|
on Central and South America |
| By: | Muñoz, Ercio A. (Inter-American Development Bank); Sansone, Dario (University of Exeter); Tampellini, João (Vanderbilt University) |
| Abstract: | Using data from over 500, 000 dual-earner households in Mexico, we provide evidence of discontinuities in the distribution of relative income within households in Latin America. Similar to the situation in high-income countries, we observe a sharp drop at the 50% threshold, i.e., where the wife earns more than the husband, but the discontinuity is up to five times larger and has increased over time. These patterns are robust to the exclusion of equal earners, self-employed individuals, and couples in the same occupation/industry. Discontinuities persist across subgroups, including couples with or without children, those with married or unmarried partners, and those with older wives or female household heads. We also find comparable discontinuities in Brazil and Panama, as well as among some same-sex couples. Moreover, women who are primary earners continue to supply more nonmarket labor than do their male partners, although the gap is narrower than in households where the woman is the secondary earner. |
| Keywords: | Latin America, relative income, gender norms |
| JEL: | D13 D91 J12 J15 J16 O15 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18172 |
| By: | Verónica Amarante; Marisa Bucheli; Tatiana Pérez |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the link between the ideological profile of Uruguayan economists and their opinions regarding inequality and discrimination. Drawing on data from an online survey of Uruguayan economists, we explore the links between their economic opinions and three dimensions of ideology: political orientation, sexist attitudes (benevolent and hostile sexism), and pro-market views. Economists' opinions encompass diagnostic assessments of inequality and discrimination, as well as views on specific policies designed to address these issues. Using ordered probit models, we find that right-wing political ideology, hostile sexism, and pro-market attitudes are associated with a lower likelihood of agreeing that income distribution in Uruguay should be more equitable and that women face barriers to full-time employment. These ideological factors are also linked to a higher likelihood of believing that there are equal gender and race opportunities in Uruguay. Benevolent sexism exhibits a more mixed relationship with opinions on inequality and discrimination. Furthermore, we show that economists' diagnoses of inequality and discrimination mediate the relationship between ideological variables and their policy preferences. Our results point to the need for greater introspection within the discipline regarding the influence of personal values and beliefs on economic analysis and policy recommendations. Our findings challenge the notion of economics as a purely objective and unbiased discipline, revealing significant associations between ideological factors, economists' perceptions of inequality and discrimination, and their support for specific policies. |
| Keywords: | ideology, sexism, inequality, discrimination |
| JEL: | A13 D63 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:wpaper:0624 |
| By: | Marisa Bucheli; Florencia Amábile; Carmen Estrades |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the existence of gender bias by public school teachers in Uruguay when grading students in the third and sixth years of primary level. The econometric strategy consists of estimating the effect of gender on the course score (non-blind outcome) when controlling by blind test scores and other relevant characteristics. We do not obtain evidence about a bias in the third year. However, we find an average bias in favor of girls in the sixth year, which responds to biases in the middle of the distribution of abilities (the extreme abilities are not gender-biased when assessed). The average results are robust to several checks. We rule out that sixth-year bias is mainly driven by statistical discrimination or explicit beliefs on talent gender stereotypes. |
| Keywords: | gender differences, discrimination, stereotypes, teacher grading, blind-test, education. |
| JEL: | I24 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:wpaper:0324 |