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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Virginia Minni (University of Chicago); Kieu-Trang Nguyen (University of Melbourne); Heather Sarsons (University of Chicago); Carla Srebot (University of British Columbia) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how managers’ gender attitudes shape workplace culture and gender inequality. Using data from a multinational firm operating in over 100 countries, we leverage cross-country manager rotations to identify the effects of male managers’ gender attitudes on gender pay gaps within a team. Managers from countries with one standard deviation more progressive gender attitudes reduce the pay gap by 5 percentage points (18%), largely through higher promotion rates for women. These effects persist after managers rotate out and are strongest in more conservative countries. Managers with progressive attitudes also influence the local office culture, as local managers who interact with but are not under the purview of the foreign manager begin to have smaller pay gaps in their teams. Our evidence points to individual managers as critical in shaping corporate culture. |
| Keywords: | managers, gender gaps, corporate culture, multinationals |
| JEL: | J16 J24 F23 M14 M5 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfi:wpaper:2026-22 |
| By: | Aina, Carmen (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale); Parisi, Lavinia (Università degli Studi di Salerno); Picchio, Matteo (Università Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a critical threat to women's safety and equality worldwide, yet the role of climate and environmental stressors in shaping violence against women remains underexplored, particularly in developed countries. This study identifies the causal impact of short-run temperature fluctuations on GBV in Italy using ten years of province-level data (2013-2022) on helpline calls and femicides and a two-way fixed effects estimation strategy. We find that higher temperatures increase both help-seeking behavior and lethal GBV. Accounting for nighttime temperatures shows that elevated minimum temperatures are particularly consequential relative to daytime heat. Heterogeneity analyses indicate that temperature effects are not uniform across provinces, with evidence of differential responses along selected dimensions related to adaptation and socio-economic context. Overall, the results highlight the relevance of considering climate-related stressors within violence prevention and social protection frameworks, even in high-income countries. |
| Keywords: | climate change, gender-based violence, temperatures, femicide, violence prevention |
| JEL: | J12 J16 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18394 |
| By: | Yana Rodgers; Lisa Schur; Flora Hammond; Renee Edwards; Jennifer Cohen; Douglas Kruse |
| Abstract: | Purpose. This paper examines the extent to which job satisfaction, requests for accommodations, and the likelihood of a request being granted vary by disability status. We further analyze whether being granted workplace accommodations moderates the relationship between work satisfaction and disability. Methods. We use a novel survey of healthcare workers centered on disability status, perceptions of work experiences, and the provision of accommodations. The data are used in a descriptive analysis and multiple regressions to examine the moderating effect of accommodations on the relationship between disability and indicators related to job satisfaction. Results. Results show that people with disabilities have more negative perceptions of their work experiences than people without disabilities. Although people with disabilities are more likely to request accommodations than people without disabilities, they are equally likely to have their requests wholly or partly granted. Regression results indicate that the negative relationships between disability status and most measures of work experience are largely eliminated when accounting for the disposition of accommodation requests. The main exception is turnover intentions, in which the adverse relationship with having a disability does not change even when an accommodation is granted. Partly granting accommodations is helpful only for some metrics of job experience. Conclusion. Our paper shows that fully granting accommodations can go a long way to closing the disability gap in job satisfaction between people with and without disabilities. |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2602.20327 |
| By: | Laurison, Daniel; Friedman, Sam |
| Abstract: | Gender and racial pay penalties are well-known: women (of all races) and people of color (of all genders) earn less, on average, even when they gain access to occupations historically reserved for White men. Studies of social mobility show that people from working-class backgrounds in the US have also been excluded from top professional and managerial occupations. But do working-class-origin people who attain top US jobs face a class-origin pay penalty? Despite evidence of class-origin pay gaps in higher professional and managerial occupations elsewhere, we might expect that the central role of race and racism in US stratification processes, along with the relatively low salience of class identities, would render class origins irrelevant to earnings in exclusive occupations, at least within racial groups. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to link childhood class position to adult occupation and earnings, we describe the racial and class-origin composition of different high-status occupations and the earnings of people within them. We show that when people who are from working-class backgrounds are upwardly mobile into high-status occupations, they earn almost $20, 000 per year less, on average, than individuals who are themselves from privileged backgrounds. The difference is partly explained by the upwardly mobile being less likely to have college degrees, but it remains substantial (around $11, 700) even after accounting for education, race and other important predictors of earnings. The gap is largest among White people; there is a class-origin penalty in top US occupations that is distinct from the racial pay gap. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122517 |
| By: | Jennifer Cohen; Yana Rodgers |
| Abstract: | Background. Low earnings are associated with household insecurity. Direct Support Professionals (DSPs) provide support for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, typically for wages close to state minimums, and may experience insecurity. Objective. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of food and housing insecurity among DSPs. Methods. We conducted a statewide, cross-sectional survey of DSPs in New York State (2022-2023). Measures included detailed questions about food and housing insecurity. We used chi-square analyses and logistic regressions to examine relationships between insecurity and demographic characteristics as proxies for social determinants of health. A total of 4, 503 DSPs responded to the survey. The analytic sample contained 2, 766 respondents with complete data for all relevant variables. Results. Overall, 62.6% experienced food and/or housing insecurity, with over half of those respondents experiencing both. Insecurity was highest among DSPs with a disability (76.2%), DSPs of color (75.7%), and those with lower income (72.4%), but over 50% of DSPs across demographic groups experienced insecurity. Conclusions. The widespread insecurity this study demonstrates is an occupational hazard that reduces worker welfare. At the macro-level, household insecurity is a critical threat to the stability of the care and support delivery system. The human services sector is projected to grow rapidly in the future. If growth continues along low wage lines, it implies an equally rapid expansion of worker insecurity. Government action to raise pay and interventions that enhance food and housing security are needed to support workers in the care delivery system for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2602.20356 |
| By: | Puvaneyshwaran, David; Logie, Carmen H.; Van Borek, Sarah; Abrams, Amber; Grootboom, Lauren; MacKenzie, Frannie; Taing, Lina; Perez-Brumer, Amaya; Gittings, Lesley |
| Abstract: | Water justice is the equitable, reliable, and safe access to clean water and sanitation and meaningful community inclusion in water governance, which is constrained by multiple social inequities. Financial (housing) and social inequities such as gender inequitable norms and gender-based violence, land insecurity, racial discrimination, and sexuality diversity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer [LGBTQ+]) exclusion perpetuate unequal access to water and sanitation for historically marginalized populations. This highlights the need for an intersectional approach to building alliances to advance water justice across diverse social movements. In Cape Town, South Africa, legacies of colonialism and apartheid continue to shape spatial and infrastructural inequalities, especially in backyards. In response, we co-developed the “Water Justice Alliance-Building Toolkit” through a community-engaged process with activists from five intersecting movements: water justice, women’s rights, housing rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and racial justice. The participatory co-production process involved filmed walk-along interviews, focus groups, arts-based workshops, and community dialogue, culminating in modular tools designed to support intersectional education, alliance-building, and advocacy. In this article, we describe the toolkit’s development, its components, and an accompanying documentary, “Its Ebbs and Flows, ” which centers lived experiences of water injustice through visuals and multilingual narration. Toolkit activities, including discussion guides, artmaking, song-making, and role-play, facilitate inclusive dialogue. We conclude with implications for practice and policy, highlighting how participatory, arts-based approaches can foster more responsive health promotion strategies. By validating community knowledge and creative expression, this toolkit expands on whose expertise counts to guide a just transition and offers replicable templates for promoting health equity in climate-vulnerable settings. |
| Keywords: | indigenous movements; cClimate resilience; collaborative governance; community-based research; health equity; intersectionality; just transition; participatory arts-based methods; water justice |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2026–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137430 |
| By: | Pañeda-Fernández, Irene |
| Abstract: | Women increasingly migrate as primary movers, yet how gender inequality shapes this process remains unclear due to methodological limitations. Competing theories predict that greater gender equality should facilitate women's migration by loosening norms and expanding women's aspirations, whereas greater inequality may increase women's incentives to leave by raising the costs of staying or triggering relative deprivation. I overcome prior shortcomings by using two sources of exogenous variation in gender inequality (matrilineal kinship and variation in female property rights from colonial common- versus civil-law systems) as well as rich original survey data. Across all designs, higher gender inequality predicts stronger migration intentions. At the individual level, original surveys from Senegal, The Gambia, and Nigeria show violent experiences of gender inequality predict higher intentions, whereas more economic experiences such as gender discrimination do not. An embedded experiment further shows that gender equality at destination matters more for women exposed to violence. These patterns extend beyond intentions: in a representative survey of West African immigrants in Germany, women from more gender-unequal cultural traditions and from weaker property-rights regimes are overrepresented. Overall, results suggest a mechanism based on changes in the cost of staying rather than relative deprivation. |
| Abstract: | Diese Studie untersucht, wie Geschlechterungleichheit die zunehmende Tendenz von Frauen, als primäre Migrantinnen zu migrieren, beeinflusst. Dieser Zusammenhang blieb bislang wegen methodischer Einschränkungen unklar. Unterschiedliche Theorien sagen voraus, dass größere Geschlechtergleichheit die Migration von Frauen erleichtern sollte, indem sie Normen lockert und Frauenaspirationen erweitert; demgegenüber könnte stärkere Ungleichheit die Anreize für ein Fortgehen erhöhen, indem sie die Kosten des Verbleibs steigert oder relative Benachteiligung auslöst. Die vorliegende Arbeit überwindet frühere Mängel, indem sie zwei Quellen exogener Variation in der Geschlechterungleichheit nutzt (matrilineare Verwandtschaftsstrukturen und Unterschiede in den Eigentumsrechten von Frauen, bedingt durch koloniale Common- vs. Civil-Law-Systeme) sowie umfangreiche eigene Umfragedaten einbezieht. Über alle verwendeten Designs hinweg sagt größere Geschlechterungleichheit stärkere Migrationsabsichten voraus. Auf individueller Ebene zeigen eigene Erhebungen in Senegal, Gambia und Nigeria, dass gewaltsame Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit Geschlechterungleichheit höhere Migrationsabsichten vorhersagen, während eher ökonomische Erfahrungen wie geschlechtsspezifische Diskriminierung dies nicht tun. Ein eingebettetes Experiment legt darüber hinaus nahe, dass Geschlechtergleichheit am Zielland für Frauen, die Gewalt erlebt haben, stärker ins Gewicht fällt. Diese Muster reichen über Absichten hinaus: In einer repräsentativen Befragung westafrikanischer Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland sind Frauen aus kulturellen Traditionen mit stärkerer Geschlechterungleichheit und aus Rechtsordnungen mit schwächeren Eigentumsrechten überrepräsentiert. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse auf einen Mechanismus hin, der auf Veränderungen der Kosten des Verbleibs beruht und weniger auf relativer Benachteiligung. |
| Keywords: | female migration, gender inequality, gender discrimination, gender-based violence, migration intentions, institutions, culture, Migration von Frauen, Geschlechterungleichheit, geschlechtsspezifische Diskriminierung, geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt, Migrationsabsichten, Institutionen |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbmit:337462 |
| By: | Devos, Louise (Ghent University); du Bois, Kristen (EDHEC Business School); Baert, Stijn (Ghent University); Lippens, Louis (Ghent University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how professional recruiters evaluate fictitious job applicants with profiles that systematically vary in signals that form ethnocultural identity rather than isolated minority markers. Using a preregistered factorial survey experiment true to recruiters’ organisational context, we assess how greater perceived distance from the ethnocultural majority is associated with hiring intentions. Structural equation modelling shows that lower perceived ethnocultural alignment is strongly and negatively associated with the likelihood of a candidate being considered for a job interview. This bias is also reflected in the extent to which recruiters identify with a candidate, as well as in taste-based expectations and competence assessments related to communication, efficiency, and leadership. Methodologically, we reinforce the credibility of the experimental findings by explicitly addressing socially desirable responses using three complementary approaches. Across all specifications, perceived alignment with the ethnocultural majority emerges as a robust and consistent correlate of hiring intentions. |
| Keywords: | factorial survey experiment, social desirability, identity, hiring, discrimination |
| JEL: | C83 J61 J71 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18372 |
| By: | David Puelz |
| Abstract: | Whether and how race is used in selective admissions remains a central question in higher education and civil rights law. In Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023), the Supreme Court held that race-based affirmative action in college admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause, purportedly ending the practice. This report examines admissions at a public medical school in the pre-SFFA period. Using applicant-level data on over 11, 000 applications to Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Medical School for the 2021 and 2022 cycles, I relate admission decisions to academic merit (MCAT, GPA, science GPA), race, gender, and situational judgment (Casper) scores. Summary statistics, academic-index decompositions, and logistic regression models provide strong evidence of racial preferences: African American and Hispanic applicants are preferred relative to academically similar White and Asian applicants. Counterfactual and preference-removal analyses quantify the magnitude of these disparities. The findings document the kind of race-based preferences that SFFA was meant to address and establish a baseline for assessing whether admissions practice changed after the decision. |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2602.18484 |
| By: | Matthew Maury; Michael Suher; Jeffery Y. Zhang |
| Abstract: | Does fair lending litigation impact mortgage lender decisions? Using a novel dataset of all fair lending legal actions from 1991 to 2023, we find that it does. In the wake of legal settlements for discrimination against Black borrowers, lenders significantly reduced denial rates for Black applicants. The reductions offset pre-litigation racial disparities in denial rates by litigated banks, relative to those banks' competitors. Origination rates for Black applicants also increased post-litigation. We further observe evidence of a spillover effect on the approval decisions of non-litigated banks operating in the same city as a litigated bank. Altogether, the evidence suggests that the enforcement of fair lending laws is an effective tool to reduce racial discrimination in credit markets. |
| Keywords: | Fair lending; Mortgages; Discrimination; Consumer lending |
| Date: | 2026–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:102842 |
| By: | Christa Deneault; Evan Riehl; Jian Zou |
| Abstract: | We use Texas administrative data to assess the long-standing claim that teacher certification exams discriminate against underrepresented minority (URM) candidates. In a regression discontinuity design, we find that failing a certification exam delays entry into teaching and costs the average candidate $10, 000 in forgone earnings. These costs fall disproportionately on URM candidates both because they are more likely to fail and because their earnings losses from failing are 50 percent larger on average. To examine whether these disparities are justified by racial/ethnic differences in teaching quality, we develop a new measure of disparate impact and estimate it using a policy change that increased the difficulty of Texas' elementary certification exam. The harder exam reduced the URM share of new teachers but had no significant benefits for teaching quality or student achievement. Taken together, our findings show that certification exams have a disparate impact in the sense that they impose much larger economic costs on URM teaching candidates than on white candidates with similar potential teaching quality. |
| JEL: | I24 J44 J71 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34860 |
| By: | Christian Düben; Roland Hodler; Paul A. Raschky |
| Abstract: | Hodler and Raschky (2014) provide evidence for regional favoritism by documenting that subnational regions have more intense nighttime lights when they are the birth region of the country's current political leader than at other times. In this paper, we test the robustness of their findings using new data on nighttime light emissions and the birthplaces of political leaders, resulting in a larger sample with many more countries and years. We confirm that leader birth regions have more intense nighttime lights and that this effect is larger in countries with high ethnic fractionalization, undemocratic institutions, and low levels of education. |
| Keywords: | regional favoritism, nighttime light emissions, political leaders |
| JEL: | D72 R11 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12506 |