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on Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty |
| By: | Eva O. Arceo-Gómez (Department of Economics, CIDE) |
| Abstract: | The status of women in Economics in Mexico is unmoved. Progress has stalled at all levels. Female representation among students has varied from around 38 to 42% on average between 2010 and 2022. I found tiny declines in female representation from undergraduate to doctoral level, so there is no strong evidence of a leaky pipeline. Among researchers, 34% of the Economics researchers in the National System of Researchers are women. Female representation falls sharply for researchers as we climb the system's ladder. At the top of the system are four male economists per woman. Women's representation in academic production has increased over time, but for women in Mexican institutions, it has stalled, even though they are now teaching relatively less than men. Overall, Mexican women in Economics are facing stagnation in their progress toward a more balanced representation in student bodies, faculties, and academic production.Length: 54 pages |
| Keywords: | Mexico, Economics, women, underrepresentation |
| JEL: | A11 J16 J44 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emc:wpaper:dte649 |
| By: | Almås, Ingvild (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Cappelen, Alexander W. (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Sørensen, Erik Ø. (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Tungodden, Bertil (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides global evidence on the nature of inequality acceptance, based on a large-scale experimental study with more than 65, 000 individuals across 60 countries. We show that, across the world, the source of inequality matters substantially more for inequality acceptance than the cost of redistribution. However, fairness views vary significantly across countries, largely reflecting disagreement over whether inequality caused by luck is fair. The meritocratic fairness view is most prevalent in the Western world, but substantial support for the libertarian and egalitarian fairness views exists in many countries. Focusing on beliefs, we further show that, globally, people believe luck plays a greater role than merit in shaping inequality, while disagreement about the cost of redistribution is more pronounced. Finally, we establish that both fairness views and beliefs about the source of inequality are key to understanding policy attitudes and cross-country variation in government redistribution, whereas efficiency considerations play a less important role. |
| Keywords: | Inequality acceptance; fairness views; economic inequality |
| JEL: | J18 J71 |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2025_006 |
| By: | Antonio Cabrales (Department of Economics, Universidad Carlos III Madrid); Lorenzo Ductor (Department of Economics Theory and History, Universidad de Granada); Ericka Rascon-Ramirez (Department of Economics, CIDE and Middlesex University London); Ismael Rodriguez-Lara (Department of Economics, Universidad de Malaga, and Economic Science Institute, Chapman University) |
| Abstract: | Women often find themselves in teams that hinder their productivity and earnings. We analyze the role of homophily and gender stereotypes in preferences for team formation and examine the effect of information on changing these preferences. We find that women are expected to perform better in female-type tasks (such as text and emotion-recognition). However, people prefer forming teams with their same gender. Our findings suggest that information can mitigate -but it does not eliminate- the influence of homophily on team formation. |
| Keywords: | gender differences, expectations, collaboration, network formation, team production |
| JEL: | C91 D03 D60 D81 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emc:wpaper:dte648 |
| By: | Gregory Clark (University of Southern Denmark); Martin Hørlyk Kristensen (University of Southern Denmark) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we estimate social mobility rates, free of measurement errors, using register data for Denmark and Sweden, 1968 to 2021. To correct for measurement error attenuation, we take ratios of the correlation of relatives at different locations in family trees, such as cousins relative to siblings. Three things emerge from these estimates. First social mobility rates in both Denmark and Sweden are much lower than conventionally estimated. Second these countries, despite their reputation for high social mobility rates, have nearly the same degree of persistence as in modern England, and also nineteenth century England or Sweden. Finally in all the cases observed marital assortment is much stronger than conventionally estimated, and this helps explain the low rates of intergenerational mobility. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational mobility, social mobility, assortative mating |
| JEL: | J62 J12 D31 I24 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0275 |
| By: | Henrik Kleven (Princeton University); Claus Kreiner (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); Kristian Larsen (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); Jacob Soegaard (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We investigate long-run earnings responses to taxes in the presence of dynamic returns to effort. First, we develop a theoretical model of earnings determination with dynamic returns to effort. In this model, earnings responses are delayed and mediated by job switches. Second, using administrative data from Denmark, we verify our models predictions about earnings and hours-worked patterns over the lifecycle. Third, we provide a quasi-experimental analysis of long-run earnings elasticities. Informed by our model, the empirical strategy exploits variation among job switchers. We find that the long-run elasticity is around 0.5, considerably larger than the short-run elasticity of roughly 0.2. |
| Keywords: | Labor supply, tax distortions |
| JEL: | H21 J22 |
| Date: | 2025–03–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kucebi:2503 |
| By: | Carlos Carrillo-Tudela (Department of Economics, University of Essex); Alex Clymo (Department of Economics, University of Essex); Cristina Lafuente (Department of Economics, University of Bath); Ludo Visschers (U. Carlos III de Madrid and Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh); David Zentler-Munro (Department of Economics, University of Essex) |
| Abstract: | We use a simple yet powerful approach to investigate the dynamics of worker flows across sectors in the Spanish economy. The method imposes a minimal amount of structure on the data by assuming sector-specific matching functions, and backs out the direction of workers' search intensities across sectors using data on realised worker flows and vacancies. We find that aggregate search intensity in Spain has been increasing since the pandemic and has led aggregate labour shortages to be below pre-pandemic levels by 2023. However, this boost of search intensity is directed to industries with low matching efficiencies and job finding rates. As a result, aggregate match formation is near to a 10-years low relative to the number of matches that would result if search intensity was allocated to maximise total matches given the observed vacancy distribution and match efficiencies across sectors. |
| Keywords: | Job Search; Industry mobility; Vacancies; Mismatch; Labour Shortages |
| JEL: | E24 J23 J62 J63 J64 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:edn:esedps:317 |
| By: | Melek Hilal Eroglu (University of Pittsburgh); Steven Finkel (University of Pittsburgh); Anja Neundorf (University of Glasgow); Aykut Ozturk (University of Glasgow); Ericka G. Rascon-Ramirez (Department of Economics, CIDE and Middlesex University London) |
| Abstract: | How can the negative effects of partisan polarization on democratic attitudes be mitigated? Can polarized individuals be persuaded to choose democracy over party, i.e., support a candidate from an opposing party who upholds democratic norms when their co-partisan candidate fails to do so? We tested the effect of an online civic education intervention conducted on over 41, 000 individuals in 33 countries that was designed to promote the choice for "democracy" by emphasizing the benefits of democratic versus autocratic regimes. The results are striking: exposure to civic education messages significantly dampens the negative effect of partisan polarization on anti-democratic co-partisan candidate choice. Civic education also has a small positive effect on polarization itself, with further exploration showing that this is the result of increased evaluations of parties that uphold democratic norms and practices, resulting in greater differences between democratic and antidemocratic parties. |
| Keywords: | Civic education, partisan polarization, democratization, online experiments |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emc:wpaper:dte647 |