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on Central and South America |
| By: | Graña Colella, Santiago; Silva Neira, Ignacio |
| Abstract: | Extensive economic literature has covered the effect of a natural resource boom on the performance of the manufacturing sector. Specifically, the dutch disease hypothesis establishes that increases in commodity prices should lead to a decrease in manufacturing exports, due to significant inflows of foreign currency that subsequently appreciate the real exchange rate. In 2003, a substantial increase in commodity prices, coupled with a pronounced appreciation of the real exchange rate, triggered a process of export primarization in latin american countries. The paper aims to empirically assess whether the dutch disease framework can provide a suitable explanation for this phenomenon in argentina and chile. Despite both countries heavily depending on natural resources, they exhibit notable differences in economic scale, composition, and evolution of manufacturing exports, as well as their economic policy approaches throughout the designated period. This task is performed through the estimation of one var model for each country (2003-2019). The main results indicate that while there is insufficient evidence to assert that argentina suffered from the dutch disease, the evidence for chile remains inconclusive. These divergent results could potentially find clarification in an examination of disparities in export composition and integrated technology and thereby suggest a broader analysis regarding the policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Enfermedad Holandesa; Exportaciones; Competitividad; Análisis Econométrico; Argentina; Chile; |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4312 |
| By: | Gilberto Libanio (Cedeplar/UFMG); Leonardo Ribeiro (Cedeplar/UFMG); Diana Chaib (Cedeplar/UFMG) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the under-exploited potential of Korean exports to Latin American countries, based on a comparative advantage matrix methodology. Using international trade data from 2000 to 2019, the study identifies products and sectors in which South Korea holds comparative advantages globally, but which are not yet fully reflected in its exports to Latin America. The analysis compares worldwide and regional comparative advantage indexes, revealing specific trade opportunities. The results show considerable room for expanding Korean exports in sectors such as chemicals, manufactured goods, and machinery and transport equipment. Based on these findings, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at promoting Korean exports to the Latin American region. |
| Keywords: | Latin America; comparative advantage; international trade. |
| JEL: | F14 F10 O24 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td683 |
| By: | de Almeida, Amanda Martins; Strozza, Cosmo (University of Southern Denmark); Rentería, Elisenda |
| Abstract: | Highly educated children can be a resource for improving parents’ health and increasing their longevity by providing them with health-related information, financial help, and other forms of support. However, in countries with limited data, this association remains uncertain due to the absence of linked information on children's education and parental mortality. To overcome this limitation, we use the orphanhood method to estimate maternal survival by maternal and adult children’s educational levels in Chile. We find that higher educational attainment among adult children is positively associated with better maternal survival outcomes, particularly among mothers with low education. The results are consistent with the literature on the association between children's education and parental survival. We contribute to this literature by highlighting the possibility of assessing such an association using an indirect method to estimate mortality, which may be more applicable to countries without available data. |
| Date: | 2025–05–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rxdqz_v2 |
| By: | Illescas, Nelson; McNamara, Brian; Piñeiro, Valeria; Rodriguez, Agustín Tejeda |
| Abstract: | Intraregional agrifood trade in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) offers untapped opportunities for expansion. Comparative advantages in food production as well as variation in consumption patterns create a high degree of complementarity across many LAC countries. Making use of this variation to expand trade within the region could improve access to, availability, and diversity of food, as well as ensure more stable food supplies. Stable supplies are particularly important for food security given the likelihood of continued shocks, such as conflicts, epidemics, economic crises, and extreme weather events. Although trade between countries in the region plays an important role as a source of imports, more than 60 percent of LAC’s food purchases come from extraregional suppliers. However, the shares of intra- and extraregional imports vary by subregion. About 60 percent of South American food imports come from regional suppliers, but only 20 percent of Mexican and Central American imports come from LAC suppliers. In the Caribbean, the share of regional suppliers in food imports has increased over the past five years but is currently only 29 percent (UN Statistics Division, UN Comtrade 2022). Most intraregional trade takes place within subregions, meaning that trade between countries from different LAC subregions is less common and thus presents the greatest opportunities for expansion. In this analysis of trade opportunities and challenges, the authors show there is potential to expand intraregional agrifood trade in major products such as corn, soybeans, soybean meal, wheat, poultry meat, milk, and concentrated cream. Facilitating intraregional trade and establishing new trade relations between LAC countries (the extensive margin of trade) where complementarities have been identified would provide opportunities for growth in the agrifood sec tors of these countries, make LAC food systems more resilient to supply shocks, and reduce food insecurity by ensuring efficient and reliable food supplies for consumers. However, despite progress in recent years, a number of factors — including high tariff rates, nontariff measures, origin requirements, government procurement rules, government support, and high transportation costs — continue to hamper the expansion of intraregional trade. This analysis focuses exclusively on intraregional trade; it does not examine opportunities for trade with partners outside the LAC region or compare opportunities for intra regional trade to extraregional trade. While such analysis could be valuable for informing trade policy, one of our primary objectives is to encourage stronger linkages between the economies of LAC countries regardless of trade opportunities outside the region. This goal reflects the expectation that improving these linkages among neighboring countries will have positive spillovers in the form of improved resilience to shocks, stronger political cohesion, and broader cooperation across these economies. \To accurately contextualize this analysis, it is necessary to highlight the diversity of food systems within LAC. While “LAC” is a standard regional classification and our analysis includes all LAC countries, the agrifood sectors, and especially agrifood trade, in the various LAC subregions face diverse challenges and opportunities. For example, these challenges and opportunities differ markedly between the Caribbean island countries and the larger Latin American countries, most notably Brazil and Argentina. These distinctions should inform the interpretation and implementation of our findings. |
| Keywords: | trade; food production; consumption; food security; Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pacewp:139797 |
| By: | Attanasio, Orazio (Yale University); Conti, Gabriella (University College London); Jervis, Pamela (Universidad de Chile); Meghir, Costas (Yale University); Okbay, Aysu (Amsterdam University of Applied Science) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate impacts heterogeneity of an Early Childhood Intervention in Colombia, with respect to the Educational Attainment Polygenic Score (EA4 PGS) constructed from DNA data based on GWAS weights from a European population. We find that the EA4 PGS is predictive of several measures of child development, mother’s IQ and, to some extent, educational attainment. We also show that the impacts of the intervention are significantly greater in children with low PGS, to the point that the intervention eliminates the initial genetic disadvantage. Lastly, we find that children with high PGS attract more parental stimulation; however, the latter increases more strongly in children with low PGS. |
| Keywords: | stimulation programs, early childhood development, GxE interactions |
| JEL: | C21 J13 I24 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17897 |
| By: | Wallace P. Marcelino (UFPA); Adilson Giovanini (UDESC); Fabrício Missio (Cedeplar/UFMG); Frederico G. Jayme Jr (Cedeplar/UFMG) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to analyze the foreign trade of biodiversity products (BioTrade) from a Latin American structuralist perspective and propose economic policy recommendations. Latin America (LA) is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, which grants it a competitive advantage. Indicators reveal that the Center-Periphery relationship persists in manufacturing activities, modern services, and biodiversity-related trade. The primary reason for this is the historical lack of endogenous technological progress in LA countries, which limits the ability to harness economic opportunities. The principal economic policy recommendation is the formulation and implementation of an industrial policy that strategically leverages the region's biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | Economic Development; Structuralist Economics; Biodiversity |
| JEL: | O1 O4 L80 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td682 |