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on Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty |
| By: | Orazio Attanasio (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Áureo de Paula (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Alessandro Toppeta (SOFI, Stockholm University) |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:25/05 |
| By: | Anthony Lepinteur (uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg = University of Luxembourg = Universität Luxemburg); Andrew E Clark (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg = University of Luxembourg = Universität Luxemburg); Conchita d'Ambrosio (uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg = University of Luxembourg = Universität Luxemburg) |
| Abstract: | We here evaluate the link between job insecurity and one of the most-important decisions that individuals take: homeownership. The 1999 rise in the French Delalande tax on firms that laid off older workers produced an unexpected exogenous rise in job insecurity for younger workers. A difference-in-differences analysis of panel data from the European Community Household Panel shows that this greater job insecurity significantly reduced the probability of becoming a homeowner. This drop seems more attributable to individual preferences rather than greater capital constraints, consistent with individuals reducing their exposure to long-term financial commitments in more-uncertain environments. |
| Keywords: | Homeownership, Job Insecurity, Employment Protection, Difference-in-Differences |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04589079 |
| By: | Andrew E Clark (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Maria Cotofan (King‘s College London) |
| Abstract: | It is well-known that the wealthier are more likely to have Right-leaning political preferences. We here in addition consider the role of the individual's starting position, and in particular their upward social mobility relative to their parents. In 18 waves of UK panel data, both own and parental social status are independently positively associated with Rightleaning voting and political preferences: given their own social status, the upwardly-mobile are therefore more Left-wing.We investigate a number of potential mediators: these results do not reflect the relationship between well-being and own and parents' social status, but are partly linked to the individual's beliefs about how fair society is. We replicate these findings using US data and show that, in both countries, the choice of specification when controlling for the respondent's own status is crucial and may help explain some of the mixed findings in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Fairness, Social Mobility, Voting, Redistribution, Satisfaction |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04500774 |
| By: | Gudrun Svavarsdottir (University of Iceland [Reykjavik]); Andrew E. Clark (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gunnar Stefansson (University of Iceland [Reykjavik]); Tinna Laufey Asgeirsdottir (University of Iceland [Reykjavik]) |
| Abstract: | There is much still to learn about the relationship between income and well-being, and in particular how this may depend on the economic and social context. We use Russian data to estimate individual Welfare Functions of Income, and examine two potentially context-dependent concepts: self-assessed income needs and welfare sensitivity to income (how well-being changes with income). The considerable geographical diversity in Russia provides within-country variation in GDP, inequality, population density, and unemployment. We first show that income needs exceed actual income on average in Russia, and that these needs are less sensitive to changes in income than in other countries. Second, income needs vary by individual characteristics, while welfare sensitivity does not. Welfare sensitivity is however related to the regional context. Last, our estimated contextual results help us to understand why the existing literature has produced such a wide range of results |
| Keywords: | Income, Well-being, Income needs, Welfare sensitivity, Income Inequality |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04431857 |
| By: | Olga Alonso-Villar; Coral del Río |
| Abstract: | In this paper, firstly, we offer a methodological framework to assess the between-school sorting of any target group of students (grouped by either family socioeconomic status, nativity, race, ethnicity, or any other characteristic) taking into account school resources adjusted for educational needs. We develop a family of indicators, which meet several basic criteria, with which we can analyze school segregation and school opportunities to learn in an integrated way. Secondly, we provide a comparative analysis in Europe of the between-school sorting of students by birthplace drawing on PISA 2022. Distinguishing among students from three family backgrounds (natives, first-generation immigrants, and second-generation immigrants), we document that, in many countries, segregation is accompanied by important differences about the human resources per pupil of schools, especially when school educational needs are taken into account, which accentuates the transmission of inequality. However, not all countries share this pattern or do not do it with the same intensity. |
| Keywords: | School segregation, school resources, school needs, immigrant children |
| JEL: | D63 I24 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vig:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Andrew E Clark (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Michal Kozák (UiO - University of Oslo, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University) |
| Abstract: | The distribution of job quality across workers and the change in job quality over time can be reflected in various measures of job outcomes, or single-item job-satisfaction scores. This paper takes both approaches to establish the evolution of job quality over a period from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s in 13 OECD countries, using data from the three latest ISSP Work Orientation modules. The rise in job satisfaction from 1997 to 2005 has continued through 2015, despite the 2008 Great Recession. This improvement is also found in most of the joboutcome domains, despite some evidence of harder and more stressful work. Workers reported that job security was the most-important job aspect every year, and the percentage of workers with secure jobs rose over time. There has been a small rise in the dispersion of job satisfaction, but the good news regarding better job quality over a 20-year period does not seem to be dampened by large changes in its inequality. |
| Keywords: | Job quality, Job satisfaction, ISSP |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04788950 |