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on Minorities Research (Ethnic, LGBTQ+, Disabilities) |
| By: | Yulina Goto; Makoto Nakajima |
| Abstract: | We investigate how the consumption responses to the Economic Impact Payment during the pandemic (commonly known as the pandemic stimulus check) differed across racial groups, and what accounts for the differences. If only family size and age are controlled, as in the baseline regression of Parker et al. (2022), in addition to race, Black and Hispanic households exhibit a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC, preferred estimate being 0.29) than Whites (0.16) in response to monetary transfers under the Economic Impact Payment. This racial heterogeneity is accounted for by differences in liquid wealth holdings |
| Keywords: | MPC; consumption; stimulus payment; economic impact payment; permanent income hypothesis; liquidity constraint; hand-to-mouth; fiscal policy |
| JEL: | E21 E62 H31 J15 |
| Date: | 2026–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:102352 |
| By: | Scott A. Imberman; Michael F. Lovenheim; Patrick Massey; Kevin M. Stange; Rodney J. Andrews |
| Abstract: | Gender and racial/ethnic gaps in labor market earnings remain large, even among college-goers. Cross-gender and race/ethnic differences in choice of and returns to college major are potentially important contributors. Following Texas public high school graduates for up to 20 years through college and the labor market, we assess gender and racial differences in college major choices and the consequences of these choices. Women and underrepresented minorities are less likely than men, Whites, and Asians to major in high earning fields like business, economics, engineering, and computer science, however we also show that they experience lower returns to these majors. Differences in major-specific returns relative to liberal arts explain about one quarter of the gender, White-Black, and White-Hispanic (but not White-Asian) earnings gaps among four-year college students and become larger contributors to earnings gaps than differential major distributions as workers age. We present suggestive evidence that differences in occupation choices within field are a key driver of the differences in returns across groups. The work shines light on the roles that college major choice and returns by gender and race contribute to inequality. |
| JEL: | I23 I26 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34726 |
| By: | Adrienne Sabety; Ariella K. Spitzer |
| Abstract: | Adult Black men persistently do not report to household-based surveys, with demographers estimating non-reporting rates of 7-14% from 1970-2020. We derive a method to account for incomplete data and show that non-reporting rates are up to 5.5 percentage points (pp) larger than prior estimates, with significant heterogeneity by year. We then show that Black men at risk of incarceration drive non-reporting. We use state-year variation in incarceration rates to estimate that 35-83% of the incarcerated population would have been non-reporting if not incarcerated. Adjusting for previously uncorrected non-reporting shows that the Black-white gap in high-school completion is 20-39% (3.0-5.9 pp) larger, college attendance is 8-18% (3.1-6.1 pp) larger, and earnings is 10-20% (2.8-5.7 pp) larger. In contrast, the gap in employment is 4-8% (0.6-1.6 pp) smaller than previously thought. |
| JEL: | J1 J2 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34724 |
| By: | Julien Billion (ICN Business School, CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine); Jérémie Renouf (ISC Paris - Institut Supérieur du Commerce de Paris); Claire Doussard (AHTTEP - Architecture, histoire, technique, territoire, patrimoine - UMR AUSser - Architecture Urbanisme Société : Savoir Enseignement Recherche - ENSAPLV - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - ENSA PB - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-Belleville - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - ENSAPM - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-Malaquais - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - éavt&t - École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de la Ville et des Territoires à Marne-la-Vallée); Jonathan Labbé (IAE Nancy - IAE Nancy School of Management - UL - Université de Lorraine, CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurship is often promoted as a pathway to autonomy for people with disabilities, yet it frequently relies on fragile and informal support systems. This study shows how social, economic, and care-related dependencies shape entrepreneurial viability, calling for stable, co-designed support mechanisms that foster long-term autonomy rather than precarious independence. |
| Date: | 2026–01–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05470650 |
| By: | Ali T. Akarca (University of Illinois); Aysit Tansel (Institute for Study of Labor (IZA)); Senay Üçdogruk Birecikli (Dokuz Eylül University) |
| Abstract: | Women’s electoral participation in Turkey is studied, using the probit procedure. The novelty of the study is the use of both micro-level and macro-level variables simultaneously. Furthermore, a wider range of variables are used in each of these categories than other studies on turnout in Turkey, including some variables never considered before. Results show that women’s propensity to vote is related to age (at least until 49) being married and residing in an electoral district with large number of viable female candidates, positively, and to being an ethnic minority, having children under 6, living in an urban area, living in an electoral district with a large number of parliament members and large effective number of parties, negatively. Education and household wealth have inverted-U shaped relationships with women’s probability to vote. Being a migrant reduces the likelihood of voting unless it occurs in a province with heavy migrant concentration and large number of parliament members. |
| Date: | 2024–10–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1743 |
| By: | Patricia Cortés; Jisoo Hwang; Jessica Pan; Uta Schönberg |
| Abstract: | Despite substantial convergence in men’s and women’s economic roles, gender gaps in labor market outcomes persist across countries. This article provides a unified framework for understanding how gender norms shape economic behavior, distinguishing between internalized norms—preferences and beliefs tied to gender identity—and external norms arising from peer pressure and social coordination. We first document cross-country and within-country variation in gender attitudes, alongside gradual but uneven shifts toward more egalitarian views. We then review empirical evidence on the origins, persistence, and transmission of gender norms, and their effects on human capital accumulation, labor supply, wages, and policy take-up. The review highlights both the durability of gender norms and the mechanisms through which policies, institutions, and media can induce norm change, with implications for the design of effective interventions. |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34716 |