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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Scott A. Imberman; Andrew S. Johnson |
| Abstract: | Students with disabilities (SWDs) encompass a sizable share of charter students and have an array of individualized needs. Charter schools may operate differently than traditional public schools with respect to SWDs and special education (SPED), as funding incentives may induce charter schools to underserve SWDs. Nonetheless, there is little empirical evidence regarding how enrollment in charter schools affects SWDs’ educational environments and outcomes. We use data from Michigan to estimate charter impacts using a heterogeneous difference-in-differences model that compares students who enter charters to students who have not yet but will eventually enter charters. We find that charters are slightly more likely to identify students as SWDs after charter entry. While assignments to SPED programs increase comparably, there is a significant reduction and subsequent reversion in time spent in SPED-specific environments and services provided. Despite these changes, SWDs realize achievement and attendance gains after charter entry at similar levels to non-SWDs. |
| JEL: | I21 I28 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34778 |
| By: | Odlova, Marketa (University of Greifswald) |
| Abstract: | What are the consequences of conscription exemption in contexts where military service is the norm? Military service plays a central role in shaping individuals’ relationships to politics, society, and the state. This effect is especially pronounced among ethnic minority veterans, suggesting that the experience carries different significance across identity groups and may have distinct consequences for those excluded due to their ethnicity and/or gender. This pilot study explores the implications of non-service for ethnic minority Circassian and Druze women in Israel. The exploratory findings suggest consequences for their political interest, participation, identity, and perceptions of inequality, shaped through economic, linguistic, skill-based, and social mechanisms. The study also implies the role of alternative/national service in mitigating the identified effects. |
| Date: | 2026–01–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2kavb_v1 |
| By: | Adriana Corredor-Waldron (North Carolina State); Janet Currie (Yale and NBER); Molly Schnell (Northwestern and NBER) |
| Abstract: | Black mothers with a trial of labor are 25 percent more likely to deliver by C-section than non-Hispanic White mothers. The gap is largest among mothers with the lowest risk and is reduced by only one-fifth when controlling for observed medical risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, hospital, and physician or medical practice group. Remarkably, the gap disappears when performing a C-section is more costly due to a concurrent pre-labor C-section limiting surgical resources. This finding is consistent with provider discretion rather than differences in unobserved medical risk accounting for persistent racial disparities in delivery method. The additional intrapartum C-sections that occur among low-risk women when hospitals are unconstrained negatively impact infant health. |
| Date: | 2025–12–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2489 |
| By: | Listo, Ariel; Muñoz, Ercio; Sansone, Dario |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how attitudes among supervisors, co-workers, and customers contribute to discrimination against sexual minorities in the workplace. A large, nationally representative sample in Chile was recruited in collaboration with a local firm. The survey employs a series of double list experiments designed to measure attitudes on sensitive issues while reducing social desirability bias, followed by direct questions on attitudes toward sexual minorities. Findings reveal a discrepancy between reported and actual comfort levels with gay individuals in the labor market. Respondents underreported their discomfort by 15 to 23 percentage points, with the largest bias and lowest comfort levels observed when asked about supervising a gay employee. Additionally, respondents consistently underestimated broader societal support for gay employees and co-workers. These differences are reflected in real-stakes donation behavior: respondents who chose not to donate any amount from a lottery to a local LGBTQ-related NGO also reported lower comfort levels and exhibited greater misreporting. |
| Keywords: | LGBTQ+;discrimination |
| JEL: | C93 D91 J15 J71 Z13 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14488 |
| By: | Alexander Mihailov; Giovanni Razzu; Zhe Wang |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the gendered effects of monetary policy shocks on key labour market outcomes in the Euro Area spanned by the 11 original member states from 2000 to 2016. Using a quarterly panel dataset and an identification strategy based on high-frequency financial surprises, we isolate exogenous monetary policy shocks from central bank information effects and trace their transmission across labour market outcomes for men and women. We provide new evidence on the distributional consequences of the common monetary policy shocks originating at the European Central Bank. A contractionary shock significantly increases unemployment for both genders, with systematically larger effects for men. At the same time, women exhibit a stronger rise in labour force participation, consistent with household labour supply adjustments. Gender differences in unemployment and participation are primarily driven by individuals aged 25–55 and are most pronounced among those with basic and intermediate education. Finally, labour market institutions shape the magnitude of these effects, either mitigating or amplifying gender disparities. |
| Keywords: | gender gaps, labour market outcomes, monetary policy shocks, labour market institutions, Euro Area |
| JEL: | E24 E32 E52 F45 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–02–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdg:emxxdp:em-dp2026-01 |
| By: | De Hoop, Jacobus Joost; Tribin Uribe, Ana Maria; Velásquez, Andrea |
| Abstract: | This study explores the gendered impacts of violent crime on economic opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean. While both men and women experience violent crime, their exposure to violent crime and the consequences they suffer differ. Women are disproportionately affected by intimate partner violence, sexual harassment, and mobility restrictions, all of which limit their labor market participation and economic independence. Through a review of the literature, the study identifies six primary mechanisms through which violent crime affects women’s economic outcomes: sectoral segregation, fear of victimization, mobility constraints, intra-household bargaining power shifts, increased intimate partner violence, and disruptions to human capital accumulation. By analyzing these gendered dimensions, the study highlights how violent crime may contribute to inequality and restrict women’s access to economic opportunities. Policy responses must go beyond general crime reduction strategies and incorporate gender-sensitive interventions, including stronger legal protections, labor market reforms, and investments in childcare and financial inclusion. Addressing violent crime from a gendered perspective is essential for fostering economic resilience and reducing inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean. |
| Date: | 2026–01–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11294 |
| By: | Yusra Alkasasbeh (Northeastern University) |
| Abstract: | In 2023, Jordan's fertility rate has decreased to 2.6 children per woman. This decline is linked to women achieving higher levels of education, which contributes to their empowerment. This study analyzes the number of births by estimating several linear regressions and mediation models to examine how married women’s gender role attitudes influence the relationship between education and fertility. The data used comes from the Jordanian Labor Market Panel Surveys (JLMPS) conducted in 2010 and 2016. Women’s gender role attitudes were assessed using a 10-statement continuous scale reflecting their agreement with gender role statements. The findings indicate a strong connection between education and fertility rates. Specifically, an increase in years of education is significantly linked to lower fertility rates. Women who demonstrate intrinsic agency and hold egalitarian beliefs about gender typically have fewer children than those who adhere to unequal gender norms. Additionally, married women with higher levels of education are more likely to possess egalitarian attitudes and beliefs regarding gender roles compared to those with lower educational attainment. However, married women’s attitudes toward gender roles do not mediate the relationship between education and fertility. To further promote women’s empowerment, programs should focus on enhancing educational opportunities for women and encouraging more egalitarian views on gender roles. |
| Date: | 2025–06–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1780 |
| By: | Marina HeshamAuthor-Name-First: Marina Author-Name-Last: Hesham (Cairo UniversityAuthor-Name: Ariane Dupont-Kieffer; University of Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne); Racha Ramadan; Hanan Nazier |
| Abstract: | Sexual harassment is a pervasive form of violence against women (VAW) worldwide. In Egypt, women frequently encounter harassment in public spaces such as streets and public transportation. Despite its prevalence, harassment remains an underexplored barrier to women’s access to economic opportunities. This study examines the impact of public space harassment on female labor force participation (FLFP) in Egypt, drawing on data from the Egypt Economic Cost of Gender-Based Violence Survey (ECGBVS) and the 2018 wave of the Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). Using discrete choice models, the analysis reveals that the effects of harassment vary significantly according to women's characteristics, particularly marital status. The findings indicate that married women, those aged 25 to 44, and urban residents are disproportionately negatively affected, with higher likelihoods of labor market withdrawal following harassment. The robustness of these results is confirmed through Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and reduced-form regressions. Furthermore, mediation analysis highlights the critical role of husbands’ controlling behavior in shaping women’s responses to harassment. The paper concludes with a set of policy recommendations aimed at addressing these gendered barriers to labor force participation. |
| Date: | 2025–08–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1790 |
| By: | Virginia Minni; Kieu-Trang Nguyen; Heather Sarsons; Carla Srebot |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how managers’ gender attitudes shape workplace culture and gender inequality. Using data from a multinational firm operating in over 100 countries, we leverage cross-country manager rotations to identify the effects of male managers' gender attitudes on gender pay gaps within a team. Managers from countries with one standard deviation more progressive gender attitudes reduce the pay gap by 5 percentage points (18%), largely through higher promotion rates for women. These effects persist after managers rotate out and are strongest in more conservative countries. Managers with progressive attitudes also influence the local office culture, as local managers who interact with but are not under the purview of the foreign manager begin to have smaller pay gaps in their teams. Our evidence points to individual managers as critical in shaping corporate culture. |
| JEL: | F23 J16 M14 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34782 |
| By: | Chia-Jung Tsai (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Throughout history, disease outbreaks have triggered discrimination and avoidance toward groups perceived as carriers, which reflects a persistent pattern of "othering" in response to health threats. This study examines how COVID-19 threat perceptions influenced avoidance behaviors toward specific ethnic groups and investigates the mediating role of trust in different information sources. Using data from an online survey conducted via Meta Advertising Manager in Europe and the United States during the early stages of the pandemic, the research reveals three key findings. First, perceived COVID-19 threats correlated with avoidance behaviors toward restaurants, products, and human contact, with stronger associations observed toward Asians compared to Iranians and Italians. Second, higher perceived threats positively correlated with increased trust in most information channels, though the relationship varied by country. Third, the study identifies a crucial mechanism where trust in social media networks and personal acquaintances acts as a key factor in transforming perceived pandemic threats into ethnically targeted avoidance behaviors, while traditional information sources like medical professionals and newspapers showed no such effect. These findings demonstrate how global health crises can inadvertently reinforce xenophobic attitudes through information dissemination channels and offer insights for preventing racial and ethnic biases during public health emergencies. |
| Keywords: | Europe, USA |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2026-003 |