interregional labor market integration on the dynamic interaction between migration flows, capital formation, and the price for housing services. The nature of this interaction depends on initial conditions at the time of labor market integration. In an initially capital-poor economy, there may be a reversal of migration flows during the transition to the steady state, like observed in Eastern Europe after 1990. In a high-productivity country which attracts immigrants, the price for housing services and the rental rate of land increase along with (residential) capital investments. Welfare effects are heterogeneous: whereas landless individuals lose from immigration because of increases in the price for housing services, landowners may win because of an increasing rental rate of land. |
| JEL: | O10 F20 D90 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113172&r=mig |
| By: | Chen, Joyce J (Ohio State University); Kosec, Katrina (IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute); Mueller, Valerie (IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | The migrant selection literature concentrates primarily on spatial patterns. This paper illustrates the implications of migration duration for patterns of selection by integrating two workhorses of the labor literature, a search model and a Roy model. Theory and empirics show temporary migrants are intermediately selected on education, with weaker selection on cognitive ability. Longer migration episodes lead to stronger positive selection on both education and ability, as its associated jobs involve finer employee-employer matching and offer greater returns to experience. Networks are more valuable for permanent migration, where search costs are higher. Labor market frictions explain observed complex network-skill interactions. |
| Keywords: | migration, search costs, networks, Pakistan |
| JEL: | J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9639&r=mig |
| By: | Li, Chen |
| Abstract: | Using novel German district-level data from 1999-2011, this paper analyses whether the presence of immigrants in a particular location helps to attract inward FDI from the immigrants' country of origin. Results show that a one standard-deviation increase in the immigrant share is associated with a 3.3% rise in firm entry. This effect is stronger for an investor's first entry into Germany, and there is indication that firms from developing countries depend more on immigrants. A quasi-natural experiment exploiting the migration of ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s (`Sp taussiedler') confirms the results. |
| JEL: | F14 F22 F23 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113130&r=mig |
| By: | Casarico, Alessandra (Bocconi University); Facchini, Giovanni (University of Nottingham); Frattini, Tommaso (University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | We develop a model to understand the trade-offs faced by an elected representative in supporting an amnesty when a restrictive immigration policy is in place. We show that an amnesty is more desirable the more restricted are the occupational opportunities of undocumented immigrants and the less redistributive is the welfare state. Empirical evidence based on the voting behavior of U.S. Congressmen on the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 provides strong support for the predictions of our theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | migration policy, amnesties, democracy, roll call votes |
| JEL: | F22 O51 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9666&r=mig |
| By: | Hiller, Sanne; Bitzer, Jürgen; Gören, Erkan |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of immigrant employees for a firm's capability to absorb international knowledge. Using matched employer-employee data from Denmark for the years 1999 to 2009, we are able to show that non-Danish employees from technological advanced countries contribute significantly to firm's economic output through their ability to access international knowledge. The empirical results suggest that the immigrants' impact increases if they come from technological advanced countries, have a high educational level, and are employed in high-skilled positions. However, the latter does not hold for immigrant managers. |
| JEL: | D20 J82 L20 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113205&r=mig |
| By: | Baert, Stijn (Ghent University); Heiland, Frank (Baruch College, City University of New York); Korenman, Sanders (Baruch College, City University of New York) |
| Abstract: | We study how native-immigrant (second generation) differences in educational trajectories and school-to-work transitions vary by gender. Using longitudinal Belgian data and adjusting for family background and educational sorting, we find that both male and female second-generation immigrants, especially Turks and Moroccans, lag natives in finishing secondary education and beginning tertiary education when schooling delay is taken into account, though the female gap is larger. The same is true for residual gaps in the transition to work: native males are 30% more likely than comparable Turkish males to be employed three months after leaving school, while the corresponding female gap is 60%. In addition, we study demographic behaviors (fertility, marriage and cohabitation) related to hypotheses that attribute educational and economic gaps to cultural differences between immigrants and natives. |
| Keywords: | educational attainment, school-to-work transitions, dynamic selection bias, ethnic minorities, gender differentials, economic sociology |
| JEL: | I24 J15 J16 J70 Z10 C35 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8752&r=mig |
| By: | Balkan, Binnur (Central Bank of Turkey); Tumen, Semih (Central Bank of Turkey) |
| Abstract: | We exploit the regional variation in the unexpected (or forced) inflow of Syrian refugees as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of immigration on consumer prices in Turkey. Using a difference-in- differences strategy and a comprehensive data set on the regional prices of CPI items, we find that general level of consumer prices has declined by approximately 2.5 percent due to immigration. Prices of goods and services have declined in similar magnitudes. We highlight that the channel through which the price declines take place is the informal labor market. Syrian refugees supply inexpensive informal labor and, thus, substitute the informal native workers especially in informal labor intensive sectors. We document that prices in these sectors have fallen by around 4 percent, while the prices in the formal labor intensive sectors have almost remained unchanged. Increase in the supply of informal immigrant workers generates labor cost advantages and keeps prices lower in the informal labor intensive sectors. |
| Keywords: | immigration, consumer prices, Syrian refugees, natural experiment, informal employment |
| JEL: | C21 E31 J61 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9642&r=mig |
| By: | Bernt Bratsberg (Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Oddbjørn Raaum (Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Knut Røed (Frisch Centre for Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | While integration policies typically focus on labor market entry, we present evidence showing that immigrants from lowâ€income countries tend to have more precarious jobs, and face more severe consequences of job loss, than natives. For immigrant workers in the Norwegian private sector, the probability of job loss in the near future is twice that of native workers. Using corporate bankruptcy for identification, we find that the adverse effects of job loss on future employment and earnings are more than twice as large for immigrant employees. |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:1602&r=mig |
| By: | Casari, Marco (University of Bologna); Lisciandra, Maurizio (University of Messina) |
| Abstract: | In an open economy with common property resources at the community level, marriage and migratory decisions crucially depend on inheritance rules on the commons. Motivated by the traditional management of the commons in the Italian Alps, we present a model that fits the evolution of property rights observed over six centuries. Women's rights over the commons were progressively eroded from the Middle Ages until 1800, when there was an almost universal adoption of a patrilineal inheritance system. Communities switched from an egalitarian system to a patrilineal inheritance system in an attempt to protect the per capita endowment of common resources from outside immigration. The model shows that inheritance rules have clear-cut implications for marriage strategies, migratory flows, and fertility rates. |
| Keywords: | inheritance, commons, migration, institutions, property rights |
| JEL: | J13 J16 Q24 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9601&r=mig |
| By: | Giuntella, Osea (University of Oxford); Stella, Luca (University of Wuppertal) |
| Abstract: | It is well-known that immigrants tend to be healthier than US natives and that this advantage erodes with time spent in the US. However, we know less about the heterogeneity of these trajectories among arrival cohorts. Recent studies have shown that later arrival cohorts of immigrants have lower entry wages and experience less economic assimilation. In this paper, we investigate whether similar cohort effects can be observed in the weight assimilation of immigrants in the US. Focusing on obesity, we show that more recent immigrant cohorts arrive with higher obesity rates and experience a faster "unhealthy assimilation" in terms of weight gain. |
| Keywords: | health assimilation, healthy immigrant effect |
| JEL: | J15 I10 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9664&r=mig |
| By: | Caliendo, Marco (University of Potsdam); Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. (University of Sydney); Hennecke, Juliane (Free University of Berlin); Uhlendorff, Arne (CREST) |
| Abstract: | Internal migration can substantially improve labor market efficiency. Consequently, policy is often targeted towards reducing the barriers workers face in moving to new labor markets. In this paper we explicitly model internal migration as the result of a job search process and demonstrate that assumptions about the timing of job search have fundamental implications for the pattern of internal migration that results. Unlike standard search models, we assume that job seekers do not know the true job offer arrival rate, but instead form subjective beliefs - related to their locus of control - about the impact of their search effort on the probability of receiving a job offer. Those with an internal locus of control are predicted to search more intensively (i.e. across larger geographic areas) because they expect higher returns to their search effort. However, they are predicted to migrate more frequently only if job search occurs before migration. We then test the empirical implications of this model. We find that individuals with an internal locus of control not only express a greater willingness to move, but also undertake internal migration more frequently. |
| Keywords: | locus of control, internal migration, mobility, job search |
| JEL: | J61 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9600&r=mig |
| By: | Drometer, Marcus; Méango, Romuald |
| Abstract: | Using a panel of naturalizations in U.S. states from 1986 to 2012, we empirically analyze the impact of elections on immigration policy. Our results indicate that immigration policy is (partly) driven by national elections: there are more naturalizations in presidential election years and during the terms of Democratic incumbents. Further, the partisan effects are more pronounced in politically contested states. |
| JEL: | H11 D72 F22 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113052&r=mig |
| By: | Poutvaara, Panu; Borjas, George; Kauppinen, Ilpo |
| Abstract: | This paper uses Danish full population register data from 1995 to 2001 to analyze self-selection of migrants from Denmark. We find that Danish emigrants are more educated and have higher pre-emigration earnings than non-migrants. The earnings of emigrants are not higher only on average, but the earnings distribution for emigrants stochastically dominates that of non-migrants. Furthermore, we also find positive self-selection in terms of residuals from earnings regressions. These results are consistent with the positive selection hypothesis for migrants from a rich and equal country derived from the Roy model. We also derive the stochastic dominance result from the model. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 J24 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113140&r=mig |
| By: | Klarl, Torben Alexander |
| Abstract: | Many cities in developing countries suffer from bad health and environmental conditions due to urbanization. The paper shows that increasing urban manufacturing congestion costs do not necessarily imply a reduction of a city's health as well as of environmental quality as one could expect ex-ante. The model distills a range of the urban manufacturing sector size which generates a triple dividend: a situation in which the government can simultaneously improve health, reduce pollution, and increase the productivity of labour by investing in either green capital or urban infrastructure that reduces congestion costs. |
| JEL: | R13 R23 Q52 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112829&r=mig |
| By: | Findeisen, Sebastian; Dauth, Wolfgang; Lindner, Attila |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the effects of regional mobility on individual employment prospects and wages, exploiting rich German social security data spanning over 30 years. Our focus is on unemployed workers with strong labor force attachment who search for employment after being exposed to a mass layoff. By that we concentrate on a group of individuals who are plausibly searching for employment for exogenous reasons. Comparing individuals who stay in the local labor market to movers, we find that employment rates are around 15 percentage points higher for movers three years after the layoff. Large differences in employment rates persist even 10 years after the layoff. In contrast, there are no effects of regional mobility on wages conditional on finding employment. |
| JEL: | J61 J63 R23 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112908&r=mig |
| By: | Heman D. Lohano |
| Abstract: | Migration is a widely used adaptation response to climate and weather variability. In this paper, we investigate how variability in weather affects migration through the agricultural channel. We estimate an instrumental variables regression model that allows us to isolate the impacts of weather from other drivers of migration and analyze the impact of weather-driven changes in the crop revenue per hectare on the in-migration rate. We use panel data for 50 districts of Pakistanand four time periods, 1971-76, 1976-81, 1988-93, and 1993-98, and estimate a two-way error components model, controlling for unobserved district-specific and time-specific effects. Results show that temperature has a nonlinear effect, i.e., as temperature increases, the crop revenue per hectare initially increases and then declines. Furthermore, a 1 ËšC increase in the variability (standard deviation) of temperature reduces expected crop revenue per hectare by around 7.5 percent. The instrumental variables regression results show that a 1 percent weather-driven decrease in the crop revenue per hectare induces, on average, a 2 to 3 percent decrease in the in-migration rate into a district. Predicted increases in temperature and its variability during 2016-2035 (relative to 1971-1998) are likely to decrease crop revenues in relatively warm districts and increase them in cooler districts. These effects would decrease the in-migration rate in 18- 32 districts (36-64 percent) and increase the rate in the remaining 18-32 districts. Thus, the extent and scope of the impacts of weather variability on migration in Pakistan depend on a district's geographic location and the variability of temperature in the future. |
| Keywords: | Migration, weather variability, climate change, agriculture, panel data model, instrumental variables regression, Pakistan |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snd:wpaper:99&r=mig |
| By: | Breno A. T. D. de Pinho (Cedeplar-UFMG); Fausto Brito (Cedeplar-UFMG); Alane Siqueira Rocha (FEAAC/UFC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to analyze migration flows involving the municipalities of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Investigates the direction and size of immigrant and migrant flows and migratory balances. The data used come from the Demographic Census for the years 1991, 2000 and 2010. The results reveal some detachable differences between the metropolitan center and its periphery in relation to the net population gains, not only due to net migration between these spatial units in metropolitan, but also by migratory balances of these units in population exchanges with the interior cities in the state of Minas Gerais and other states context. |
| Keywords: | Migration; Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte; Demographic Census. |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td527&r=mig |
| By: | Fausto Brito (Cedeplar-UFMG); Breno A. T. D. de Pinho (Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| Abstract: | The urban network spatially organizes the municipalities and their changes, mark an increasingly integrated economy, incorporating new spaces, and at the same time, ensuring the permanence of serious and historical regional imbalances. The immigration point of view , the hierarchical integration of different areas of migratory influence is nationally controlled by the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, mainly , and Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia, combining with regional and state hierarchies , guaranteed by the centrality of the other metropolitan areas and medium-sized cities . Analysis of the spatial distribution of the population of over five thousand cities, linked by internal migration and organized by lush urban structure, is the purpose of this article. |
| Keywords: | spatial distribution of population; urbanization; metropolization; internal migration |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td524&r=mig |
| By: | Fausto Brito (Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of migratory pattern from the history of internal migration in Brazil in the second half of the twentieth century and the first decade of this century . The reference to the Brazilian case is intended to place the analytical suggestions within the limits of the historical process in which there have been internal migration . It is important to mention that this new pattern that is announced does not mean a complete transition, however, it coexist characteristics of old and new and this is perhaps its most important structural mark portrayed mainly by the stability of the migratory trajectories. |
| Keywords: | Brazil, internal migration, migration theory and migratory pattern |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td526&r=mig |