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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Sonia S. Siraz (EM - EMLyon Business School); Björn Claes (The Open University (United Kingdom, Milton Keynes) - OU); Sharon A. Alvarez (PITT - University of Pittsburgh - Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)) |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing importance of entrepreneurship as a pathway to economic mobility, ethnic minority entrepreneurs continue to face persistent disadvantages in access to capital, particularly following business failure. This study examines how ethnic stereotypes and evaluators' ethnic identity shape perceptions of funding-worthiness for Latinx entrepreneurs relative to White non-Latinx entrepreneurs in the United States. Using a full-profile conjoint experiment comprising 12, 496 evaluations from 781 evaluators, we provide evidence of systematic ethnicity-based disparities in post-failure funding assessments. Latinx entrepreneurs are evaluated as less funding-worthy than White entrepreneurs, even when objective financial indicators such as the level of debt indicate comparable or lower financial risk. These findings suggest that favorable financial attributes do not fully offset ethnicity-based disadvantages in evaluations. We further show that the ethnic identity of evaluators conditions these evaluations. Shared ethnic identity does not mitigate ethnicity-based disparities in perceived funding-worthiness. Instead, Latinx evaluators evaluate Latinx entrepreneurs less favorably than White evaluators. Together, these findings show how post-failure funding evaluations are shaped by embedded ethnic hierarchies, reproducing inequality in entrepreneurial finance. By identifying how ethnic stereotypes and ethnic identity jointly influence funding assessments, this study advances research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship and contributes to business ethics scholarship by clarifying mechanisms through which systemic inequality is sustained in evaluative decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Latinx minority entrepreneurs, Ethnic identity, Entrepreneurial failures, Stereotypes, Access to finance, Inequality, Conjoint experiments |
| Date: | 2026–09–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05777380 |
| By: | Naomie Mahmoudi; Philippe Tessier; François-Charles Wolff |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tep:teppwp:wp26-12 |
| By: | Davis, Donald R.; Easton, Matthew; Thies, Stephan |
| Abstract: | We use a discrete choice framework to provide the first nesting of Thomas C. Schelling's canonical models of racial segregation amenable to empirical examination. Using U.S. Census data from 1970-2000, we demonstrate a central role for spatial racial spillovers in shaping racial clustering, patterns of racial shares and housing prices at the boundary of racial clusters, and the locus of racial change. Our results on the locus of racial change conflict strongly with prominent prior results on racial tipping. Our theory provides a foundation for spatially stratified regressions. The strongest spatial effects in the prior work are not tipping, but the distinct biased White suburbanization. Tipping effects in urban areas remote from Minority clusters are small or insignificant. In urban areas proximate to Minority clusters they average less than half those reported in prior pooled results. Policies promoting racial integration must thus attend to the heterogeneous fragility of neighborhoods. |
| Keywords: | house prices;segregation;us;race;minorities |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2025–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:141744 |
| By: | Ayza Estopà , Guida (DULBEA, Université Libre de Bruxelles); Cockx, Bart (Ghent University); Fontenay, Sébastien (Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Tojerow, Ilan (Université Libre de Bruxelles) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how financial incentives shape labor supply decisions among disability insurance (DI) recipients who already combine benefits with part-time work. We exploit a distinctive feature of the Belgian Adapted Work Program, in which DI benefits are progressively withdrawn as earnings increase and the marginal withdrawal rate rises sharply at predefined thresholds. Because participants cannot freely adjust working hours, this setting allows us to estimate how higher implicit taxation affects transitions out of partial work. Using administrative data and a Regression Kink Design, we find that higher implicit tax rates induce exits in two opposite directions: toward full-time employment and back to full DI. A one euro increase in the implicit marginal tax per working day raises the probability of returning to full DI by 3.0 percentage points and of resuming full-time employment by 1.5 percentage points, corresponding to elasticities of 0.84 and 0.85. A simple labor supply model rationalizes these divergent responses. Our findings show that financial designs of partial-benefit schemes can determine whether partial work serves as a bridge toward full employment or instead leads recipients back to full benefit dependency. |
| Keywords: | disability insurance, return-to-work policies, financial incentives, regression kink design |
| JEL: | I13 I38 J14 J22 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18998 |
| By: | Guida Ayza Estopà (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (SBS-EM), Department of Applied Economics (DULBEA)); Bart Cockx (Ghent University, Department of Economics, CESifo, UCLouvain, IRES/LIDAM, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Maastricht University); Sébastien Fontenay (Universidad de Alcalà, Department of Economics, IZA Institute of Labor Economics); Ilan Tojerow (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (SBS-EM), Department of Applied Economics (DULBEA), IZA Institute of Labor Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how financial incentives shape labor supply decisions among disability insurance (DI) recipients who already combine benefits with part-time work. We exploit a distinctive feature of the Belgian Adapted Work Program, in which DI benefits are progressively withdrawn as earnings increase and the marginal withdrawal rate rises sharply at predefined thresholds. Because participants cannot freely adjust their working hours, this setting allows us to estimate how higher implicit taxation affects transitions out of partial work. Using administrative data and a Regression Kink Design, we find that higher implicit tax rates induce exits in two opposite directions: toward full-time employment and back to full DI. A oneeuro increase in the implicit marginal tax per working day raises the probability of returning to full DI by 3.0 percentage points and of resuming full-time employment by 1.5 percentage points, corresponding to elasticities of 0.84 and 0.85. A simple labor supply framework rationalizes these divergent responses. Our findings show that the financial design of partial-benefit schemes can determine whether partial work serves as a bridge toward full employment or instead leads recipients back to full benefit dependency. |
| Keywords: | Disability insurance; Return-to-work policies; Financial incentives; Regression kink design |
| JEL: | I13 I38 J14 J22 |
| Date: | 2026–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2026017 |
| By: | Oklobdzija, Stan Nguyen (University of California, Riverside); Marantz, Nicholas; Reid, Carolina |
| Abstract: | Though the Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education outlawed explicit segregation of public schools, segregation has remained stubbornly persistent in the intervening decades. What explains continuous racial segregation in the absence of explicit policy? One possible driver is America's built environment designed with similar segregationist impulses but not subject to the same corrective legal action. Zoning and land use policy influence where households of different means can live, thereby sorting their children across schools. We investigate this link drawing on housing unit counts from the American Community Survey, apportioned to 923 school district boundaries and 13, 002 school attendance zones with 27 million residential parcels. We find that districts where single-family and multifamily housing is spread unevenly across attendance zones are more segregated by race and income. Schools with attendance zones that contain a higher proportion of single-family detached residences enroll a disproportionately high share of Asian and White students, as compared with their districts. When an attendance zone boundary is redrawn to encompass a higher share of single-family housing, its Asian and White share increases further. These findings help illuminate how land use policy influences educational segregation and contributes to literature on how policies that regulate the built environment affect racial sorting. |
| Date: | 2026–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rb4wx_v1 |
| By: | Ulep, Valerie Gilbert T.; Casas, Lyle Daryll D.; Manuel, Aaron Carlos G.; Mojica, Winlove P. |
| Abstract: | Violence poses serious risks to adolescent health and development. However, evidence on how these experiences vary by sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE) remains limited in low- and middle-income countries. Using nationally representative survey data, we examined the association between SOGIE and exposure to domestic violence and bullying among Filipino adolescents. We used multivariable regression models to estimate associations across multiple dimensions of SOGIE while controlling for relevant covariates. Our results show that sexual minority adolescents (lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, queer) face significantly higher odds of violence. After adjusting for individual and household factors, they have about 1.7 times higher odds of exposure to domestic violence and twice the odds of experiencing bullying compared to their heterosexual peers. Gender expression is associated with elevated risks of domestic violence among adolescents and in sex-specific ways, particularly for bullying among gender non-conforming boys and domestic violence among gender non-conforming girls. Our findings provide the first large-scale quantitative evidence of SOGIE-related violence in the Philippines and highlight the need for inclusive, evidence-based child protection and anti-bullying policies that address the vulnerabilities of LGBTQ+ adolescents. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | adolescents, SOGIE, LGBTQ+, domestic violence, bullying, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2026-13 |
| By: | Vincent Boucher; Iris Laugier |
| Abstract: | Homophily in networks can arise either from meeting opportunities or from preferences. We use the number of joint classes students have as a measure of exposure intensity to identify the relative contributions of meeting-based and preference-based racial homophily in teenagers’ friendships in US secondary schools. We present robust evidence that friendship increases with exposure, but even more for same-race students. We develop and estimate an intuitive structural model of friendship formation to reproduce and decompose this stylized fact. We find that preference-based homophily explains the majority of overall racial homophily, but that meeting- based one explains more than a third of it. We argue that this still leaves room for policies targeting meetings in order to improve racial integration. We simulate such policies and discuss their effectiveness in increasing meetings, friendships, and reducing segregation at the school level. L’homophilie dans les réseaux peut résulter soit des occasions de rencontre, soit des préférences individuelles. Nous utilisons le nombre de cours suivis en commun par les élèves comme mesure de l’intensité de leur exposition mutuelle afin de déterminer les contributions relatives de l’homophilie raciale fondée sur les rencontres et de celle fondée sur les préférences dans les relations d’amitié entre adolescents des écoles secondaires américaines. Nous présentons des résultats robustes montrant que la probabilité de nouer une amitié augmente avec l’exposition, mais que cette augmentation est encore plus marquée entre élèves appartenant au même groupe racial. Nous développons et estimons un modèle structurel intuitif de formation des amitiés afin de reproduire et de décomposer ce fait stylisé. Nous constatons que l’homophilie fondée sur les préférences explique la majeure partie de l’homophilie raciale globale, tandis que celle fondée sur les rencontres en explique plus du tiers. Nous soutenons que ce constat laisse néanmoins une marge de manœuvre pour des politiques visant à favoriser les occasions de rencontre afin d’améliorer l’intégration raciale. Nous simulons de telles politiques et examinons leur efficacité pour accroître les occasions de rencontre et les relations d’amitié, ainsi que pour réduire la ségrégation à l’échelle des établissements scolaires. |
| Keywords: | Racial homophily, friendship networks, social interactions, racial integration, school segregation, friendship formation, Homophilie raciale, réseaux d’amitié, interactions sociales, intégration raciale, ségrégation scolaire, formation des amitiés |
| Date: | 2026–10–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2026s-21 |
| By: | Ballon, Paola; Alburqueque, Omar; Braunmiller, Julia Constanze |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the long-run evolution of de jure legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities and analyzes its structural and institutional drivers. The study used the Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities measurement framework to construct a panel data set of 133 legal and policy questions for 64 countries from 1961 to 2024. Feature-based time-series clustering identifies three trajectories: limited progress, reversals, and low inclusion; gradual improvement and moderate inclusion; and accelerated progress and high inclusion. Legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities has risen faster since the late 1990s, but the gains have been uneven across countries and domains, with weaker progress in hate-crime protections and varying outcomes in decriminalization. The paper uses panel data models to examine the drivers of legal inclusion. The estimates identify participatory democracy and interpersonal globalization as positive drivers of higher levels of legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities, with domain-level results showing that these drivers have operated unevenly across services, labor markets, civil and political inclusion, and hate-crime protections. The economic development channel has played a more limited role, appearing mainly in the services and social protection domain. Colonial condition–legal system classifications have mattered most for the decriminalization domain, where inherited penal provisions have directly shaped the persistence of legal exclusion. Overall, the results suggest that legal reform should respond to countries’ trajectories, domain-specific gaps, and inherited legal constraints, rather than relying on income growth as a substitute for rights-based legal change. |
| Date: | 2026–10–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11480 |
| By: | Ji, Wenjing; Zheng, Jiacheng; Guan, Suzhen; Liu, Yang; Chen, Xi; Lin, Zhuoer; Costa-Font, Joan; Merchant, Reshma Aziz; Guariglia, Alessandra; Wang, Chenyan; Xu, Sen; Yang, Caijun; Shen, Mingwang; Jiang, Minghuan; Wang, Duolao; Fang, Yu; Lastuka, Amy |
| Abstract: | Importance Population aging is contributing to rising multimorbidity across physical, psychological, and cognitive domains, yet global evidence integrating health and economic burdens in older adults remains limited. Objectives To quantify the global health and economic burden of multimorbidity among adults aged 60 years or older and to assess trends from 2000 to 2023. Design, Setting, and Participants This economic evaluation used observational modeling of Global Burden of Disease study 2023 estimates as health inputs and integrated them with macroeconomic, health expenditure, and population data from World Bank Open Data, the World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure Database, and United Nations population data. Health burden analyses covered adults aged 60 years or older in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2023, and economic burden analyses covered 180 countries and territories. Data analyses were performed from January 27 to July 22, 2026. Exposures Cross-domain multimorbidity spanning physical conditions, psychological disorders, and cognitive disorders, operationalized as 78 multimorbidity combinations. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were years lived with disability (YLDs) per 100 000 population and economic losses. All economic indicators are reported in 2021 international dollars (USD) adjusted for purchasing power parity. Joinpoint regression characterized 2000 to 2023 trends. Results From 2000 to 2023, total YLDs increased from 2367.81 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 1067.67-4969.59) to 2941.68 (95% UI, 1252.99-6816.95) per 100 000 population, while economic losses increased from $80.10 billion (95% UI, $59.60-$104.69 billion) to $363.25 billion (95% UI, $264.04-$502.74 billion). The highest 2023 YLD rate was observed for osteoarthritis and Alzheimer disease and other dementias (369.87 [95% UI, 163.86-752.23] per 100 000 population), whereas the largest 2023 economic loss was observed for osteoarthritis and anxiety disorders ($48.51 billion [95% UI, $31.68-$76.57 billion]). The fastest-growing combination was diabetes, anxiety disorders, and Parkinson disease, with a YLD average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 3.94% (95% CI, 3.79%-4.08%) and an economic loss AAPC of 9.92% (95% CI, 9.69%-10.13%). Conclusions and Relevance In this economic evaluation of the global health and economic burden of multimorbidity among adults aged 60 years or older, multimorbidity burden increased worldwide, with economic losses growing faster than YLDs. Heterogeneity across sex, country income groups, and disease combinations, together with divergence between disability and economic burden, suggest that policy priorities for aging populations should consider both health burden and economic vulnerability. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2026–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:141652 |
| By: | Shehata, Eman |
| Abstract: | At a simulation-based training centre in Lyon where the unemployed engage in practice work, four women of Arab and African origin living on benefits refused to participate in the game of workplace rehearsal. Challenging utopian visions of ‘practice makes perfect’, the women refused calls for mastery. They questioned its so-called egalitarian premises and pointed to historical accounts of injustice that prevented them from striving towards fantasies of self-improvement. Experiencing recurrent dismissal by their colleagues and trainers at the centre, the women responded by doing the bare minimum. This article investigates what it might look like to study bitterness ethnographically, by paying attention to its relational formation. I move away from attempts to understand bitterness as attribution and as grounds for a passive subjectivity to examine instead its collaborative nature and how it crops up as a practice that can gesture towards an otherwise. Drawing on feminist and queer theoretical debates on refusal, ugly feelings and failure, I suggest that bitterness is best understood as an ‘affective refusal’ that is contingent on historical formations of racial and gendered injustice and relational encounters of dismissal. |
| Keywords: | bitterness;refusal;affect;failure;historical alienation;workfare |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–10–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140905 |
| By: | Alison Aughinbaugh; Jeffrey A. Groen; Donna S. Rothstein |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine linkages between the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 sample members and the restricted version of the 2020 Decennial Census (DC), focusing on the match rate and the reasons for not matching. Match rates between the NLSYs and the 2020 DC differ by sex and race/ethnicity. Men as well as Black and Hispanic individuals are less likely to match to the DC. Differences in match rate are explained in part by differences in rates of death, in the likelihood of being assigned a linking identifier, and in the likelihood of being enumerated in the DC. This is part of a larger project to compare information about NLSY sample members who have missed several rounds with those who respond regularly. The representativeness of the matched samples affects the capacity of the linked data for evaluating nonresponse bias in the NLSY79 and NLSY97. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:26-63 |
| By: | Nano Barahona; Cauê Dobbin; Sebastián Otero |
| Abstract: | We study the consequences of affirmative action in college admissions. We develop an empirical framework that distinguishes the effects on marginally benefited and displaced students from the overall effects of the policy. The overall effects include equilibrium reallocations as benefited students leave seats that others fill and displaced students take seats elsewhere, displacing others in turn. We apply this framework to a large-scale policy in Brazil that required all federal institutions to reserve half their seats for racially and socioeconomically disadvantaged applicants. Exploiting admissions cutoffs, we find that marginally benefited targeted students attend and graduate from higher-quality programs. Their graduation gains are about twice the losses of marginally displaced non-targeted students, reflecting targeted students’ weaker outside options. To evaluate the overall effects, we estimate a model of degree choices and potential outcomes. Among all reallocated students, benefited students still gain nearly twice what displaced students lose, but equilibrium reallocations make the policy displace about 30% more students than it benefits. Non-targeted students’ losses therefore offset about two-thirds of targeted students’ graduation gains, leaving a modest net gain across all students. |
| JEL: | D47 I23 I24 I28 J15 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35893 |