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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Michel, BEINE; FrŽdŽŽric, DOCQUIER (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)); Caglar, OZDEN |
| Abstract: | Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, we analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in an another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. Our analysis exploits a bilateral data set on international migration by educatioal attainment from 195 countries to 30 OECD countries in 1990 and 2000. Based on simple micro-foundations and controlling for various determinants of migration, we find diasporas increase migration flows, lower their average educational level and lead to higher concentration of low-skill migrants. Interestingly, diasporas explain majority of the variability of migration flows and selection. This suggests that, without changing the generosity of family reunion programs, education-based selection rules are likely to have moderate impact. Our results are highly robust to the econometric techniques, accounting for the large proportion of zeros and endogeneity problems. |
| Keywords: | Migration, self-seslection, network-diaspora externalities |
| JEL: | F22 O15 |
| Date: | 2009–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2009002&r=mig |
| By: | Michael Landesmann (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Leon Podkaminer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Roman Römisch (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Sebastian Leitner (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Hermine Vidovic (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | This study provides an overview of economic and labour market developments in the new EU member states of Central and Eastern Europe over the past several years. In addition, it presents the experiences that have been collected with regard to migration flows between the 'old' and the 'new' member countries of the European Union. Against this background an assessment is made of the characteristics, features and impacts of migration flows that may emerge from a further liberalization of labour market access over the period 2009-2011. |
| Keywords: | labour market, migration, regions |
| JEL: | J21 J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2008–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:351&r=mig |
| By: | Kaivan Munshi; Mark Rosenzweig |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the hypothesis that the persistence of low spatial and marital mobility in rural India, despite increased growth rates and rising inequality in recent years, is due to the existence of sub-caste networks that provide mutual insurance to their members. Unique panel data providing information on income, assets, gifts, loans, consumption, marriage, and migration are used to link caste networks to household and aggregate mobility. Our key finding, consistent with the hypothesis that local risk-sharing networks restrict mobility, is that among households with the same (permanent) income, those in higher-income caste networks are more likely to participate in caste-based insurance arrangements and are less likely to both out-marry and out-migrate. At the aggregate level, the networks appear to have coped successfully with the rising inequality within sub-castes that accompanied the Green Revolution. The results suggest that caste networks will continue to smooth consumption in rural India for the foreseeable future, as they have for centuries, unless alternative consumption-smoothing mechanisms of comparable quality become available. |
| JEL: | J12 J61 O11 |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:14850&r=mig |
| By: | GABSZEWICZÊ, JeanÊ (UniversitŽ catholique de Louvain (UCL). Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE)); Gvetadze, Salome (UniversitŽ catholique de Louvain (UCL). Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE)); Laussel, Didier; Pieretti, Patrice |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to develop a dynamic model of migrations, in which migration is driven by size asymmetries between countries and by the relative preferences of consumers between private consumption and consumption of public goods. The dynamic trajectories heavily depend on the degree of attractiveness for public goods We show that monotone migrations require sufficiently strong preferences for public goods, and can only be sustained from the small to the large countries. We identify the threshold value of the public goodsÕ intensity of preferences guaranteeing the survival of the small country. For weaker preference intensities, oscillating migrations may arise, but they Þnally converge to situation where both countries are of equal size. |
| Keywords: | migration, public goods, income tax. |
| JEL: | H |
| Date: | 2008–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2008080&r=mig |
| By: | Francesc Ortega; Giovanni Peri |
| Abstract: | This paper contains three important contributions to the literature on international migrations. First, it compiles a new dataset on migration flows (and stocks) and on immigration laws for 14 OECD destination countries and 74 sending countries for each year over the period 1980-2005. Second, it extends the empirical model of migration choice across multiple destinations, developed by Grogger and Hanson (2008), by allowing for unobserved individual heterogeneity between migrants and non-migrants. We use the model to derive a pseudo-gravity empirical specification of the economic and legal determinants of international migration. Our estimates clearly show that bilateral migration flows are increasing in the income per capita gap between origin and destination. We also find that bilateral flows decrease when destination countries adopt stricter immigration laws. Third, we estimate the impact of immigration flows on employment, investment and productivity in the receiving OECD countries using as instruments the "push" factors in the gravity equation. Specifically, we use the characteristics of the sending countries that affect migration and their changes over time, interacted with bilateral migration costs. We find that immigration increases employment, with no evidence of crowding-out of natives, and that investment responds rapidly and vigorously. The inflow of immigrants does not seem to reduce capital intensity nor total factor productivity in the short-run or in the long run. These results imply that immigration increases the total GDP of the receiving country in the short-run one-for-one, without affecting average wages and average income per person. |
| JEL: | E25 F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:14833&r=mig |
| By: | Catia Batista (Trinity College Dublin); Aitor Lacuesta (Banco de España); Pedro Vicente (Trinity College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | Does emigration really drain human capital accumulation in origin countries? This paper explores a unique household survey purposely designed and conducted to answer this specific question for the case of Cape Verde. This is allegedly the African country suffering from the largest "brain drain", despite also having a fast-growing stock of human capital. Our micro data enables us to propose a novel, explicit test of "brain gain" arguments according to which the possibility of own future emigration positively impacts educational attainment in the origin country. The innovative empirical strategy we propose hinges on the ideal characteristics of our survey, namely on full histories of migrants and on a new set of exclusion restrictions. Our results point to a very substantial impact of the “brain gain†channel on the educational attainment of those who do not emigrate. Alternative channels (namely remittances, family disruption, and general equilibrium effects at the local level) are also considered, but do not seem to play an important role. Our findings are robust to the choice of instruments and the empirical model. |
| Keywords: | Brain drain, brain gain, international migration, human capital, effects of emigration in origin countries, household survey, Cape Verde, sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | F22 J24 O15 |
| Date: | 2009–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:0902&r=mig |
| By: | Karin Mayr (Johannes Kepler University, Linz); Giovanni Peri (University of California, Davis, CESifo and NBER) |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical evidence seems to show that temporary migration is a widespread phenomenon, especially among highly skilled workers who return to their countries of origin when these begin to grow. This paper develops a simple, tractable overlapping generations model that provides a rationale for return migration and predicts who will migrate and who returns among agents with heterogeneous abilities. The model also incorporates the interaction between the migration decision and schooling: the possibility of migrating, albeit temporarily, to a country with high returns to skills produces positive schooling incentive effects. We use parameter values from the literature and data on return migration to simulate the model for the Eastern-Western European case. We then quantify the effects that increased openness (to migrants) would have on human capital and wages in Eastern Europe. We find that, for plausible values of the parameters, the possibility of return migration combined with the education incentive channel reverses the brain drain into a significant brain gain for Eastern Europe. |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:200911&r=mig |
| By: | Dalen, H.P. van; Henkens, K. (Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | Why is labour mobility in the European Union so low? To shed light on this issue we focus and examine international labour migration intentions of the Dutch potential labour force. A key characteristic of intended labour migration of the Dutch is that its low level and the fact that it is strongly age related. The low expected rate of migration can be traced to expectations about finding work abroad and the perception that foreign experience is not perceived to be valued by Dutch employers. In addition to this it appears that partners within a household carry a large weight in deciding to move. If one of the partners is against moving, emigration will not take place. |
| Keywords: | labour mobility;migration;identity |
| JEL: | J61 F22 D84 |
| Date: | 2009 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:kubcen:200916&r=mig |
| By: | Jonathan Chaloff; Georges Lemaître |
| Abstract: | Most OECD countries expect growing shortages of highly-skilled labour in the coming two decades, and immigration is viewed as one way of addressing these. Most OECD countries have introduced policies aimed at facilitating the recruitment of such workers in recent years and efforts along these lines can be expected to continue. The document provides an overview of the issues related to the management of highly skilled labour migration. In general, migrants are perceived as highly skilled when they have at least tertiary education, but other definitions are possible, notably on the basis of the nature of the occupation in which they are employed. One practical way of defining highly skilled migrants that has been used in some countries is by means of wages paid, with the highly skilled consisting of persons earning above a threshold value. There are two principal ways of recruiting highly skilled workers from abroad. One is demanddriven, through employer requests. The other is supply-driven and involves inviting candidates to apply and selecting them on the basis of certain characteristics, among them age, educational attainment, language proficiency and occupation, for which points are assigned. Candidates having more than a threshold level of points are then granted the right to establish residence. Supply-driven systems have been showing their limits in recent decades, with settlement countries finding it more difficult to select for success in the labour market. Employers appear to attribute less value to qualifications and work experience earned in a non-OECD country, so that immigrants arriving without jobs are having a harder time finding employment commensurate with their qualifications and experience. One consequence has been a general trend towards transferring more of the responsibility for selecting migrants to employers. In this way, any qualifications and experience issues are dealt in the hiring negotiations between employers and workers prior to immigration. A second option is to favour candidates for migration with qualifications earned in an OECD country and indeed, in the host country itself. Most OECD countries have in fact introduced measures to allow international students to stay on after they complete their studies, provided they can find work of an appropriate level in their field of study. Some countries, however, do not have significant basins of native-speakers outside their borders, so that hiring directly into jobs seems problematical, except in workplaces using an international language such as English. For such countries, some direct recruitment may still be possible, if an international language is widely spoken in the workplace. Otherwise supply-driven migration may have to be envisaged, with significant investments made in language teaching for new arrivals. Active recruitment means more than just facilitating work permits for employers or for aspirant immigrants based on credentials. While high-skilled migrants may be attracted to countries with widely spoken languages and high wages regardless of the obstacles, a country with moderate wages and its own unique language will need to do more than just lower administrative barriers. The effects of demographic change are only beginning to be felt in most countries. By 2010, more than half of OECD countries will show incoming labour force cohorts which are smaller than outgoing ones. The objective over the medium-term for OECD countries is to ensure the right scale and nature of movements to satisfy labour market needs. It would be premature to claim that all of the required policies are already in place.<P>Gérer les migrations de travailleurs hautement qualifiés : Une analyse comparative des politiques migratoires et des enjeux des migrations dans les pays de l’OCDE<BR>La plupart des pays de l’OCDE s’attendent à des pénuries croissantes de travailleurs qualifiés dans les prochaines deux décennies, et l’immigration pourrait bien être une des réponses à ce phénomène. Ces dernières années, ils ont mis en place des politiques pour faciliter le recrutement de ces travailleurs et l’on peut s’attendre à ce qu’ils poursuivent leurs efforts dans ce sens. Ce document donne un aperçu des questions portant sur la gestion des travailleurs immigrés hautement qualifiés. Généralement, un migrant hautement qualifié est sensé avoir au moins une éducation de niveau supérieur, mais d’autres définitions sont possibles, notamment sur la base de la profession exercée. Le niveau de salaire est aussi une référence pratique utilisée par certains pays pour considérer que les migrants hautement qualifiés sont les personnes qui reçoivent une rémunération au-dessus d’un certain seuil. Il y a deux principaux moyens pour recruter des travailleurs hautement qualifiés résidant à l’étranger. Le premier est à l’initiative de la demande des employeurs. L’autre est fondé sur l’offre et consiste à inviter les candidats à postuler, et leur admission dépend de certains critères sélectifs comme l’âge, le niveau d’instruction, la maîtrise de la langue et la profession exercée. Il s’agit d’un système à points au-delà d’un certain niveau de points obtenus, les candidats ont le droit de s’installer dans le pays d’accueil. Les systèmes fondés sur l’offre ont montré leurs limites au cours des décennies récentes, les pays d’accueil éprouvant des difficultés de recruter de manière à garantir une insertion réussie sur le marché du travail. Les employeurs semblent attribuer moins de valeur aux qualifications et à l’expérience professionnelle acquises dans un pays hors de la zone OCDE. Ainsi, les immigrés arrivant sans emploi préalable, éprouvent de sérieuses difficultés à trouver l’emploi correspondant à leur qualification et leur expérience. En conséquence, on note une tendance générale à transférer à l’employeur tout ou partie de la responsabilité du processus de sélection des candidats à l’immigration. De cette façon, toutes les questions de qualification et d’expérience sont abordées dans le cadre des négociations d’embauche entre les employeurs et les personnes à recruter avant l’immigration. Une deuxième option est de favoriser les candidats à la migration ayant obtenu leurs qualifications dans un pays de l’OCDE et encore plus s’il s’agit du pays d’accueil lui-même. La plupart des pays de l’OCDE ont en fait adopté des mesures pour permettre aux étudiants étrangers ayant achevé leurs études, de rester dans le pays pour rechercher un emploi en relation avec leur niveau et leur domaine d’étude. Dans certains pays, dont la langue nationale est peu parlée au-delà de leurs frontières, le recrutement direct reste problématique, sauf si la langue de travail est internationale, comme l’anglais. Pour de tels pays, le recrutement direct peut encore être possible, si une langue internationale est largement parlée dans les lieux de travail. Autrement, la migration impulsée par devrait être envisagée avec des investissements linguistiques importants demandés aux nouveaux arrivés. Une politique active de recrutement signifie bien davantage que la simple possibilité d’accorder des permis à des employeurs ou à des candidats à l’immigration, sur la base de la reconnaissance de leur niveau de connaissance. Si les migrants hautement qualifiés peuvent être attirés, quels que soient les obstacles à surmonter, par des pays où les salaires sont élevés et dont les langues nationales sont largement parlées, les pays ayant une langue peu parlée en dehors du territoire national et offrant des salaires moins élevés ne pourront se contenter uniquement de la levée des barrières administratives. Dans la plupart des pays, les effets de l’évolution démographique commencent tout juste à se faire sentir. Mais, à l’horizon 2010, plus de la moitié des pays de l’OCDE auront des cohortes entrantes de main d’œuvre moins nombreuses que les cohortes sortantes. L’objectif à moyen terme pour les pays de l’OCDE est d’avoir des mouvements dont l’ampleur et la nature permettront de répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. Il serait prématuré de prétendre que toutes les politiques requises sont d’ores et déjà en place. |
| Keywords: | integration, intégration, gestion de la migration, highly skilled migration, migration de travailleurs hautement qualifiés, demographic change, effets de l’évolution démographique, management of migration |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J44 J61 |
| Date: | 2009–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:79-en&r=mig |
| By: | Mario Izquierdo (Banco de España); Aitor Lacuesta (Banco de España); Raquel Vegas (FEDEA) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use the Continuous Sample of Working Histories 2005 (MCVL2005) to analyze the earnings assimilation of migrants from outside the EU-15 in Spain. Using our panel dataset we show that immigrants reduce around the half of the initial wage gap respect to natives the first 5 to 6 years after arrival. However, no further reductions of the remaining wage gap are estimated. We also show that results based on cross-section data are downward biased since an important increase in the quality of migrants has taken place over the recent years. This skill upgrading of new immigrant cohorts is evident in the Spanish case as well as the depreciation of the value of most of the experience that is brought from abroad. We can associate the improvement in the skill of immigrants to a change in the composition of new entrants. An important mechanism underlying the assimilation is the higher likelihood of recent immigrants in changing jobs among different sectors and firms, but also improving their situation within the same firm. Finally, some caveats should be taken into account when interpreting our results given that immigration phenomenon is quite recent in the Spanish labour market and it has taken place in an especially positive economic environment. |
| Keywords: | Immigration, assimilation, longitudinal data, selection, human capital |
| JEL: | J31 J61 |
| Date: | 2009–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:0904&r=mig |
| By: | Ondřej Glazar (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Wadim Strielkowski (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Nottingham) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes possible incidences of Turkish EU accession on the emigration from Turkey to the European Union. Panel data estimators are applied on the emigration data from EU-18 into Germany in order to construct possible future scenarios of Turkish migration to the EU. Eventual migration flows from Turkey into the EU are forecasted based on the estimated results. We find that seemingly unrelated regressor is the most efficient estimator that can be applied in Turkey-EU migration framework. Our results reveal that both the network effect and target country labour market conditions represent the strongest determinants for migration, whilst the effect of per capita income is actually relatively low. In particular, Turkish per capita income does not have nearly any effect on migration, because it enters the model in two variables that work against each other. Furthermore, a very low importance of opening the German labour market for Turkish migrants is found. Estimated coefficients are used to predict migrations to Germany and through appropriate extrapolations to the whole European Union (EU). Three scenarios of migration are created and the sensitivity of estimated coefficients on migration from Turkey into the Germany during next 25 years is further discussed in detail. |
| Keywords: | Economy of migration, Turkey, EU Enlargement, panel data, seemingly unrelated regression |
| JEL: | C33 F15 F22 J11 J61 |
| Date: | 2009–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2009_15&r=mig |
| By: | Andersson Joona , Pernilla (Stockholm University); Nekby, Lena (Dept. of Economics, Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | A Trial Introduction Program (TIP) for newly-arrived immigrants to Sweden was implemented from October 2006 to June 2008 in order to meet the main criticisms directed at existing introduction programs. Two primary innovations were introduced, flexible language instruction parallel with other labor market activities at the Public Employment Service (PES) and intensive counseling and coaching by PES caseworkers with considerably reduced caseloads. Within participating municipalities, newly-arrived immigrants were randomly assigned into TIP (treatment) or regular introduction programs (control). Results indicate significant treatment effects on the probability of attaining regular employment as well as the probability of entering intermediate PES training programs. Hazard rates into PES training programs were also significantly higher for participants in TIP in comparison to participants in regular introduction programs. |
| Keywords: | Labor Market Policy Evaluation; Integration; Introduction Programs; Experiment |
| JEL: | C41 J15 J61 J64 J68 |
| Date: | 2009–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sunrpe:2009_0010&r=mig |
| By: | Marilena Giannetti; Daniela Federici; Michele Raitano |
| Abstract: | The impact of remittance flows on growth and income distribution has attracted a great deal of attention, but the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between remittances and economic development is far from clear. Although there is wide consensus that foreign remittances can help receiving households to increase income, consumption and capabilities to face socioeconomic shocks, there has been little quantitative research on impacts of remittances on household welfare and poverty. Our paper seeks to fill some of these gaps and it proposes an empirical analysis of the role of remittances as tool for reducing inequality and covering households against poverty and social exclusion risks. The empirical analysis focuses on four Eastern European Countries: Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, and is based on the EU-SILC 2005 data-set, that for each household provides information regarding interhousehold cash transfers received amongst which, regular cash support from households in other countries (i.e. remittances) are included. |
| Keywords: | Remittances, inequality, poverty. |
| JEL: | O10 O15 O52 |
| Date: | 2009–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sap:wpaper:118&r=mig |
| By: | Marie Coiffard (LEPII - Laboratoire d'Économie de la Production et de l'Intégration Internationale - CNRS : UMR5252 - Université Pierre Mendès-France - Grenoble II) |
| Abstract: | Les transferts de fonds de migrants (TFM) sont des flux transnationaux, reliant les pays d'accueil et d'origine des migrants. La régulation des TFM est donc un objet de relations interétatiques dont l'étude s'inscrit d'emblée dans une perspective internationale, pouvant être analysée par l'économie politique internationale et le concept de régime. Les interactions Nord-Sud donnent lieu à la formation de régulations internationales, dépendant notamment des politiques favorisant les TFM. Quatre régimes dans les pays d'origine (Abella, 1997) et trois approches dans les pays d'accueil (Banque Africaine de Développement, 2008) peuvent être identifiés. La mise en relation de ces deux analyses selon des critères économiques, institutionnels et d'économie politique internationale permet de mettre en lumière l'existence de quatre formes de régulations internationales des TFM. Cette dernière typologie offre un cadre d'analyse pour appréhender la seule initiative d'envergure mondiale concernant la régulation internationale des TFM, la "Global Remittance Initiative" lancée en 2004 par le G8. |
| Keywords: | travailleur migrant ; régulation ; relations internationales ; migration internationale ; transfert de fonds ; économie politique internationale ; relations économiques ; relation nord sud |
| Date: | 2008–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00371272_v1&r=mig |
| By: | Jonathan Chaloff; Georges Lemaître |
| Abstract: | La plupart des pays de l’OCDE s’attendent à des pénuries croissantes de travailleurs qualifiés dans les prochaines deux décennies, et l’immigration pourrait bien être une des réponses à ce phénomène. Ces dernières années, ils ont mis en place des politiques pour faciliter le recrutement de ces travailleurs et l’on peut s’attendre à ce qu’ils poursuivent leurs efforts dans ce sens. Ce document donne un aperçu des questions portant sur la gestion des travailleurs immigrés hautement qualifiés. Généralement, un migrant hautement qualifié est sensé avoir au moins une éducation de niveau supérieur, mais d’autres définitions sont possibles, notamment sur la base de la profession exercée. Le niveau de salaire est aussi une référence pratique utilisée par certains pays pour considérer que les migrants hautement qualifiés sont les personnes qui reçoivent une rémunération au-dessus d’un certain seuil. Il y a deux principaux moyens pour recruter des travailleurs hautement qualifiés résidant à l’étranger. Le premier est à l’initiative de la demande des employeurs. L’autre est fondé sur l’offre et consiste à inviter les candidats à postuler, et leur admission dépend de certains critères sélectifs comme l’âge, le niveau d’instruction, la maîtrise de la langue et la profession exercée. Il s’agit d’un système à points au-delà d’un certain niveau de points obtenus, les candidats ont le droit de s’installer dans le pays d’accueil. Les systèmes fondés sur l’offre ont montré leurs limites au cours des décennies récentes, les pays d’accueil éprouvant des difficultés de recruter de manière à garantir une insertion réussie sur le marché du travail. Les employeurs semblent attribuer moins de valeur aux qualifications et à l’expérience professionnelle acquises dans un pays hors de la zone OCDE. Ainsi, les immigrés arrivant sans emploi préalable, éprouvent de sérieuses difficultés à trouver l’emploi correspondant à leur qualification et leur expérience. En conséquence, on note une tendance générale à transférer à l’employeur tout ou partie de la responsabilité du processus de sélection des candidats à l’immigration. De cette façon, toutes les questions de qualification et d’expérience sont abordées dans le cadre des négociations d’embauche entre les employeurs et les personnes à recruter avant l’immigration. Une deuxième option est de favoriser les candidats à la migration ayant obtenu leurs qualifications dans un pays de l’OCDE et encore plus s’il s’agit du pays d’accueil lui-même. La plupart des pays de l’OCDE ont en fait adopté des mesures pour permettre aux étudiants étrangers ayant achevé leurs études, de rester dans le pays pour rechercher un emploi en relation avec leur niveau et leur domaine d’étude. Dans certains pays, dont la langue nationale est peu parlée au-delà de leurs frontières, le recrutement direct reste problématique, sauf si la langue de travail est internationale, comme l’anglais. Pour de tels pays, le recrutement direct peut encore être possible, si une langue internationale est largement parlée dans les lieux de travail. Autrement, la migration impulsée par devrait être envisagée avec des investissements linguistiques importants demandés aux nouveaux arrivés. Une politique active de recrutement signifie bien davantage que la simple possibilité d’accorder des permis à des employeurs ou à des candidats à l’immigration, sur la base de la reconnaissance de leur niveau de connaissance. Si les migrants hautement qualifiés peuvent être attirés, quels que soient les obstacles à surmonter, par des pays où les salaires sont élevés et dont les langues nationales sont largement parlées, les pays ayant une langue peu parlée en dehors du territoire national et offrant des salaires moins élevés ne pourront se contenter uniquement de la levée des barrières administratives. Dans la plupart des pays, les effets de l’évolution démographique commencent tout juste à se faire sentir. Mais, à l’horizon 2010, plus de la moitié des pays de l’OCDE auront des cohortes entrantes de main d’œuvre moins nombreuses que les cohortes sortantes. L’objectif à moyen terme pour les pays de l’OCDE est d’avoir des mouvements dont l’ampleur et la nature permettront de répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. Il serait prématuré de prétendre que toutes les politiques requises sont d’ores et déjà en place. |
| Keywords: | intégration, gestion de la migration, migration de travailleurs hautement qualifiés, effets de l’évolution démographique |
| JEL: | F F22 J24 J44 J61 |
| Date: | 2009–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:79-fr&r=mig |