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on Labour Economics |
| By: | Giovanni Abbiati; Erich Battistin; Paola Monti; Paolo Pinotti |
| Abstract: | We evaluate a labor market integration program that fast-tracked asylum seekers into the Italian labor market through personalized job mentoring, placement assistance, and on-the-job training. Leveraging randomized assignment across reception centers and individual-level administrative records, we find effects on employment rates of 10 percentage points, or 30% over the baseline, over a 18-month period. The program also improved job quality through increased access to fixed-term and open-ended contracts. Subsidized internships were a critical pathway to transitioning participants into standard employment. Survey data indicate that these effects reflect a net increase in employment, rather than a shift from informal to formal jobs. We also document broader benefits on socioeconomic integration, including language proficiency and social networks with native Italians. |
| Keywords: | asylum seekers, job mentoring, labor market integration, socioeconomic integration. |
| JEL: | C93 D04 F22 I38 J15 J61 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11844 |
| By: | Reichert, Arndt; Simon, Anne; Sowa, Alina; Strupat, Christoph |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the role of matrilineal kinship norms for gender gaps in labor market outcomes. We analyze the implementation of a reform that significantly altered the customary inheritance system by restricting practices within matrilineal ethnic groups, while those of non-matrilineal groups remained unchanged. As a result, men in matrilineal groups are now more likely to inherit from their fathers rather than their maternal uncles, fundamentally reshaping traditional kinship norms. Using cross-sectional survey data over multiple years in a difference-indifferences framework, we find that restricting these norms substantially increases the gender gap in adult labor hours and child labor. These effects are concentrated in land-owning households, with particularly strong impacts on agricultural labor. In contrast, although the reform leads to significantly reduced transfers to women—indicating weakened ties to their extended families—we find no evidence of tighter household budget constraints or declines in female bargaining power. This suggests that the observed labor effects are not driven by reduced support from the matrikin. Instead, the findings point to a mechanism in which improved prospects for male land inheritance increase men's incentives to engage in agricultural work by raising the returns to their labor. |
| Keywords: | Gender Norms, Labor Supply, Child Labor, Inheritance |
| JEL: | J16 J21 J22 D13 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-738 |
| By: | Matthias Doepke; Hanno Foerster; Anne Hannusch; Michèle Tertilt |
| Abstract: | During the first half of the twentieth century, many US states enacted laws restricting women's labor market opportunities, including maximum hours restrictions, minimum wage laws, and night-shift bans. The era of so-called protective labor laws came to an end in the 1960s as a result of civil rights reforms. In this paper, we investigate the political economy behind the rise and fall of these laws. We argue that the main driver behind protective labor laws was men's desire to shield themselves from labor market competition. We spell out the mechanism through a politico-economic model in which singles and couples work in different sectors and vote on protective legislation. Restrictions are supported by single men and couples with male sole earners who compete with women for jobs. We show that the theory's predictions for when protective legislation will be introduced are well supported by US state-level evidence. |
| JEL: | D13 D72 D78 E24 J12 J16 N30 O10 O43 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33720 |
| By: | Laszlo Goerke (Institute for Labour Law and Industrial Relations in the European Union (IAAEU), Trier University); Cinzia Rienzo (Brighton University and GLO School of Business and Law) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) for 1994-2023, we show that the union wage mark-up for immigrants averages about 0.1 log points, 0.04 log-points less than that for natives. Therefore, unionization is less beneficial for immigrants than natives in the United States. The difference is most pronounced for males and low-skilled blue-collar workers. It cannot be observed for white-collar workers, individuals born in Mexico, and second-generation immigrants. An IVapproach indicates that the wage effects can be interpreted causally. Our results suggest that differences in the union wage mark-up may be due to disparities in bargaining power or result from discriminatory trade union objectives. Our findings point to the importance of labor market institutions in shaping the economic assimilation of immigrants. |
| Keywords: | Immigrants, Union objectives, Union wage mark-up, United States |
| JEL: | J15 J31 J61 J51 J70 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iaa:dpaper:202501 |
| By: | Buhmann, Mara (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Pohlan, Laura (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Roth, Duncan (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "This paper exploits that the Covid-19 pandemic came as an unexpected shock that temporarily reduced the ratio of vacancies to seekers. We use this unique setting to understand the importance of job opportunities for the impact of unemployment on workers’ careers. Compared to individuals who became unemployed under more benign conditions, we find greater and lasting adverse effects on earnings. We provide evidence that lower job opportunities lead unemployed individuals to take up jobs that are further down the occupation-specific wage distribution. Finally, we substantiate the importance of job prospects by using exogenous variation in the pandemic’s effect on occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| JEL: | J23 J62 J64 |
| Date: | 2025–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202507 |
| By: | Morosow, Kathrin; Jalovaara, Marika |
| Abstract: | This study examines the heterogenous labour market effects of family leave policies for single and partnered mothers. Longer family leave has been shown to weaken women’s labour market positions and some studies have found heterogenous effects across population groups. However, whether the effect differs by partnership status remains unexplored. Using Finnish register data from 1989 to 2014 (ca. 2.5 million person-years) and controlling for selection into single motherhood by comparing estimates from OLS and FE models, this study compares single and patnered mothers’ unemployment and earnings consequent to extended family leaves. In line with predictions that single mothers may face greater work-family reconciliation issues or cumulative disadvantage leading to greater labour market penalties, the results showed that longer leave increases the length of unemployment for single mothers more than for partnered ones. This is not solely because of selection into single motherhood. Earnings penalties after family leave (net of employment status) are the same for single and partnered mothers. We conclude that similar long- lengths of family leave are penalised more among single mothers in terms of employment, which increases and reproduces social inequalities. This means that existing inequalities are reinforced by labour market absences supported by leave policies. |
| Date: | 2025–04–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gbjt5_v1 |
| By: | Valeska Araujo; Linden McBride; Danielle H. Sandler |
| Abstract: | The rising costs of childcare pose challenges for families, leading to difficult choices including those impacting mothers’ labor force participation. This paper investigates the relationship between childcare costs and maternal employment. Using data from the National Database of Childcare Prices, the American Community Survey, and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics, we estimate the impact of childcare costs on mothers’ labor force participation through two empirical strategies. A fixed-effects approach controls for geographic and temporal heterogeneity in costs as well as mothers’ idiosyncratic preferences for work and childcare, while an instrumental variables approach addresses the endogeneity of mothers’ preferences for work and childcare by leveraging exogenous geographic and temporal variation in childcare licensing requirements. Our findings across both research designs indicate that higher childcare costs reduce labor force participation among mothers, with lower-income mothers exhibiting greater responsiveness to changes in childcare costs. |
| Keywords: | childcare, female labor force participation, child penalty |
| JEL: | J16 M50 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-25 |
| By: | Anna Matysiak (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Daniele Vignoli (Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses whether women’s employment in the 21st century remains a barrier to family formation, as it was in the 1980s and 1990s, or—similar to men’s—it has become a prerequisite for childbearing. We address this question through a systematic quantitative review (meta-analysis) of empirical studies conducted in Europe, North America and Australia. We selected 94 studies published between 1990-2023 (N=572 effect sizes). Our analysis uncovers a fundamental shift in the relationship between women's employment and fertility. What was once a strongly negative association has become statistically insignificant in the 2000s and 2010s—and even turned positive in the Nordic countries and parts of Western Europe (France, Belgium, and the Netherlands). This shift is evident both among childless women and mothers and has occurred across all analyzed country clusters, except in the German/Southern European group, where the relationship has remained negative. These findings challenge longstanding assumptions about work-family trade-offs and suggest a reconfiguration of the economic and social conditions underpinning fertility decisions in contemporary high-income societies. The paper calls for a reconceptualization of the employment-fertility relationship and development of a new theoretical framework that better captures these evolving dynamics in contemporary high-income societies. |
| Keywords: | Women’s employment, Fertility, High-income countries, Meta-analysis |
| JEL: | J10 J11 J12 J13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2025-09 |
| By: | Corekcioglu, Gozde (Dept. of Economics, Ozyegin University); Francesconi, Marco (Dept. of Economics, University of Essex); Kunze, Astrid (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the firm’s response to parental leave induced worker absence. Combining a 20-week maternal leave expansion in Norway and detailed matched employer-employee data between 1983 and 2013, we identify the causal impact of absence on outcomes using a shift-share design. Employers with greater exposure to absence hire more women aged 40 or less and face more employment turnover. These adjustments do not affect profits, but lead to greater investments and sales and to a lower value added and a lower wage bill. One important channel behind such changes is a significant growth of young female part-time employment. |
| Keywords: | Workforce composition; Firm-level gender employment dynamics; Corporate outcomes; Part-time employment; Employer-employee matched data; Shift-share research design |
| JEL: | J16 J21 J23 J81 L23 L25 |
| Date: | 2025–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2025_011 |
| By: | Gabriella Conti; Rita Ginja; Petra Persson; Barton Willage |
| Abstract: | The motherhood penalty is well-documented, but what happens at the other end of the reproductive spectrum? Menopause—a transition often marked by debilitating physical and psychological symptoms—also entails substantial costs. Using population-wide Norwegian and Swedish data and quasi-experimental methods, we show that a menopause diagnosis leads to lasting drops in earnings and employment, alongside greater reliance on social transfers. The impact is especially severe for women with lower socioeconomic status. Increasing access to menopause-related health care can help offset these losses. Our findings reveal the hidden economic toll of menopause and the potential gains from better support policies. |
| JEL: | I10 J01 J13 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33621 |
| By: | Gregor Jarosch; Laura Pilossoph; Anthony Swaminathan |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates self-reported wedges between how much people work and how much they want to work, at their current wage. More than two-thirds of full-time workers in German survey data are overworked—actual hours exceed desired hours. We combine this evidence with a simple model of labor supply to assess the welfare consequences of tighter weekly hours limits via willingness-to-pay calculations. According to counterfactuals, the optimal length of the workweek in Germany is 37 hours. Introducing such a cap would raise welfare by .8-1.6% of GDP. The gains from a shortened workweek are largest for workers who are married, female, white collar, middle aged, and high income. An extended analysis integrates a non-constant wage-hours relationship, falling capital returns, and a shrinking tax base. |
| JEL: | E0 H0 J0 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33577 |
| By: | Clément Nedoncelle (Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParis Tech, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics); Léa Marchal (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne); Amandine Aubry (Université de Normandie - CREM, UNICAEN); Jérôme Héricourt (Université Paris-Saclay - Université d'Evry & CEPS-EPEE, and CEPII) |
| Abstract: | The impact of immigration on native workers’ wages has been a long-standing debate in labour economics. This meta-analysis synthesises findings from 88 studies published between 1985 and 2023, providing a comprehensive assessment of reduced-form estimates of the wage effect of immigration. Our results align with the existing literature, showing that the average wage effect is centred around zero, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. We highlight the critical role of contexts and methodological choices in shaping wage estimates. In particular, we find that shift-share instrumental variables correct for an upward bias of the OLS. Our findings emphasise the need for replication studies and greater transparency in methodological choices |
| Keywords: | Immigration; Labour Market; Meta-Analysis; Wage |
| JEL: | C80 J61 J15 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:25010 |
| By: | Kurt J. Lavetti; Long Hong; Jonathan A. Holmes; Trevon D. Logan |
| Abstract: | To what extent is a worker's relative rank within their workplace a determinant of health status, conditional on income? We provide the first US-based evidence on the relationship between relative workplace rank and health status for the near population of workers in one US state. Using a new linkage of commercial all-payer health insurance data to administrative earnings records for workers in Utah from 2013-2015, we quantify the impact of relative workplace rank on health status, the incidence of specific chronic diseases, and racial health disparities. We show that about 70% of SES-health gradient that is commonly interpreted as an income gradient actually operates through relative rank. For an average worker, moving from the 90th to the 10th percentile of within-firm rank holding fixed income, age, location, and health insurance characteristics is associated with a 16.5% increase in morbidity. The racial segregation of jobs in the US leads minority workers to be overrepresented in lower-ranked jobs within firms, which in turn exacerbates racial health disparities. |
| JEL: | I0 I14 J0 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33514 |
| By: | Dominika Perdoch Sladká (Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University); Anna Matysiak (Interdisciplinary Center for Labour Market and Family Dynamics (LabFam), University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | As labour-replacing technologies, such as industrial robots and AI-driven automats, alter the structure of labour demand, the task content of occupations has emerged as an increasingly important indicator of socioeconomic position. This study explores how exposure to job automation influences short-term marital intentions, using data from 1, 345 respondents in the Czech Household Panel Survey (2015–2019) and occupational measures derived from the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) Database. Our findings reveal a gendered pattern: men employed in highly routine-intensive occupations—indicative of greater vulnerability to automation—are more likely to report no plans to marry. Conversely, women in similar jobs are more likely to express positive marital intentions. These results highlight how technological change not only alters labour market outcomes but also shapes demographic behaviours through the lens of gender norms. The study contributes to broader debates on the interplay between socioeconomic disadvantage and family formation, suggesting that automation may be contributing to a growing group of ‘non-marriageable’ men. As technological change continues to transform the labour markets, especially with the rise of artificial intelligence, the number of individuals at risk of both economic and relational marginalization may further expand. |
| Keywords: | task content of jobs, marital plans, marriage, gender roles, Czechia |
| JEL: | J10 J11 J12 J13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2025-13 |
| By: | Marchal, Léa; Ourens, Guzmán; Sabbadini, Giulia |
| Abstract: | We show that high-skilled immigrants earn higher wages than comparable natives in exporting firms, while low-skilled immigrants do not. Using matched employer-employee and customs data from Portugal, we document a reversal of the migrant-native wage gap among high-skilled workers in exporting firms. We develop a model with heterogeneous firms and directed search, in which high-skilled immigrants lower export costs through destination-specific knowledge. The model yields an information premium that explains the wage gap reversal. We provide evidence consistent with this mechanism using information on the origin country of the workers and the destination country of the firm's exports. Our results identify a novel channel through which trade reduces wage inequality conditional on the skill level and origin country of the employees, and provide new micro-level evidence on the role of workers in shaping firm-level internationalisation. |
| Keywords: | Export, Firm, Immigrant, Wage |
| JEL: | F14 F22 F16 J15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:316450 |
| By: | Francesco Chiocchio; Jeremy Greenwood; Nezih Guner; Karen Kopecky |
| Abstract: | At the onset of COVID-19, U.S. labor-force participation dropped by about 3 percentage points and remained below pre-pandemic levels three years later. Recovery varied across states, with slower rebounds in those more affected by the pre-pandemic opioid crisis, as measured by age-adjusted opioid overdose death rates. An event study shows that a one-standard-deviation increase in pre-COVID opioid death rates corresponds to a 0.9 percentage point decline in post-COVID labor participation. The result is not driven by differences in overall health between states. The effect of prior opioid exposure had a more significant impact on individuals without a college degree. The slow recovery in states with more opioid exposure was characterized by an increase in individuals who are not in the labor force due to disability. |
| JEL: | I12 I14 J11 J12 J21 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33717 |
| By: | Jose Barrales-Ruiz; Ivan Mendieta-Muñoz; Codrina Rada; Rudiger von Arnim |
| Abstract: | The literature on the empirical linkages between economic growth (or other measures of macroeconomic performance) and the functional distribution of income is copious on the short run. The sustained and simultaneous decline in average rates of real GDP growth and the labor share of income in the US in recent decades has led to renewed interest in the long run, in light of the hypothesis of inequality-induced secular stagnation. This paper employs a vector error correction model with time-varying parameters and stochastic volatility to estimate the long run interaction between real GDP growth, labor share and the unemployment rate. Our key result indicates that a lower labor share is associated with a decline in the growth rate - economic growth is wage-led in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Growth and distribution; stagnation; demand regime. JEL Classification: C32, E12, E25, E32, O40. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uta:papers:2025-03 |
| By: | Astghik Mavisakalyan (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Australia, and Global Labor Organization); Michael Palmer (Department of Economics, University of Western Australia Business School); Silvia Salazar (r Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Self-promotion plays a crucial role in shaping performance evaluations across various domains, yet its effects remain difficult to quantify. This paper examines how strategic self-promotion influences subjective performance assessments in high-stakes, competitive sports environments. We leverage the unique setting of professional surfing, where athletes can engage in nonverbal self-promotion by claiming a wave before receiving their score from a panel of judges. Using data from over 5, 500 waves in the World Surf League, we show that claiming significantly improves judged performance evaluations, increasing wave scores by 0.78–1.08 standard deviations (1.6–2 points on a 10 point scale). Female surfers are far less likely than their male counterparts to engage in claiming, yet they receive comparable rewards when they do. These findings provide evidence on the role of self-promotion as a strategic tool for influencing subjective evaluations of performance, and highlight gender disparities in the adoption of such behaviors, in high-stakes competitive environments. |
| Keywords: | Self-promotion, Performance evaluation, Professional surfing, Gender differences, Instrumental variables |
| JEL: | J24 J16 Z22 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:25-04 |
| By: | Guillaume Blanc; Romain Wacziarg |
| Abstract: | For most of human history, until the fertility transition, technological progress translated into larger populations, preventing sustained improvements in living standards. We argue that migration offered an escape valve from these Malthusian dynamics after the European discovery and colonization of the Americas. We document a strong relationship between fertility and migration across countries, regions, individuals, and periods, in a variety of datasets and specifications, and with different identification strategies. During the Age of Mass Migration, persistently high fertility across much of Europe created a large reservoir of surplus labor that could find better opportunities in the New World. These migrations, by relieving demographic pressures, accelerated the transition to modern growth. |
| JEL: | F22 J13 N33 O11 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33542 |
| By: | Jon Denton-Schneider; Eduardo Montero |
| Abstract: | In Latin America—the world's most unequal region—non-white rural populations disproportionately suffer from Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that causes weeks of acute symptoms and can lead to chronic heart problems decades later. We demonstrate that Brazil's post-1983 campaign to eliminate the transmission of this disease significantly reduced (racial) income inequality, the intergenerational transmission of low human capital, and burdens on the world's largest government-run health care system. Exploiting the pre-treatment presence of Chagas disease's main vector, we find that controlling this NTD increased municipalities' GDP per capita by 11.1% and reduced their Gini coefficients by 1.1% in the long run. Furthermore, averting childhood exposure to Chagas disease increased the share of non-white adults with above-median incomes by 1.4 percentage points (p.p., or 2.8%) and their children's literacy rates by 0.4 p.p. (0.5%). Coinciding with the expected reduction in chronic heart problems, we also find that public spending on circulatory disease hospital care declined by 16%, contributing to a 24% internal rate of return and an infinite marginal value of public funds. These results suggest that NTD control can improve the economic and fiscal health of developing countries while mitigating (racial) disparities and intergenerational cycles of poverty. |
| JEL: | D31 H51 I14 I15 J15 J62 O15 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33518 |
| By: | Drivas, Kyriakos; Anagnosti, Afroditi |
| Abstract: | Innovation and exports are closely related concepts that are frequently explored in the academic literature, particularly in the fields of economics, business strategy, and intellectual property management. The purpose of this paper is to explore these concepts via two complementary approaches. First, while the relationship between innovation and exports is well established, the specific contributions of different stages of innovation remain underexplored. We therefore use the principle of relatedness and examine how different stages of innovation—namely technology, market, and design activities—are related to export specialisation. The results show that technology- and market-related capabilities serve as key drivers of new export specialisation. Second, we conducted an in-depth survey of Greek inventors with the aim to identify the motives, challenges and opportunities they face throughout the complex process of patenting and valorisation. The study reveals significant differences in the patenting motivations of Greek inventors according to their affiliation. Independent inventors and university-affiliated researchers see patents primarily as tools for commercialisation, exploiting them through licensing or sales. In contrast, large companies focus on strategic patenting to protect products and block competitors. |
| Keywords: | innovation; export; patents; inventors; motives to file IPRs |
| JEL: | R14 J01 L81 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128033 |
| By: | Rudiger von Arnim; Luis Felipe Eick |
| Abstract: | Barbosa-Filho and Taylor (2006) propose a theoretical model with the Goodwin mechanism (profit-led economic activity and profit-squeeze distribution of income) that generates the Goodwin pattern (a counter-clockwise cycle in activity-labor share space), which fits data well. Stockhammer and Michell (2017) investigate a three-dimensional model in output, labor share and firms' debt, and demonstrate that the inclusion of the financial linkage produces the Goodwin pattern in simulations even if demand is not profit-led (or weakly wage-led). This paper extends neo-Goodwinian theory to include the valuation ratio q. In two different models, we corroborate that the Goodwin pattern can indeed arise in simulations without profit-led demand when a financial linkage is present. Further, the Keynesian distributive cycle theory we build on clearly distinguishes between short run (usually profit-led) cycles, and a long run (potentially wage-led) steady state. In the two models discussed here, redistribution has no steady state effects. |
| Keywords: | Goodwinian theory; cyclical growth, growth and distribution. JEL Classification: E12, E25, E32, J50. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uta:papers:2025-02 |
| By: | Brewer, Mike; Cominetti, Nye; Jenkins, Stephen P. |
| Abstract: | This report uses a newly available dataset – payroll data held by HM Revenue and Customs on over 250, 000 working-age people covering April 2014 to March 2019 – to look at monthly and weekly volatility in employee pre-tax earnings. It is one of a very few UK studies to look at high-frequency earnings volatility on a large scale, and the first do so on a sample that is representative of the population of employees in the UK. Earnings volatility will not pose problems for all workers (for example, if erratic earnings are the minority of a household’s income, or if they are the side effect of being able to take shifts that fit around other parts of a worker’s life). But unpredictable earnings can mean financial stress, difficulty planning for the future, and increased reliance on credit or social support. So understanding earnings volatility is crucial for building fairer labour markets, effective social policies, and financial security in an uncertain world. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–03–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127596 |