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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Ferdi Botha (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic an Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Australia); Steeve Marchand (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic an Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Australia); Derek Tong (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic an Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how high school bullying and discrimination are associated with mental distress, both during high school and later in life. Using retrospective data from adults in Australia, we document the reported frequency of past bullying and whether, during their time in high school, respondents experienced discrimination based on characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, gender, or physical appearance. Frequent bullying is particularly prevalent among certain groups and is most common among those targeted due to a disability. We find that bullying is strongly associated with greater mental distress during high school, which persists into adulthood, even after accounting for experiences of discrimination. These associations are strongest for frequent bullying and are observed for both men and women. Discrimination based on disability and sexual orientation is also independently associated with greater mental distress. The findings underscore the significant challenges faced by those who experience frequent bullying during their teenage years, particularly among groups already experiencing discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Bullying, discrimination, high school, adulthood, mental distress |
| JEL: | I10 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iae:iaewps:wp2026n17 |
| By: | Bisty Perlman; Joseph Staudt; Sooa Ahn |
| Abstract: | The 2020 Census asked respondents who checked White or Black to write in more detail about their race, leading a large population to newly report detailed origin information. This new information led to an openness to interpretation that had previously been limited to a small number of respondents and by less response freedom. The same write-in can mean different things depending on context (the line it is written on and the boxes checked with it): "English" written on the Black line may indicate a White respondent who did not pay attention to line placement, or a Black respondent from the UK. This note describes programs that examine each combination of checked boxes, race line choice, and write-in code, asking how the people who gave those responses' race was reported in previous censuses. We use that history along with our judgment about changing racial identification patterns to propose coding rules that map a checkbox pattern, write-in location, and write-in content to an edited race, and to propose additional codes for patterns the current code list does not represent. |
| Keywords: | Decennial Census |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:tnotes:26-46 |
| By: | Cecilia H. Moreira; Steven L. Puller; Ini Umosen |
| Abstract: | School choice can weaken the link between residential neighborhood and educational opportunity only if students can reach the schools available to them. We study school choice in Chicago, where high schoolers can choose among schools throughout the city but generally rely on public transit, making the structure of the transit network a key determinant of opportunity. Using student-level rankings and public transit travel times, we document two systematic patterns: Black students are less likely to rank top-rated schools first and face longer public transit times to such schools. We estimate a discrete choice model to separate the value placed on schools from the costs of reaching them. We find that high schools vary substantially in how they are valued and that there is a high degree of agreement across racial groups in their relative ranking. However, transit times vary significantly across neighborhoods, generating racial differences in demand for top-rated schools. Counterfactually, giving Black students the travel times of white students increases demand for top-rated schools by 23 percentage points. Finally, we identify underserved neighborhoods where public transit access constrains demand and quantify how targeted bus service would increase demand for high-quality schools. Our counterfactuals quantify how transportation expands school access. |
| JEL: | I21 I24 R4 |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35915 |
| By: | Valenzuela, Irina; Nunez-Chaim, Gonzalo; Chiarella, Cristina |
| Abstract: | The PROLENCA project, implemented from 2013 to 2023, aimed to enhance employment opportunities, food security and living conditions for rural people in Honduras, with a focus on vulnerable groups such as women, youth and ethnic minorities. It comprised three main components: Strengthening producer organizations by improving governance and providing technical assistance in areas including financial management and climate adaptation. Financing productive development and business plans formulated by legally recognized producer organizations. Investing in rural infrastructure such as road and irrigation improvements to support agricultural productivity and market access. An impact assessment of PROLENCA was conducted in 2024 using an ex-post quasi-experimental design, based on household survey data collected between March and May 2024. A counterfactual group was selected through careful matching procedures, and impacts were estimated using an Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) approach, comparing outcomes between treatment (project participants) and comparison (non-participant) groups. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:413185 |
| By: | Megan Evans (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Noli Brazil |
| Abstract: | Urban residents increasingly rely on online tools to searchfor housing, raising new questions as to the role of digital tools in interrupting or reinforcing racialized housing searches. Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), in particular, represents a new intermediary in how neighborhood knowledge is created and distributed in housing platforms and search engines. This study examines whether ChatGPT engages in racial matching by systematically varying user demographics in housing queries across 10 large U.S. cities. Using 14, 400 unique queries per city, we asked GPT-4o for neighborhood recommendations and areas to avoid. Merging AI generated recommendations with census data, we investigate racial patterns in how GPT-4o incorporate user characteristics and neighborhood demographics into their housing guidance. Findings suggest that AI recommendations reflect and may amplify existing patterns of residential segregation through systematic differences in how neighborhoods are recommended to different users. Results have important implications for informing both fair housing policy and the responsible development and regulation of AI systems in the housing market. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2026-041 |
| By: | Franziska Dorn (Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany); Kirstin Munro (Department of Economics, New School for Social Research, USA); Marie Vandenhirtz (Institute for Socioeconomics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Poverty measurement is often reduced to univariate thresholds or scalar indices linked to means. These one-dimensional types of thresholds may distort differences that are relevant to feminist economic inquiry, particularly for marginalized groups or where resource constraints reinforce one another. This article argues that the reduction of distortion is a central aim of feminist research methodology, and that joint distributional approaches offer a possible way forward. Unlike univariate poverty thresholds, joint distributional approaches ask which combinations of resources represent relative deprivation. We apply these techniques to the study of income and time poverty. Income and time are only partial substitutes, which conventional measures handle by imposing a fixed rate of substitution between time and money. Following Dorn et al. (2024), we instead define poverty as a contour of the joint empirical distribution of leisure and income, using the 2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Roughly one in ten people is deprived in the joint allocation of both leisure and income while exceeding the lower bound of both univariate thresholds, a group we call the Invisibly Deprived. Women make up a disproportionate share of this group, with classification highly sensitive to assumptions about intra-household income sharing. |
| Keywords: | Feminist statistics, multidimensional poverty measurement, time and income poverty, statistics beyond the mean, intersectional inequality |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:new:wpaper:2612 |
| By: | Romanyuk, Andriy; Corsini, Alberto; Ganguli, Ina; Lissoni, Francesco |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of the introduction of the first visa scheme for foreign researchers in France (the carte de sejour "scientifique-chercheur") introduced in 1998 on the post-graduation stay rates of foreign-born doctoral graduates at French universities. We build a novel dataset containing all doctoral graduates in STEM disciplines from 1992 to 2002 and their scientific publications. We distinguish between non-EU graduates, to whom the carte de sejour applied, and French or other EU graduates, to whom it did not using a name-based ethnicity analysis. We then assess short- and long-term career stay outcomes using graduates’ post-PhD publication activity and affiliation locations, and identify those who later become doctoral supervisors themselves. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy with repeated cross-sectional cohorts of graduates, we find no meaningful effects of the visa policy. These results are robust across the different career stay outcomes and alternative implementations of our name analysis. We discuss three possible reasons for this lack of impact, and its implications for talent attraction policies in Europe. |
| Keywords: | International migration, Migration policy, Scientific research, Graduate studies |
| JEL: | F22 K37 O15 O3 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:344145 |
| By: | Alberto Chong (Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University and Universidad del Pacifico, Peru); Daniela Valdivia (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Deceased-donor registries are chronically undersupplied. This is particularly true in developing countries. We ask whether putting a face on potential donors changes behavior. In a laboratory experiment in Peru, sessions were randomly assigned to a text-only registration request or to one accompanied by a photograph of a prospective recipient. Since treatment is assigned by session, we take the session as the unit of inference. When registering is costly, a photograph raises registration by 7.0 percentage points on a control mean of 36.2 percent; the effect is concentrated in the initial costly block and is not detected in the subsequent costless block. Given that block order is confounded with cost, this is consistent with a cost-dependent treatment effect. Every subject also ranked photographs of two ethnicities; subjects register more often in the rounds showing the photograph they themselves ranked more favorably, while the same variable constructed for control subjects is null. |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2630 |