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on Labour Economics |
| By: | Jonathan Cohen (Amazon); Geoffrey C. Schnorr (United States Military Academy at West Point) |
| Abstract: | Approximately 10 percent of Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants in the United States are denied benefits after being deemed at-fault for their job loss by a government examiner. Using administrative data from California and an examiner leniency design, we estimate the causal effects of extending eligibility to marginally at-fault claimants—those whose job separation reason would be deemed UI-eligible by some examiners but UI-ineligible by others. Approving a marginally at-fault claimant increases UI benefits paid by over $3, 000 and lengthens the nonemployment spell by just under two weeks, but it does not decrease labor income. We combine these estimates and other relevant claimant responses to calculate the fiscal externality of expanding eligibility on this margin and find that it accounts for 16 percent of the expansion’s total cost. Using two regression kink designs in the same data, we show that other more commonly studied UI benefit expansions have significantly larger fiscal externalities. We provide suggestive evidence that lower efficiency costs for the at-fault eligibility expansion are driven by smaller responses among lower-income claimants who are disproportionately affected by at-fault eligibility criteria. |
| Keywords: | unemployment insurance, separation-based eligibility, UI claimants, UI expansions, unemployment duration |
| JEL: | H76 J64 J65 J68 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:24-404 |
| By: | Steiber, Nadia (University of Vienna); Lebedinski, Lara (University of Vienna); Liedl, Bernd (University of Vienna); Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf (Johannes Kepler University Linz) |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the literature on how parenthood affects the within-couple gender earnings gap. It examines how this 'child penalty' on women's earnings varies with the education level of both partners and the woman's relative education within the couple. Using Austrian register data on 268, 156 heterosexual couples who entered parenthood between 1990 and 2007, and an event study design that uses the couple as the unit of analysis, we examine the heterogeneity in the magnitude of the child penalty. Our stratified analyses show that the average child penalty is smaller for women in hypogamous couples, where she is more educated than her partner, than for women in homogamous or hypergamous unions, where the male partner is equally or less educated. These results are confirmed by multivariate regressions that control for compositional effects and disentangle the effects of partners' level of education from the impact of the woman's relative education within the couple. Furthermore, examining detailed educational pairings, rather than lumping couples into three broad types, reveals a larger variation in the size of the child penalty: tertiary-educated women in hypogamous unions incur substantially smaller penalties compared to all other educational pairings, while women in hypergamous unions with a tertiary-educated man face particularly large penalties. Supplementary analyses suggest that the reduced child penalties for tertiary-educated women in hypogamous unions do not reflect a selection of men with low earning potential into this union type. |
| Keywords: | child penalty, hypogamy, gender earnings gap |
| JEL: | J12 J13 J16 J22 D10 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17380 |
| By: | Gerard J. van den Berg; Sarah Bernhard; Gesine Stephan; Arne Uhlendorff (CREST, Palaiseau, France) |
| Abstract: | Integration agreements (IA) outline the efforts the jobseeker should undertake to find employment and specify the services that the caseworker would provide to assist them in their job search. The agreements include a declaration of legal consequences, and punitive benefit sanctions could be imposed based on this declaration. Recent evidence has shown that these IAs are effective for recipients of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. Using a randomized controlled trial, this paper investigates whether IAs support the integration of welfare benefit recipients into the labor market. This integration is of utmost importance from a policy and societal point of view. Newly registered recipients of means-tested benefits were randomly assigned to one of three groups, receiving either a) a standard integration agreement with the accompanying declaration of legal consequences at the beginning of the welfare spell, or b) an integration agreement without such a declaration, or c) no integration agreement within the first six months of the benefit receipt. Findings indicate that, on average, group assignment has no effect on the transition out of welfare or entry into employment. Based on a Random Forest analysis to capture heterogeneity, we find no effect by the degree of labor market prospects either. |
| Keywords: | Social assistance, unemployment, active labor market policy, field experiment |
| JEL: | J68 J64 I38 |
| Date: | 2024–11–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crs:wpaper:2024-12 |
| By: | Tommaso Giommoni; Enrico Rubolino |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of tax incentives on economic behavior within the household. We focus on an Italian tax policy that grants a large tax credit to main earners if their spouses, designated as “dependent spouses” by the tax law, report income below a certain threshold. Combining a novel administrative dataset with a bunching approach, we find that second-earner women adjust their income to benefit from the tax credit, while second-earner men do not. Second-earner women holding more conservative gender norms are the ones who mostly reduce their income. This suggests that tax policies can exacerbate economic inequalities among families and depress female labor market outcomes when they interact with entrenched gender norms. |
| Keywords: | spouse tax credit, income taxation, gender norms, bunching, household behavior, female labor supply |
| JEL: | H24 H31 J16 J12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11311 |
| By: | Mikko Silliman; Alexander Willén; Alexander L.P. Willén |
| Abstract: | This paper combines two of the most central features of modern labor markets —immigrants and unions —to examine the role of worker power in shaping immigrant sorting across firms, and how that subsequently influences the performance of firms and the careers of incumbent workers. First, unions push immigrants to enter lower-paying and lower-quality firms with weaker union representation. Second, these firms with weaker union representation are able to use the cheaper immigrant labor to scale up production, thereby out-competing firms with stronger union representation and capturing market share. Third, incumbent workers in firms with weaker union representation benefit by shifting into management positions and capturing some of the firm’s increased rents. Fourth, despite benefiting incumbent workers in firms with weaker union representation, these workers are more likely to become union members themselves in response to greater contact with new immigrants. Broadly, our results cut across nearly all sectors but are considerably more muted in competitive markets. |
| Keywords: | immigration, worker power, unions, firms |
| JEL: | J20 J30 J50 J60 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11281 |
| By: | Serdar Birinci; Yusuf Mercan; Kurt See |
| Abstract: | We examine the extent to which mismatch unemployment—excess unemployment from a mismatch between sectors where job seekers search for work and sectors where jobs are available—shaped labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery. We find that the mismatch index turned negative at the onset of the pandemic for the first time since 2000, suggesting that the efficient allocation of job seekers would involve reallocating workers toward longer-tenure and more productive jobs, even at the expense of fewer hires. We show that sectoral differences in job separations were the main driver of this result, while differences in vacancies led to a positive mismatch unemployment index during the pandemic recovery. We also establish an empirical link between mismatch unemployment and the surge in labor costs during the recovery, documenting that sectors with larger mismatch unemployment experienced higher growth in labor costs. |
| Keywords: | mismatch; reallocation; unemployment; labor shortages |
| JEL: | E24 E32 J63 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–10–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:99034 |
| By: | Ana Costa-Ramón; Ursina Schaede; Michaela Slotwinski; Anne Ardila Brenoe |
| Abstract: | The “child penalty” significantly reduces women’s lifetime earnings and pension savings, but it remains unclear whether these gaps are the deliberate result of forward-looking decisions. This paper provides novel evidence on the role of information constraints in mothers’ labor supply decisions. We first document descriptively that mothers are largely inattentive to the long-term financial consequences of reduced hours. In a large-scale field experiment that combines rich survey and administrative data, we then provide mothers with objective, individualized information about the long-run costs of reduced labor supply. The treatment increases demand for financial information and future labor supply plans, in particular among women who underestimate the long-term costs. Leveraging linked employer administrative data one year post-intervention, we observe that mothers who underestimate the long-term costs increase their labor supply by 6 percent over the mean. |
| JEL: | J16 J22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11359 |
| By: | Cai, Zhengyu; Winters, John V. |
| Abstract: | Fertility rates have fallen below replacement levels in many economies. We examine the relationship between female incomes and fertility for college graduates in the United States. Female income is likely endogenous to fertility, and candidate instrumental variables are likely imperfect. We use the Nevo and Rosen (2012) imperfect instrumental variable procedure to estimate two-sided bounds for the effect of female income on fertility. The effect of female income on fertility is unambiguously negative and non-trivial, but the magnitude is relatively small. Our results suggest that the recent fertility slowdown in the U.S. is not primarily due to higher female incomes. |
| Keywords: | fertility, children, motherhood, female income |
| JEL: | J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1516 |
| By: | Thomas Le Barbanchon (Bocconi University); Johannes Schmieder (Boston University); Andrea Weber (Central European University) |
| Abstract: | This chapter, prepared for the Handbook of Labor Economics, presents a comprehensive overview of how labor economists understand job search among the unemployed and how job search is shaped by unemployment insurance (UI) and active labor market policies (ALMP). It focuses on synthesizing key lessons from the empirical research of the last decade and presents recent novel theoretical developments. |
| Keywords: | job search, unemployment insurance, active labor market policies |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2424 |
| By: | Gabriele Lucchetti (ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin); Alessandro Ruggieri (CUNEF Universidad) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how aggregate labor market conditions affect the intragenerational assimilation of immigrants in the hosting country. Using data from the American Community Survey, we leverage variation in the forecast errors for national and local unemployment rates in the US at the time of arrival of different cohorts of immigrants to identify short- and long-run effects of recessions on their careers. We document that immigrants who enter the US when the labor market is slack face large and persistent earnings reductions: a 1 p.p. rise in the unemployment rate at the time of migration reduces annual earnings by 3.9 percent on impact and 1.4 percent after 12 years since migration, relative to the average US native. This effect is not homogeneous across migrants: males without a college education from low-income countries are the only ones who suffer a scarring effect in their assimilation path. Change in the employment composition across occupations with different skill contents is the key driver: were occupational attainment during periods of high unemployment unchanged for immigrants, assimilation in annual earnings would slow down on average by only 3 years, instead of 12. Slower assimilation costs between 1.7 and 2.5 percent of lifetime earnings to immigrants entering the US labor market when unemployment is high. |
| Keywords: | immigration, earnings assimilation, low-skill jobs, business cycle |
| JEL: | E32 J15 J31 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2421 |
| By: | Berniell, Inés (University of La Plata); Gasparini, Leonardo (Universidad Nacional de la Plata); Marchionni, Mariana (Universidad Nacional de la Plata); Viollaz, Mariana (CEDLAS-UNLP) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of economic fluctuations on social norms, specifically exploring the link between changes in unemployment and shifts in attitudes toward gender roles in the labor market. The results are not immediately obvious, as the literature suggests several potential mechanisms with conflicting outcomes. Using microdata from the World Values Survey for a panel of 103 countries that cover close to 90% of the world population, we estimate individual-level probability models of agreement with traditional gender roles over the period 1995 to 2021, including country and year fixed effects. We find that an increase in unemployment is associated to more conservative views about gender roles in the labor market. This result is remarkably robust across different groups and specifications. We also find that some contextual factors matter. In particular, the link between higher unemployment and more conservative views on gender roles is stronger in countries with, on average, higher gender inequality and lower female labor force participation. Overall, this study contributes to a growing body of research on the complex relationship between economic conditions, gender norms, and social change. |
| Keywords: | unemployment, business cycle, attitudes, social norms, gender values, gender |
| JEL: | J16 J21 J22 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17375 |
| By: | Mustafa Özer; Jan Fidrmuc |
| Abstract: | Large-scale immigration waves can have adverse effects on physical and mental health of the natives. We investigate the impact of the unprecedented influx of Syrian refugees after 2011 on the mental health of native Turks. Our results suggest that immigration may adversely affects the mental health of natives. The adverse effects, however, are conditioned by the underlying political environment: they are strong in opposition-controlled provinces but limited in areas controlled by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) of president Erdoğan. At the individual level, we observe adverse effects of immigration among married, older, less-educated, and employed women, for women with unemployed husbands, and for children with young or less-educated mothers or unemployed fathers. We believe these individual-level patterns reflect the combined effect of increased demand for health-care services and increased competition at the labor and marriage markets. |
| Keywords: | health, mental health, immigration, instrumental variable, natural experiment |
| JEL: | F22 I12 J15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11399 |
| By: | Foerster, Hanno (Boston College); Obermeier, Tim (University of Leicester); Schulz, Bastian (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how job displacement affects whom men marry and study implications for marriage market matching theory. Leveraging quasi-experimental variation from Danish establishment closures, we show that job displacement leads men to break up if matched with low-earning women and to re-match with higher earning women. We use a general search and matching model of the marriage market to derive several implications of our empirical findings: (i) husbands' and wives' incomes are substitutes rather than complements in the marriage market; (ii) our findings are hard to reconcile with one-dimensional matching, but are consistent with multidimensional matching; (iii) a substantial part of the cross-sectional correlation between spouses' incomes arises spuriously from sorting on unobserved characteristics. We highlight the relevance of our results by simulating how the effect of rising individual-level inequality on between-household inequality is shaped by marital sorting. |
| Keywords: | marriage market, sorting, search and matching, multidimensional heterogeneity |
| JEL: | D1 J12 C78 D83 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17335 |
| By: | Morien El Haj; Stijn Baert; Luc Van Ootegem; Elsy Verhofstadt; Louis Lippens (-) |
| Abstract: | Disparities in labour market outcomes between parents and non-parents arise partly from discriminatory practices. Understanding these unfair practices is essential for fostering workplace equity. Our systematic review of the literature summarises employer discrimination based on various manifestations of parenthood in multiple labour market outcomes. Unlike previous studies, our review encompasses not only motherhood but also fatherhood and the stages preceding parenthood, namely fertility and pregnancy. In terms of labour market outcomes, we consider discrimination in hiring, remuneration, promotion, and dismissal. We also focus exclusively on experimental research, enabling causal conclusions about discrimination and its underlying mechanisms. Our synthesis suggests that employers consistently penalise women in the labour market when they have children, during pregnancy, and during their fertile years. In contrast, men often experience no adverse effects or even a premium when they have children. Researchers frequently find evidence of statistical discrimination as the primary explanation for their findings. Employers appear to rely predominantly on information based on norms and stereotypes to make decisions about parents in the labour market. We offer a roadmap for academics, policymakers, and employers to map and mitigate this phenomenon in the long term. In particular, we highlight fruitful directions for future research, including (i) more broadly assessing the effects of fertility, (ii) more effectively manipulating parenthood in experiments, (iii) more frequently investigating dismissal as a labour market outcome, and (iv) more profoundly examining the mechanisms of parenthood discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Parenthood, Pregnancy, Fertility, Discrimination, Labour market outcomes, Systematic review squares, efficiency, robustness |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:24/1098 |
| By: | Abdoulaye Ndiaye; Kyle Herkenhoff; Abdoulaye Cissé; Alessandro Dell'Acqua; Ahmadou A. Mbaye |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the welfare effects associated with the provision of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits when formal workers represent only a small proportion of the labor market and informal workers can submit fraudulent claims for UI benefits. We develop a model that incorporates these features and also allows for varying degrees of enforcement and funding sources. We then estimate the model’s key parameters by conducting a custom labor force survey in Senegal. We show that the moral hazard response to the UI benefits among workers is small and their liquidity gains are large: an extra dollar of UI benefits yields a consumption-equivalent gain of 50–80 cents, which exceeds comparable U.S. estimates by a factor of 10–20. We then show that the welfare gains depend on the program design: UI funded through payroll taxes is effective and feasible as long as the ratio of formal workers to the benefit level is sufficiently high, while UI funded through consumption taxes generally offers lower welfare benefits but is more resistant to fraudulent claims. Our study highlights the welfare importance of the design of UI financing and suggests large liquidity and consumption smoothing gains of UI in contexts with high informality and potential fraud. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11271 |
| By: | Christopher S. Carpenter; Donn L. Feir; Krishna Pendakur; Casey Warman |
| Abstract: | The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors. |
| JEL: | J0 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33075 |
| By: | Bartels, Charlotte (DIW Berlin); Sierminska, Eva (Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER)); Schröder, Carsten (DIW Berlin) |
| Abstract: | There is growing interest in understanding how gender influences the accumulation of wealth. While prior studies focused on labor-related determinants, our research focuses on inheritances and gifts. Using unique survey data that oversamples the top 1% of wealth holders in Germany, we show that the gender wealth gap is small for individuals up to age 40, then widens, and declines for those past retirement age. Transfer amounts and their timing are important drivers of these differences: men tend to inherit larger sums than women during their working life. Women often outlive their male partners, thus receiving larger inheritances at older ages. |
| Keywords: | wealth accumulation, wealth inequality, gender wealth gap, inheritances, gender economics |
| JEL: | D31 D63 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17324 |
| By: | Jonas Jessen; Lavinia Kinne; Michele Battisti |
| Abstract: | Child penalties in labour market outcomes are well-documented: after childbirth, mothers' employment and earnings drop persistently compared to fathers. Beyond gender norms, a potential driver could be the loss in labour market skills due to mothers' longer employment interruptions. This paper estimates child penalties in adult cognitive skills by adapting the pseudo-panel approach to a single cross-section of 29 countries in the PIAAC dataset. We find a persistent drop in numeracy skills after childbirth for both parents between 0.13 (short-run) and 0.16 standard deviations (long-run), but no statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers. Estimates of child penalties in skills strongly depend on controlling for pre-determined characteristics, especially education. Additionally, there is no evidence for worse occupational skill matches for mothers after childbirth. Our findings suggest that changes in general labour market skills cannot explain child penalties in labour market outcomes, and that a cross-sectional estimation of child penalties can be sensitive to characteristics of the outcome variable. |
| Keywords: | Child penalty, cognitive skills, gender inequality, PIAAC |
| JEL: | I20 J13 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–11–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0052 |
| By: | Timothy J. Bartik (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides estimates that lead to better U.S. labor market definitions. Current U.S. labor market definitions—for example, metropolitan areas and commuting zones—are unsatisfactory because they are ad hoc and usually do not correspond to commonly used local planning areas. This paper proposes basing U.S. labor market definitions on how a job shock to a county affects nearby counties’ employment rates. New estimates of county spillovers are presented. Using these estimated spillovers, new multicounty labor market definitions are based on maximizing a weighted sum of total spillovers captured, versus taking the average size of within-market effects. These new “spillover-defined local labor markets” (SLMs) correspond more closely to commonly used local planning areas, and they better capture spillovers and commuting flows without becoming excessively large. |
| Keywords: | Local labor markets, commuting zones, metropolitan areas |
| JEL: | R10 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:24-407 |
| By: | Christopher R. Walters |
| Abstract: | Labor economists increasingly work in empirical contexts with large numbers of unit-specific parameters. These settings include a growing number of value-added studies measuring causal effects of individual units like firms, managers, neighborhoods, teachers, schools, doctors, hospitals, police officers, and judges. Empirical Bayes (EB) methods provide a powerful toolkit for value-added analysis. The EB approach leverages distributional information from the full population of units to refine predictions of value-added for each individual, leading to improved estimators and decision rules. This chapter offers an overview of EB methods in labor economics, focusing on properties that make EB useful for value-added studies and practical guidance for EB implementation. Applications to school value-added in Boston and employer-level discrimination in the US labor market illustrate the EB toolkit in action. |
| JEL: | C10 C11 I21 J01 J7 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33091 |
| By: | Gianni De Fraja (School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK); Jesse Matheson (School of Economics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DT, UK); Paul Mizen (King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK); James Rockey (Department of Economics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TY, UK); Shivani Taneja (Department of Economics, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK); Gregory Thwaites (School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the rise of working-from-home (WFH) affects compensation inequality. Using a novel survey, we find that the option to WFH is highly valued by workers (worth 8% of wages) but concentrated among higher earners, suggesting increased inequality. However, using a simple model where WFH and in-person workers are complements, we show that increased WFH leads to lower wages for WFH workers, potentially offsetting the benefits of WFH. Empirically, workers in WFH-capable occupations experienced 2–7% lower wage growth post-pandemic, consistent with the theory. Overall, we find no change in inequality but a substantial increase in compensation. |
| Keywords: | Remote working, Work-from-home, Inequality, Compensation, Pandemic, Perks |
| JEL: | R12 J01 H12 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shf:wpaper:2024008 |
| By: | Justin Valasek; Pauline Vorjohann; Weijia Wang; Justin Mattias Valasek |
| Abstract: | An influential subset of the literature on distributional preferences studies how preferences condition on information about workers’ characteristics, such as their relative productivity. In this study we confirm that there are default effects when such conditional fair-ness preferences are measured using the “inequality acceptance” method. Depending on the default, implemented inequality decreases by over 65% and cross-country differences are not observed. To organize the data, we develop a simple framework in which agents form a reference point based on a combination of their conditional distributional preferences and the default. We use this framework to illustrate that choice data from different defaults is needed to separately identify distributional preferences and default effects, and discuss best practices for measuring fairness preferences. |
| Keywords: | inequality, fairness, inequality acceptance, distributional preferences, default effects, experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D63 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11288 |
| By: | Nyagweta, David Tinashe |
| Abstract: | Surveys and respective research on time use and associated factors such as gender is well established, yet studies still lag on several countries in Africa. This has been a reality for Kenya which is ranked 14 and 77 on the continent and globally for in terms of Gender Gap Index. Using Kenya’s first ever nationally representative time use survey; 2021 Kenya Time Use Survey (KTUS) this study examined factors associated with time allocation towards unpaid labour, and self-care. The study reveals that despite increased female labour market participation and gender-focused policies, women still dedicate more time to unpaid work and less to personal well-being. Key factors such as marital status, education, employment, and household structure are analysed, showing significant gender disparities in time use. The findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions to address gender inequities in time use and promote well-being. |
| Keywords: | Time use; self-care; well-being |
| JEL: | J10 J16 J71 J80 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122442 |
| By: | Marco G. Palladino; Antoine Bertheau; Cesar Barreto; Dogan Gülümser; Alexander Hijzen; Anne Sophie Lassen; Balázs Muraközy; Oskar Nordström Skans |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to a better understanding of the role of bargaining and discrimination in the gender wage gap in France and four other European countries using comprehensive linked employer-employee data. The role of bargaining and discrimination is analysed by focusing on systematic differences in wage-setting practices between men and women in the same firm through the estimation of gender-specific firm wage premia. The paper provides three key insights. First, bargaining and discrimination account for only a small part of the gender wage gap in France. Second, the component of the gender wage gap that can be attributed to bargaining and discrimination is higher in high-wage firms in all countries considered. Third, cross-country differences in the importance of bargaining and discrimination in the gender wage gap reflect both systematic differences in wage-setting practices within firms and imperfections in the product market that generate persistent rents. |
| Keywords: | gender wage gap, firm wage premium, bargaining, rent-sharing |
| JEL: | J16 J31 P52 |
| Date: | 2024–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:315-en |
| By: | Mauri Kotamaki (Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland); Jonne Lehtimaki (Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of population ageing on the economic and fiscal performance of Finland, a small open economy, which has undergone a rapid and significant demographic shift since 2010. By employing the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to create a counterfactual scenario without ageing while also controlling for a major part of structural changes in the industrial and business environments, we find that in 2019, Finlandâs real GDP per capita would have been 15.9% to 27.5% higher, productivity 8.4% to 13.9% higher, and general government debt 26.0 to 28.4 percentage points lower. Our findings are further validated by an instrumental variable approach, which supports the SCM results. |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Fiscal Policy, Studies of Particular Policy Episodes, Demographic Economics |
| JEL: | E6 E61 E62 E65 J1 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tkk:dpaper:dp168 |
| By: | Sabrina T. Howell; Dean Parker; Ting Xu |
| Abstract: | The central tension in securities regulation is between protecting investors and enabling broad capital formation. Focusing on VC fund managers, we study key tools of investor protection in private markets: enforcing relationship-based fundraising and restricting eligible investors. A new policy permitting public advertising is disproportionately used by less well-networked, underrepresented fund managers and is less sensitive to local conditions. Yet it has limited take-up because track record matters at arm’s length while strong networks matter in relationship financing; underrepresented managers more often have neither. Arm’s length fundraising also imposes costs to accessing the “crowd” and verifying investors, inducing negative signaling. |
| JEL: | G21 G23 G32 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33080 |
| By: | António Afonso; M. Carmen Blanco-Arana |
| Abstract: | The gender pay gap and the gender gap in employment remains persistent in Europe despite the basic assertion of gender equality under EU law. We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across European countries. Therefore, we use an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000-2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). The main conclusions confirm that tertiary education significantly reduces gender pay gap and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita does not affect these gaps and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a narrowing of the gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. The results are robust when using a fixed effects (FE) model.. |
| Keywords: | gender pay gap, gender employment gap, secondary education, tertiary education, part-time, temporary work, GMM, European countries |
| JEL: | J00 J16 C23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11315 |