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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Blundell, Richard; Britton, Jack; Costa Dias, Monica; French, Eric; Zou, Weijian |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), we estimate the impact of health on employment for individuals close to retirement age. Estimating the model separately by race and gender, we find that racial differences in employment can be partly explained by the worse health of minorities as well as the larger impact of health on employment for minorities. |
| Keywords: | Health; Employment; Race |
| JEL: | J26 J15 I14 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20782 |
| By: | Arapakis, Karolos; French, Eric; Jones, John Bailey; McCauley, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | We document racial disparities in total and out-of-pocket medical expenditures, using data from the Health and Retirement Study linked to Medicare and Medicaid records. While White, Black, and Hispanic households have similar total annual medical expenditures, minorities benefit from higher Medicaid recipiency and face lower out-of-pocket spending. At age 65, White, Black, and Hispanic households incur on average $136, 000, $59, 000, and $68, 000, respectively, in out-of-pocket medical spending over the remainders of their lives. We use our model to evaluate a policy reform that expands public nursing home insurance. Given that White households currently pay the most out-of-pocket, they have the most to gain from the reform. In the absence of a highly redistributive funding scheme, this reform will on average redistribute financial resources from minorities to White households, illustrating how expanding public insurance can have unintended distributional consequences. |
| Keywords: | Medicaid; Race |
| JEL: | I11 I13 I14 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20738 |
| By: | Evirgen, Sueda; Suetens, Sigrid |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether in Germany and France double standards are used when compensating income inequalities due to differences in productivity. To do so, controlled experiments were conducted among general-population samples in which decision makers belonging to the majority group were confronted with an unequal distribution of income between two persons of which one belonged to the majority and the other to an ethnic minority group. One of these persons performed well in a productive task and the other performed poorly. On average, less money was redistributed from rich, well-performing majority to poor, poorly-performing minority persons than from rich, well-performing minority to poor, poorly-performing majority persons, providing evidence of a double meritocratic standard. The effect is driven by those decision makers who hold a negative attitude to ethnic diversity and vote for far-right political parties or not vote at all. |
| Keywords: | Europe |
| JEL: | J15 R23 C99 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20421 |
| By: | Matthew Maury; Agustina Laurito; Lisa A. Gennetian; Kevin Kamto Sonke |
| Abstract: | This scoping review curates empirical research on economic well-being among Latino households in peer reviewed journals from 1990 to 2025, following PRISMA guidelines and a preregistered search strategy. The search yielded more than 5, 000 studies revealing a greater than five-fold increase since the early 2000s. The majority of studies examined Medicaid and health insurance and approximately half examined government benefit programs, particularly with respect to eligibility criteria and benefit receipt. Few studies examined the employment outcomes of Latinos in the context of government benefit availability and even fewer focus on Latinos and income support. A deeper content review revealed that studies examining Hispanics are typically through comparative analyses with other racial and ethnic groups. These studies find higher poverty and material hardship, and lower receipt of government benefits, among Latino families relative to non-Latino White households. Fewer studies consider heterogeneity within Hispanic populations. Research on economic well-being among Latino households, as distinct from more general investigations regarding immigrants, expanded in tandem with growth in the Latino population and shifts in social policy. Key policy-relevant open topics of research that affect Latinos include those related to tax credits, benefit generosity, employment, and considerations of mixed-citizen status households. |
| JEL: | H42 H53 I28 I31 I32 J13 J15 J18 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35452 |
| By: | Hwang, Yujung; de Paula, Aureo; Yang, Fanzhu |
| Abstract: | We study how the diffusion of online dating platforms has shaped intermarriage patterns by race and education in the United States. Online dating can, in principle, foster heterogamous unions by broadening users’ exposure to diverse racial and educational groups, or alternatively reduce such unions by enabling more effective preference-based screening. Using data from the American Community Survey and a continuous-treatment difference-in-differences design, we find that online dating platforms significantly affect interracial marriage rates, though their impacts differ across platforms. In contrast, we find weaker evidence that online dating has altered educational homogamy. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we draw on an original survey where we collected respondents’ retrospective dating histories, partner preferences, and online dating behavior. Leveraging individual panel data regressions that account for time-invariant heterogeneity in selecting into online dating, we show that meeting a partner online is associated with a higher likelihood of interracial marriage—except among individuals with strong same-race preferences, who are more likely to use filters and marry within their group. Taken together, our findings reveal that the effects of online dating platforms on marriage formation hinge critically on both platform features and individual preferences. |
| JEL: | J11 J12 J15 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20635 |
| By: | Chiocchio, Francesco; Greenwood, Jeremy; Guner, Nezih; Kopecky, Karen |
| Abstract: | At the onset of COVID-19, U.S. labor-force participation fell by about 3 percentage points and remained below pre-pandemic levels three years later. Recovery was slower in states hit harder by the pre-pandemic opioid crisis, measured by age-adjusted overdose death rates. An event study shows that a one-standard-deviation increase in pre-COVID opioid deaths led to a 0.9 percentage point drop in post-COVID labor participation. This effect wasn’t due to differences in overall health across states and was stronger among those without a college degree. In high-opioid states, slower recovery was linked to more people leaving the workforce due to disability. |
| Keywords: | Opioids; COVID-19; Health; Disability |
| JEL: | I12 I14 J11 J12 J21 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20412 |
| By: | Bauer, Michal; Chytilová, Julie |
| Abstract: | Ethnic hostility can fuel violent conflicts between ethnic groups. Thus, a fundamental question is how common desire to malevolently harm ethnic out-group members is, and in what situations it is most prone to manifest. This chapter reviews advances in the study of these questions, revolving along three complementary themes. First, we focus on measurement of ethnic hostility. We describe behavioral tasks designed to identify unambiguously hostile behavior and different ways to signal ethnic identity. We also discuss methodological challenges and ways that researchers have used to address them. Second, we review evidence that tests the existence of ethnic biases in pro-social and hostile behavior. While there is a rich body of lab-in-the-field experiments measuring ethnic biases in pro-social behavior, there are still only a handful of studies measuring ethnic biases in purely hostile behavior. Third, given that many real-life inter-group conflicts are characterized by relatively sudden changes in the behavior of masses towards aggression, an active area of research has begun to explore potential triggers and magnifiers of the strength of group identity, and of group-based pro-sociality and hostility. We review studies that focus on the roles of financial scarcity, stress, exposure to war, and social influences that unravel social norms. We highlight common patterns and suggest open questions in this important research agenda. |
| Keywords: | Randomized experiments |
| JEL: | D74 D91 J15 Z12 C93 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20402 |
| By: | Ebenbeck, Nikola (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München); Gebhardt, Markus (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) |
| Abstract: | Inclusive education is internationally established as a human right, yet its implementation and public legitimacy remain contested. This study examines how inclusive education was represented in regional newspaper coverage in two German federal states with contrasting approaches to inclusive transformation. We conducted a longitudinal comparative content analysis of 210 articles published between 2009 and 2025 in two regional daily newspapers. The analysis combined LLM-assisted inductive categorization with quantitative coding of framing variables, actor perspectives, single-case reporting, and represented disability categories. Findings show substantial regional differences. One newspaper framed inclusion and disability as significantly more normalized, positive and systemic than the other. Thematic patterns also differed regarding the focus on resources, policy reform, and access to schooling, via a focus on good practice, segregated schooling, and support structures. Results are discussed in context of medical and social models of disability, agenda-setting-theory, framing-theory, the visibility dilemma of disability and newspapers’ influence on public opinion on inclusive education. |
| Date: | 2026–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:edarxi:3mhvj_v1 |
| By: | Advay Ranade |
| Abstract: | The 2024 Department of Justice antitrust complaint against RealPage, Inc. named five major residential REITs for coordinating algorithmic rent pricing across hundreds of thousands of apartment units in major US metropolitan areas. This paper studies whether census-tract-level corporate landlord concentration (CLC), measured from SEC EDGAR 10-K property filings geocoded to census tracts, the first such application in the literature, is associated with rent growth 2019-2023, and whether that association is larger in majority-minority neighborhoods. Rent outcomes are measured using the Zillow Observed Rent Index (ZORI). To account for the possibility that corporate landlords preferentially locate in neighborhoods already seeing rent appreciation, all regressions control for a fully novel Algorithmic Housing Burden Index (AHBI), a composite of pre-existing rent burden and market tightness from ACS data. Across 665 census tracts in ten US metropolitan areas, doubling REIT concentration is associated with 2.8 percentage points higher rent growth (p = 0.086, p = 0.030, HC1 robust). This association is significantly stronger in majority-minority tracts. Within the same metro, high-CLC majority-minority tracts are associated with 5.9 percentage points higher rent growth than comparable white tracts (p = 0.039). An XGBoost model predicts 44 percent of out-of-sample rent growth variance, with SHAP analysis independently confirming that CLC's contribution is positive in minority tracts and negative in white tracts. Taken all together, these findings provide the first tract-level evidence consistent with corporate landlord concentration being associated with disproportionately higher rent growth in communities of color. |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2606.27525 |
| By: | Julien Blasco (LIEPP - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d'évaluation des politiques publiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Ulysse Lojkine (AxPo - AxPo Observatory of Market Society Polarization - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, CRIS - Centre de recherche sur les inégalités sociales (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an indicator of disability-free retirement expectancy (DFRE) based on mortality, disability and retirement data, alongside the retirement expectancy (or expected retirement duration -RE) indicator. It then measures inequalities in disability-free retirement expectancy by gender, socio-occupational category and educational attainment, usingFrench data from 2009 to 2019. The social gradient of DFRE, for a given sex, is steeper than that observed for RE: a blue-collar worker can expect fewer years of retirement than a manager of the same sex, and for these years, more years of retirement with disabilities. These inequalities in DFRE are explained by differences in disability and mortality, partly offset among men by the earlier retirement of blue-collar workers and the less educated. Over the period, RE declined as a result of later retirement, whereas, due to a reduction in disability, DFRE rose among women and the more highly educated. |
| Abstract: | Cet article construit, en complément de l'espérance de durée de retraite (ER), un indicateur d'espérance de durée de retraite sans incapacité (ERSI) à partir de données de mortalité, d'incapacité et de retraite, puis mesure les inégalités de durée de retraite sans incapacité selon le sexe, la catégorie socioprofessionnelle ou le diplôme, sur données françaises de 2009 à 2019. Le gradient social d'ERSI, à sexe donné, est plus fort que celui d'ER : un ouvrier peut s'attendre à moins d'années de retraite qu'un cadre du même sexe, et parmi elles, à plus d'années de retraite avec des incapacités. Ces inégalités d'ERSI s'expliquent par des écarts d'incapacité et de mortalité, compensés en partie chez les hommes par un départ à la retraite plus précoce des ouvriers et des moins diplômés. Sur la période, l'ER diminue du fait du départ plus tardif à la retraite, alors que grâce au recul des incapacités l'ERSI augmente chez les femmes et pour les plus diplômés. |
| Keywords: | retirement, inequalities, health, Inégalités, santé, retraite |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05674610 |
| By: | Desmet, Klaus; Ortuño-Ortin, Ignacio; Wacziarg, Romain |
| Abstract: | We discuss a wide range of measures of social heterogeneity, both theoretically and empirically. In our framework, individuals who differ from each other either in terms of their identity traits or of their cultural values experience antagonism toward each other. Depending on the type of interpersonal differences that may give rise to social antagonism, we derive a wide range of microfounded measures of social heterogeneity, many of which have been frequently used in the social sciences to characterize the causes and effects of socially relevant differences between individuals. Using these measures, we explore the worldwide landscape of social heterogeneity. We end our discussion with a consideration of the social, political and economic effects of these various metrics of heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Identity; Culture; Diversity; Ethnicity; Language; Measurement |
| JEL: | P0 Z1 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:20337 |
| By: | Mutelo, Isaac; Chinama, Tauya |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the complexity of the notion of jihad from the perspective of Muslim political engagement and activism in Zimbabwe. Jihad can be generally understood as an internal and external struggle for justice, equality, and fundamental rights. The article notes that despite being a minority in a predominantly Christian nation, Muslims have been actively participating in humanitarian efforts, such as education and welfare initiatives, demonstrated by organisations such as Muslimahs for the Nation Zimbabwe. Historically, the article notes that the Muslim community in Zimbabwe comprises Indo- Pakistanis, Arabs, Malawians, and local converts. The analysis in this adopts a desk-based research methodology that relies on a critical analysis of secondary data drawn from diverse scholarly, media, and policy sources. While the legal framework does not strictly limit the role of religion in the public sphere, challenges such as political instability and social discrimination hinder meaningful engagement. The article also highlights the political activism of Muslims in the liberation struggle (chimurenga) and contemporary political dynamics. Generally, it emphasises the need for improved political participation and interfaith collaboration to foster a more inclusive democratic environment for Muslims in Zimbabwe. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Jihad, Political Engagement, Muslim Activism, Zimbabwe, Humanitarian Efforts. |
| JEL: | K00 |
| Date: | 2026–03–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128535 |
| By: | Ritikaa Khanna; Rourke O'Brien; Andrew Stokes; Atheendar Venkataramani; Elizabeth Wrigley-Field |
| Abstract: | U.S. life expectancy stagnated and declined in the 2010s despite continued growth in real per capita income. We use Preston curves to characterize this pattern as a change in the relationship between income and longevity. Using state-level data from 1980 to 2019 and county-level data from 2000 to 2019, we estimate population-weighted Preston curves relating life expectancy to logged real per capita income. From 1980 to 2010, U.S. states followed the classic Preston curve pattern: rising income was accompanied by rising life expectancy. Counties followed the same pattern from 2000 to 2010. From 2010 to 2019, however, states and continued to become richer while life expectancy stagnated or declined. The curves shifted right without shifting up and became steeper, indicating decoupling and divergence: increases in aggregate resources over time no longer produced broad longevity gains, and, in any given year, inequality in life expectancy by income grew. These patterns are robust to alternative temporal anchors around the Great Recession and to substituting education for income. They also appear across sex and racial groups. County-level decompositions are broadly consistent with arguments that longevity has fallen due to widely shared exposure to social deterioration, which may account for the Preston curve reversal. Collectively, we show that the recent U.S. mortality crisis reveals a weakening -- and growing inequality -- in the conversion of aggregate resources into longevity gains. We conclude that the recent U.S. mortality crisis should be understood not only as a story about particular causes of death, but also as a weakening of institutional and social translation. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2607.06427 |
| By: | Speidel, Christine S. |
| Abstract: | In the United States millions of people live with disabilities, many of whom require assistance with activities of daily life to remain in their homes and communities. However, financial support for this assistance is limited. Many caregivers forgo working outside the home in order to provide care to a family member. And while state and federal programs provide some compensation for caregiving, caregivers frequently face problems including poverty, lack of health insurance, lack of Social Security and Medicare credits, and lack of retirement savings. Our nation’s paltry support for caregiving threatens the practical ability of people with disabilities to choose community integration over institutional living. This Essay examines the little-known and little-used “difficulty of care” gross income exclusion under I.R.C. § 131 as a possible vehicle to improve this picture. While § 131 originated as an exclusion for foster payments, it was reinterpreted in IRS Notice 2014-7 to apply to contemporary programs for in-home services and supports. Unfortunately, the impact of this reinterpretation was complicated and hotly contested. This Essay juxtaposes the evolution of home and community-based health care services, the Affordable Care Act, and the evolution of tax expenditures for low-income taxpayers to explain how the tax and health care systems collided in the aftermath of Notice 2014-7. This Essay reveals tensions and contradictions between tax and health care policy, informed by case examples and by ground-level considerations of program administration. It suggests that a gross income exclusion is an ineffective means to implement policy preferences and that policymakers should undertake a broader examination of the interactions between health and tax provisions when considering financial supports for caregiving. Finally, the Essay offers preliminary considerations for redesigning tax supports for caregiving, both to better reflect the values of dignity and autonomy that underlie home-based services, and to prevent unintended harm to low-income families. |
| Date: | 2026–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:lawarc:v69cw_v1 |