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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Bloom, Nicholas; Dahl, Gordon; Rooth, Dan-Olof |
| Abstract: | There has been a dramatic rise in disability employment since the pandemic. At the same time, work from home (WFH) has risen four-fold. This paper asks whether the two are causally related. Controlling for compositional changes and labor market tightness, a 1 percentage point increase in WFH increases full-time employment by 1.0% for individuals with a physical disability. The postpandemic increase in working from home explains 68%-85% of the rise in full-time employment. Wage data suggests that WFH increased the supply of workers with a physical disability, likely by reducing commuting costs and enabling better control of working conditions. |
| Keywords: | Work from home |
| JEL: | J14 J42 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:21377 |
| By: | Christoph Schimmele; Allison Leanage; Maciej Karpinski; Jing Shen; Rubab Arim |
| Abstract: | Using the 2022 Canadian Survey on Disability, this study examined differences in educational attainment and employment between immigrants with and without disabilities. Immigrant men with and without disabilities had similar levels of educational attainment, while immigrant women with disabilities had lower levels of educational attainment than immigrant women without disabilities. Immigrant men and women with disabilities had lower levels of employment than their counterparts without disabilities. Much of the gap in employment between immigrants with and without disabilities was found at lower levels of education. Among those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, there was a smaller gap in employment between immigrant men with and without disabilities, and no difference in employment between immigrant women with and without disabilities. These patterns in employment were mostly similar to those between Canadian-born persons with and without disabilities. |
| Keywords: | educational, employment, immigrants with disabilities |
| JEL: | J23 M21 |
| Date: | 2025–12–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp8e:202501200001e |
| By: | Jenny Watt |
| Abstract: | This study uses a novel data linkage to provide nationally representative statistics on job tenure—the amount of time with the same employer—for employees with and without disabilities. The primary empirical challenge is that employees with disabilities differ from employees without disabilities in characteristics that predict job tenure, such as age. To overcome this challenge, the study uses a decomposition method that involves estimating expected job tenure given the observable characteristics of the study population. By doing so, the study finds that, overall, employees with disabilities have a median job tenure that is in line with what is expected given their age, gender and sector of employment. However, median job tenure is lower than expected for employees with certain disability types, for employees with non-episodic disabilities and for employees with more severe disabilities. |
| Keywords: | Adults with disabilities, data integration, employees, employment tenure |
| JEL: | J23 M21 |
| Date: | 2025–09–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp8e:202500900002e |
| By: | Dorn, David |
| Abstract: | Schelling’s classic tipping model shows how white residents may leave a neighborhood once the minority share exceeds their personal tolerance threshold, causing rapid segregation after only a small increase beyond a tipping point. Yet this framework abstracts from two forces that may be central to tipping: expectations and housing prices. This paper develops an augmented model in which white and minority renters and homeowners interact both spatially, by sharing a neighborhood, and economically, through rents and house prices. The model incorporates heterogeneous preferences and expectations, generating dynamic segregation and allowing forward-looking behavior to influence tipping. Numerical simulations show that housing markets amplify tipping through the distinct incentives facing owners and renters. Forward-looking white homeowners are more likely to exit a tipping neighborhood and less likely to enter one, as expected house price declines raise the opportunity cost of ownership. White renters, by contrast, benefit from falling rents and remain more willing to stay and enter. The model therefore predicts larger tipping effects on white homeowners than renters, stronger racial transition in owner-dominated neighborhoods, and steeper declines in house prices than in rents. To test these predictions, the paper extends the empirical framework of Card et al. (2008) to analyze neighborhood change from 1970 to 2010 across a large set of US cities. The results confirm that, conditional on tipping, the white homeowner population declines significantly more than the white renter population, and neighborhoods with higher initial homeownership rates experience faster racial change and larger house price declines. These findings suggest that neighborhood tipping, often attributed to social dynamics alone, is substantially amplified by market forces. |
| Keywords: | Residential segregation; Race; Expectations; Homeownership; Rental housing; House prices |
| JEL: | J15 R21 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:21424 |
| By: | Allison Leanage; Rubab Arim |
| Abstract: | Using data from the 2023 Survey on Early Learning and Child Care Arrangements–Children with Long-Term Conditions or Disabilities, this study aimed to identify potential barriers to participating in child care among children with long-term conditions or disabilities who do not regularly attend non-parental child care. Compared with child care users, non-users were less likely to have parents with a paid job or business (38% of non-users vs. 77% of users), less likely to have parents with a bachelor’s degree or higher (32% of non-users vs. 46% of users), and less likely to live in two-parent families (78% of non-users vs. 84% of users). Parents of non-users who looked for child care were more likely than those of child care users to report difficulty finding affordable child care (54% of non-users whose parents looked for care vs. 39% of users), subsidized child care (43% vs. 32%), and care that meets their child’s needs because of disability or chronic illness (29% vs. 12%). While the most frequently reported reason for not using child care varied by whether parents were seeking child care, a shortage of places or waitlists (34%) was the most frequently reported reason for not using child care among non-users whose parents looked for child care. Overall, in 2023, availability and affordability remained as potential barriers to participating in child care among children with long-term conditions or disabilities whose parents looked for child care. |
| Keywords: | child care, disabilities, conditions |
| JEL: | J23 M21 |
| Date: | 2025–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp8e:202500600002e |
| By: | Mehdi Ammi; Erin C. Strumpf |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare systems and reduced access to healthcare and preventive services. However, it remains unclear whether certain groups were disproportionately affected. This study examines these issues with a focus on equity groups: women, visible minorities, Indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, sexual minorities, immigrants, and individuals who did not complete secondary education. The study draw on data from the he Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Income Survey, supplemented with additional data sources. The empirical strategy is based on quasi-experimental econometric methods. Overall in Canada, the findings indicate that some minority groups were not affected differently by the pandemic but several others saw their access to healthcare deteriorate more than that of their majority-group counterparts: individuals who did not complete secondary education, persons with disabilities, certain racialized groups, and Indigenous peoples. The severity of public health restrictions tended to amplify these effects. In Quebec, the deterioration in access to healthcare was more pronounced among individuals without a secondary school diploma, recent immigrants, and allophone populations. These findings highlight the need for targeted health policies tailored to the realities of the most vulnerable groups. The study also highlights the need to strengthen the collection of high-quality data on a wide range of indicators relating to access to healthcare and preventive services. La pandémie de COVID-19 a bouleversé les systèmes de santé et réduit l’accessibilité aux soins et services préventifs, mais il n’est pas clair si certains groupes ont été plus affectés que d’autres. Cette étude examine ces enjeux en mettant l’accent sur les groupes visés par l’équité à savoir les femmes, les minorités visibles, les personnes autochtones, les personnes en situation de handicap, les minorités sexuelles, les immigrants, les minorités linguistiques et les personnes n’ayant pas complété leurs études secondaires. L’analyse mobilise les données de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) et de l’Enquête canadienne sur le revenu (ECR), enrichies par d’autres sources de données. L’approche empirique repose sur des méthodes économétriques quasi-expérimentales. De façon globale au Canada, les résultats indiquent que certains groupes minorisés n’ont pas été touchés différemment par la pandémie, mais plusieurs autres ont vu leur accessibilité aux soins se détériorer davantage que celle de leurs homologues majoritaires : les personnes n’ayant pas terminé leurs études secondaires, celles en situation de handicap, certains groupes racisés et les personnes autochtones. La sévérité des restrictions sanitaires tend à avoir amplifié ces effets. Au Québec, la détérioration de l’accès aux soins a été plus marquée chez les personnes sans diplôme d’études secondaires, les immigrants récents et les personnes allophones. Ces constats mettent en lumière la nécessité de politiques de santé ciblées et adaptées aux réalités des groupes plus vulnérables. L'étude met également en évidence la nécessité de renforcer la collecte de données de haute qualité sur un large éventail d’indicateurs sur l’accès aux soins et les services préventifs. |
| Keywords: | Access to healthcare, Vaccination, Health inequalities, COVID-19 pandemic, Accès aux soins, Vaccination, Inégalités de santé, Pandémie de la COVID-19 |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 D63 H75 |
| Date: | 2026–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2026rp-13 |
| By: | Braghieri, Luca; Bursztyn, Leonardo; Fasnacht, Jan |
| Abstract: | Voting-based collective decisions are typically made either anonymously or publicly. Anonymous voting protects truthful expression but conceals individual behavior; public voting provides information about individual votes, but, when one option is socially stigmatized, it can distort participation and choices. We introduce threshold majority voting, in which voters choose a disclosure threshold determining whether and when their votes are revealed. In an experiment at UC Berkeley on the participation of transgender women in women’s sports, public voting nearly doubles abstention and reduces support for the stigmatized option. Threshold voting eliminates these distortions while revealing one-third of individual votes. |
| JEL: | D72 D82 C93 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:21485 |
| By: | Dewan, Torun; Wolton, Stephane |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the causes and consequences of social discrimination. We consider a labor market in which payoff-irrelevant identity traits can shape hiring decisions. Identity is malleable and a majority group member can become socially associated with the minority group. Fear of identity contagion can sustain a fully segregated labor market in which workers with minority trait experience higher unemployment and minority-owned firms are less productive than their majority counterparts. When the minority group is poorly integrated economically (consisting of more workers than employers), workers with majority trait obtain better labor market outcomes in an equilibrium with discrimination than without. Office-motivated candidates therefore have electoral incentives to propose symbolic policies targeting the minority to trigger social discrimination in the labor market. As majority-trait workers are better off with social discrimination and the economy shrinks, the implementation of symbolic policies is associated with both lower taxes and less redistribution. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2026–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:130231 |
| By: | Mahta Ghafarianghadim; Garth Heutel |
| Abstract: | Many effects of pollution exposure on health and education outcomes of children have been identified, but little is known about education effects on preschool-aged children. We estimate the effect of particulate matter air pollution on preschool attendance using restricted administrative data from the state of Georgia. We use thermal inversions, weather phenomena that trap pollutants, as an instrumental variable for pollution. A one-unit increase in the county-week average ambient particulate pollution level decreases attendance by around 2 percentage points. Effects seem to be larger for racial minorities and for children with working parents. |
| JEL: | I25 J13 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35367 |
| By: | Benjamin Rosa |
| Abstract: | Using restricted Census business records, I explore how banning affirmative action in state contracting affects minority- and women-owned business enterprises (MWBEs). I find that ending affirmative action led MWBE contractors to gradually downsize, with the most pronounced reductions in force experienced by Black-owned businesses and larger MWBEs. Despite these workforce changes, existing MWBEs were no more likely to shut down than other businesses. New MWBEs were relatively less common after a state's ban, highlighting how bans can shift the demographic composition of new contractors. A calibrated model suggests bans are equivalent to considerable reductions in MWBE productivity and scrap values. |
| JEL: | H57 J15 J16 L25 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35362 |
| By: | Groes, Fane; Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard; Thomsen, Morten Kjær |
| Abstract: | Intergenerational mobility has been shown to vary across groups defined by family-level characteristics such as race, neighbourhood, and parental immigration status. We provide the first population-wide evidence that the relationship between parental background and adult children's earnings, health, fertility, and family formation is also stratified by sexuality – an individual-level characteristic that varies within families. To do so, we develop a new strategy to identify same-sex and different-sex couples in Danish administrative data using joint financial commitments. Our approach mitigates limitations associated with non-representative surveys and cross-sectional data on sexuality. Drawing on identity economics and minority stress theory, we propose a conceptual framework in which deviation from the social prescription of different-sex attraction generates identity costs that may decline with parental resources through reduced exposure to discrimination and enhanced coping capacity. Empirically, we find that disparities generally persist across the parental income distribution, though severe mental health conditions are particularly elevated among same-sex attracted individuals from low-income families. We explore parent-child relationships as potential mechanisms, finding that same-sex attracted individuals live farther from parents across the income distribution. Results are robust to controlling for unobserved parental heterogeneity through sibling fixed effects, though they vary across childhood regions and cohorts. Our findings suggest that intergenerational mobility varies not only with factors shared by siblings but also with individual-level characteristics, such as sexuality. |
| Keywords: | sexuality; Couples; Intergenerational mobility |
| JEL: | D64 J10 J16 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:21557 |
| By: | Limodio, Nicola; Picariello, Luca; Schwantje, Tom |
| Abstract: | How do organizations adapt internally when ethnic divisions intensify? We develop a model in which organizations jointly choose managerial appointments and delegation when locally matched managers have better information but are less aligned with headquarters, and test it using a panel of Ethiopian bank branches. Exploiting variation in banks’ exposure to ethnic conflict across their branch networks, we find that conflict increases the appointment of locally matched managers, while reducing lending autonomy and leaving branch credit mostly unaffected. Conflict-exposed branches are more likely to be staffed by insiders reassigned within the bank. An LLM-based CEO vignette exercise corroborates this mechanism. |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:21511 |
| By: | François Facchini (UP1 UFR02 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - École d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | History, and historians, strive to separate the wheat from the chaff. This exercise is commendable, but one must avoid errors in classification, lest one reject the wheat and retain only the chaff. When attempting to distinguish progressive intellectuals, who move with the times, from those who oppose social progress by defending the strong against the weak, immorality against morality, and self-interest against the common good, it is best to avoid mistakes. This article aims to correct such errors. It recalls, as is fairly well known, Keynes's openly eugenicist positions and refutes the rumors of racialism surrounding James Buchanan, based on work recently published in the journal Public Choice. |
| Abstract: | L'Histoire, et les historiens, s'emploient à séparer le bon grain de l'ivraie. L'exercice est louable mais encore faut-il ne pas se tromper dans les classements sous peine de rejeter le bon grain et de ne garder que l'ivraie. Lorsque l'on prétend distinguer les intellectuels progressistes, qui vont dans le sens de l'histoire, des intellectuels qui s'opposent au progrès social en défendant les forts contre les faibles, l'immoralité contre la moralité, l'intérêt égoïste contre le bien commun, mieux vaut ne pas faire d'erreur. Ce sont de telles erreurs que cet article entend corriger. Il rappelle, ce qui est assez bien connu, les positions ouvertement eugénistes de Keynes et dément les rumeurs de racialisme de James Buchanan sur la base de travaux publiés récemment dans la revue Public Choice à ce sujet. |
| Keywords: | Racialism, Corporatism, Eugenism, Keynes, Corporatisme, Eugenisme, Buchanan, Racialisme |
| Date: | 2025–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-05598689 |