|
on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Qian, Yuting; Li, Fan; Chen, Xi |
| Abstract: | Racial and ethnic minorities with dementia are substantially less likely to receive timely diagnoses, yet the factors underlying these gaps remain poorly quantified. Using nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data linked to Medicare claims (1998-2021) and National Neighborhood Data Archive, we examine racial and ethnic disparities in timely dementia diagnosis among U.S. older adults and decompose these gaps using causal mediation analysis. Timely diagnosis is defined as a clinical dementia diagnosis recorded in Medicare claims within three years before or one year after the HRS survey wave at which dementia was first identified. After controlling for demographics and health conditions, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White individuals to receive a timely diagnosis. Educational attainment is the dominant mediator, explaining 48% of the Black-White disparity and 62% of the Hispanic-White disparity, followed by neighborhood affluence (27% and 18%, respectively) and the density of non-physician health practitioner offices (16% and 15%) and physician offices (10% and 12%). Dementia specialist evaluation accounts for a further 7% and 6%, respectively. These findings identify educational attainment and neighborhood-level healthcare infrastructure as the primary structural determinants of racial and ethnic gaps in dementia detection, pointing to targeted policy interventions to advance diagnostic equity. |
| Keywords: | timely dementia diagnosis, disparities, education, neighborhood socioeconomic factors, health care access |
| JEL: | I14 J15 J14 I11 I18 C35 R23 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1749 |
| By: | Doxey, Alison (University of Chicago); Karger, Ezra (Chicago Federal Reserve Bank); Nencka, Peter (Miami University) |
| Abstract: | Between 1850 and 1910, the share of young Americans living in towns with high schools increased from 17% to 46% - the fastest expansion of school access in U.S. history. Using new data on every high school in the United States, we show that this expansion transformed economic opportunities for many young adults but widened class and racial inequalities. We find sharp increases in school attendance rates for high school-aged children in towns that opened a high school relative to children in nearby towns without one. Linking children to adult outcomes, we show that high schools increased women’s labor force participation and job quality, while reducing the probability of early marriage and childbearing. Increased access to high school accounts for a third of the increase in women’s labor force participation between 1870 and1930. High schools had the largest effects on children from already-wealthy families, and did not, on average, benefit Black children. While the high school movement substantially narrowed gender gaps in labor market outcomes, it also widened existing race- and class-based disparities. |
| Keywords: | high schools, education, economic history |
| JEL: | I26 J24 J16 D63 N31 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18580 |
| By: | Benjamin Goldman; Jamie Gracie; Sonya Porter |
| Abstract: | Americans rarely marry outside their race or class group, a pattern with well-documented implications for inequality and intergenerational mobility. Limited exposure—or interactions with members of other groups—may partly explain these low intergroup marriage rates. We instrument for exposure using variation in childhood neighborhoods based on whether other race and class groups had more opposite-sex children of similar age. Exposure increases interclass (high- and low-parent-income) marriage but has no detectable effect on interracial (White and Black) marriage. A spatial marriage market model predicts that residential segregation—one of many forms of exposure—accounts for more than one third of marital sorting by class but less than 5% by race. |
| JEL: | D31 J12 J15 J62 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35140 |
| By: | Nikolova, Elena; Plopeanu, Aurelian |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how the historical institutional legacies of the Habsburg and Ottoman empires affect present-day attitudes toward women and minorities in Romania. We conduct a thorough historical analysis which shows that the institutional setup in the Ottoman part of Romania was more favorable toward women and minorities compared to that in the Habsburg part. Using the 2016 round of the EBRD-World Bank Life in Transition Survey, we find that these differences in historical institutions have long-run impacts on attitudes today. While we find mixed support for our hypotheses when it comes to gender attitudes, consistent with our expectations, men and women in ex-Habsburg locations report that women have less decision-making power in the household, and are less tolerant towards people of different races, gay people, and Jews. The paper has important implications for advancing the debate on long-run imperial legacies by highlighting their persistent impact on women and minorities. |
| Keywords: | gender, diversity, Romania, persistence, empires |
| JEL: | N00 J16 P20 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1747 |
| By: | Gagnon, Nickolas; Nosenzo, Daniele |
| Abstract: | We investigate preferences for engaging in or opposing discrimination, focusing on moral preferences beyond self-interest. Some individuals may oppose statistical discrimination on grounds of protected-group equality, while others may prefer it to reward groups with higher average merit. Likewise, individuals may oppose taste discrimination or assert their tastes for groups. We conduct incentivized online experiments to elicit discrimination preferences in three domains: ethnicity, gender, and LGBTQ+ status. Analyzing over 60, 000 anonymous decisions about how to pay workers, we report highly heterogeneous preferences and a paradox of meritocracy-while merit may be a reason to reject discrimination, it also justifies discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Discrimination, Moral principles, Experiment, Ethnicity, Gender, LGBTQ+ |
| JEL: | D63 D90 J23 J31 J71 J78 K31 M52 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:340785 |
| By: | Martínez, Claudia; Perticará, Marcela; Puentes, Esteban; Vásquez, Javier |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how disability onset and subsequent administrative registration affect labor market trajectories in Chile, a middle-income country with a large informal sector. Using panel survey data linked to administrative records, we estimate dynamic employment and earnings effects around disability events. Disability onset generates sharp and persistent losses: Full-year employment falls by about 11 percentage points at onset and by 20 to 25 percentage points within six years, while formal wages decline by approximately 6% initially and by more than 30% five years later. Among those who remain employed, the probability of working informally rises over time while formal employment probability falls, indicating adjustment along the margin of employment quality. Registration is clearly endogenous: Individuals who certify display preexisting employment deterioration, which prevents a causal interpretation of the effects of registration. |
| Keywords: | Disability |
| JEL: | J14 J21 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14575 |
| By: | Barry Chiswick; Hope Corman; Dhaval Dave; Nancy E. Reichman |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes, for the first time, the effect of increases in the minimum wage on the labor market outcomes of working age adults with cognitive disabilities, a vulnerable and low-skilled sector of the actual and potential labor pool. Using data from the American Community Survey (2008-2023), we estimated effects of the minimum wage on employment, labor force participation, weeks worked, and hours worked among working age individuals with cognitive disabilities using a generalized difference-in-differences research design. We found that a higher effective minimum wage leads to reduced employment and labor force participation among individuals with cognitive disabilities but has no significant effect on labor supply at the intensive margin for this group. Adverse impacts were particularly pronounced for those with lower educational attainment. In contrast, we found no significant labor market effects of an increase in the minimum wage for individuals with physical disabilities or in the non-disabled population. |
| Keywords: | Minimum Wage, Cognitive Disability, Employment, Labor Market Outcomes, American Community Survey |
| JEL: | J14 J2 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2540 |
| By: | Elena Pojman (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Carolyn Hong; Diego Alburez-Gutierrez (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Queer family demography largely centers the nuclear family with limited attention to extended kin. We provide a more comprehensive picture of queer extended kinship in the United States, specifically aunts/uncles, cousins, siblings, niblings, children, and grandchildren. Combining demographic kinship modeling techniques with survey data that directly identifies sexual minorities, we estimate both the individual-level number of queer kin and the population-level share with at least one queer kin, focusing on age, sex, and cohort dynamics. Findings indicate the number and composition of queer kin are shaped jointly by queer identification patterns, age and sex structures of kinship networks and populations, and past demographic rates that determined kinship network size. We find substantial cohort differences: younger cohorts have more queer horizontal kin whereas older cohorts have more queer descendants. A majority of U.S. residents has one or more queer kin, driven by extended kin. Beyond providing estimates in a context where no comparable data exist, this study advances a queer kinship demography that situates queer people as members of extended family networks. This study offers a mechanism linking exposure to queer people to demographic trends, with implications for broader acceptance of sexual minorities. |
| Keywords: | USA, family demography, kinship, sexuality |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2026-014 |
| By: | Gianluca Grimalda (University of Passau); Fabrice Murtin (OECD Statistics and Data Directorate); David Pipke (Kiel Institute for the World Economy); Louis Putterman (Brown University); Matthias Sutter (Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Pathogen-stress and terror-management theories predict that lethal epidemics heighten parochial cooperation. We test this prediction experimentally in two nationally representative U.S. samples surveyed before and at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare trust and expected trustworthiness across the two waves in monetarily incentivized trust games involving non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. We find significant ingroup favoritism in both waves. However, the aggregate ingroup premium fell by about one-half between waves. This decline was concentrated among left-leaning and White respondents. Conversely, both African Americans and Hispanics displayed significant ingroup bias in both waves. While non-Hispanic Whites tended to reduce their ingroup bias in expected trustworthiness, the opposite was found for African Americans. Respondents more exposed to COVID-19 displayed higher inter-group trust, altruism and expected trustworthiness than others. These results contradict the hypothesis that lethal epidemics intensify parochialism, also suggesting that the response may be diversified across groups. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic, Inter-group Relationships, Parochialism, Ingroup, Outgroup, Discrimination, Prosociality |
| JEL: | D01 D63 D91 I14 J15 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2026_04 |
| By: | Laura Caron |
| Abstract: | Between 1949 and 1980, every U.S. state mandated public schools to provide educational services for disabled students. This is one of the largest education reforms in U.S. history, but little is known about its impacts. Given scarce data in this period, I compile survey and administrative datasets and set up a difference-in-difference design using variation in the mandates' timing. I show that the mandates increased both services for disabled students and preschool enrollments. In adulthood, disabled individuals below school age at a mandate's implementation became about 20% less likely to have no education, attained up to 0.23 more years of education, and were more likely to have worked. Although this policy could have taken away resources from non-disabled students, in fact, education and employment also increased for non-disabled individuals. These effects align with evidence that the mandates increased spending per student by up to 15%. Families were also impacted: the mandates increased employment among mothers of disabled children and the probability that disabled individuals became household heads. Over the long term, the mandates paid for themselves by generating government revenues in excess of their cost. These results provide new evidence on the large, broad impacts of expanding access to education for disabled students. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2604.25767 |
| By: | Michelle Mielly (EM - EMLyon Business School); Gazi Islam (EESC-GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management); Ana Maria Peredo (University of Ottawa [Ottawa]); Penelope Muzanenhamo (UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]); Hélio Arthur Reis Irigaray (FGV - Fundacao Getulio Vargas [Rio de Janeiro]); Sandiso Bazana (Rhodes University [Grahamstown]) |
| Abstract: | Decolonial and pluriversal perspectives have recently proliferated in organizational studies, challenging predominant Western and Eurocentric knowledge paradigms in management. Offering both a critique of and alternatives to hegemonic perspectives, the articles in the current special issue place front-and-center new possibilities that recognize multiple ways of knowing and organizing, particularly those originating within less visible, marginalized, Indigenous, or minority communities. The studies in this special issue question entrenched Eurocentric norms in management theory by privileging new perspectives that encompass three central and common concepts interwoven across this issue: hybridity, alterity, and affirmativity. These overarching themes reflect a commitment to acknowledging and integrating diverse epistemic traditions following the notion of pluriversality to resist simplistic or monolithic interpretations of human organizing practices. This commitment requires us to advocate for more inclusive publication practices beyond traditional norms to acknowledge the barriers posed by English-dominant publication outlets and standards. The present collection of articles offers an interdisciplinary exploration of decolonial practice and theory alongside a specific drive to diversify and pluralize organizational scholarship. By engaging with marginalized voices globally across contexts and organizational forms, we promote a reflexive and inclusive means to challenge hegemonic practices within academia itself and ultimately encourage organizational scholars to adopt decolonial frameworks that critique and renew management practices worldwide. |
| Abstract: | Perspectivas decoloniais e pluriversais têm aparecido com cada vez mais frequência nos estudos organizacionais, desafiando paradigmas de conhecimento ocidentais e eurocêntricos predominantes no campo da gestão. Os artigos desta edição especial oferecem uma crítica e também alternativas às perspectivas hegemônicas, colocando em primeiro plano novas possibilidades que consideram as múltiplas formas de se conhecer e organizar, particularmente aquelas originadas em comunidades menos visíveis, marginalizadas, indígenas ou minoritárias. Os estudos apresentados aqui questionam normas eurocêntricas arraigadas na teoria da gestão, privilegiando novas perspectivas que abrangem três conceitos centrais e comuns entrelaçados na questão: hibridismo, alteridade e afirmatividade. Esses temas são bastante abrangentes e refletem um compromisso em reconhecer e integrar diversas tradições epistêmicas, seguindo a noção de pluriversalidade de forma a resistir a interpretações simplistas ou monolíticas de práticas de organização humana. Tal compromisso requer a defesa de práticas editoriais mais inclusivas além das normas tradicionais para reconhecer as barreiras impostas por veículos e padrões de publicação de domínio inglês. O conjunto de artigos publicados nesta edição faz uma exploração interdisciplinar da prática e da teoria decoloniais ao mesmo tempo que demonstra um impulso específico para diversificar e pluralizar o campo dos estudos organizacionais. O envolvimento de vozes globalmente marginalizadas em todos os contextos e formas organizacionais contribui na promoção de meios reflexivos e inclusivos de desafiar práticas hegemônicas dentro da própria academia e, finalmente, encorajar acadêmicos organizacionais a adotar estruturas decoloniais capazes de criticar e renovar práticas de gestão em todo o mundo. |
| Keywords: | Alterity, Organization studies, Hybridity, Affirmativity, Pluriversality, Decolonial perspectives |
| Date: | 2024–11–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-05603423 |
| By: | Manu García; Diego Mendez-Carbajo |
| Abstract: | We examine student dropout in online K-12 education coursework using administrative data for 442, 000 students, 64 economics and personal finance modules, and 2.1 million module assignments between 2014 and 2025. We find that module length, prior knowledge, embedded formative assessments, and school district demographics independently predict whether students complete assigned modules. Each additional page is associated with a 0.24-percentage-point decrease in completion probability, but this relationship is 30 percent weaker for students with above-median prior knowledge. Embedded knowledge checks amplify the negative effect of module length: the page effect more than doubles in modules containing these assessments. Dropout is elevated 33 percent above expected on pages immediately before knowledge checks. Districts with higher minority enrollment exhibit lower completion even after accounting for per-pupil expenditure and staffing. Survival analysis reveals that dropout risk is highest in the first 10 percent of module progress and generally declines thereafter, suggesting that early engagement is critical. Apparent differences between personal finance and economics modules disappear within schools, indicating institutional sorting rather than subject difficulty. These findings provide actionable guidance for instructional designers developing online educational content. |
| Keywords: | online education; student dropout; prior knowledge; formative assessment; K-12 education; digital divide; instructional design; learning analytics |
| JEL: | I21 I24 A20 A21 |
| Date: | 2026–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:103095 |
| By: | De Gobbi, Maria Sabrina,; Kühn, Stefan,; Heins, Guido,; Malikova, Ziyodakhon, |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies existing labour market challenges associated with ageing in Europe and Central Asia. It presents a general overview and provides ideas to stimulate social dialogue. In 2024, there were 28 persons aged 65 years and above per 100 persons aged 15 to 64 years and this ratio is projected to rise to 43 by 2050. The proportion of older workers (55 years and above) will increase, while the prime-age workforce (25 to 54 years) will decline. This demographic transition is expected to result in a net loss of 10 million workers in the region by 2050. As pension systems increasingly have to rely on a diminishing pool of younger workers, sustaining current living standards will become more challenging. Productivity growth in Europe and Central Asia has been falling since 1991. New sources of productivity have to be unlocked if current standards of living are to be maintained. Increasing the labour force participation of inadequately represented groups, including women, persons with disabilities, the youth, migrants and refugees may only partially improve the situation. However, it would be a step forward in improving the outlook for the challenges that the region is experiencing. |
| Keywords: | labour force, ageing population, older workers, social dialogue |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995649976202676 |
| By: | Nicola Limodio (Bocconi University, Dept. of Finance, BAFFI and IGIER, and CEPR:); Luca Picariello (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF, and MoFiR); Tom Schwantje (Bocconi University, BAFFI and IGIER) |
| Abstract: | How do organizations adapt internally when ethnic divisions intensify? We develop a model in which organizations jointly choose managerial appointments and delegation when locally matched managers have better information but are less aligned with headquarters, and test it using a panel of Ethiopian bank branches. Exploiting variation in banks’ exposure to ethnic conflict across their branch networks, we find that conflict increases the appointment of locally matched managers, while reducing lending autonomy and leaving branch credit mostly unaffected. Conflict-exposed branches are more likely to be staffed by insiders reassigned within the bank. An LLM-based CEO vignette exercise corroborates this mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Organizational Behavior, Conflict, Banks, Managerial Appointment |
| JEL: | D23 D74 G21 O12 |
| Date: | 2026–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:782 |