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on Labour Economics |
| By: | Diallo, Yaya; Lange, Fabian; Renée, Laetitia |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of paternity leave on the gender gap in labor market outcomes. Utilizing administrative data from Canadian tax records, we analyze the introduction of Quebec's 2006 paternity leave policy, which offers five weeks of paid leave exclusively to fathers. Using mothers and fathers of children born around the reform, we estimate how the policy impacted labor market outcomes up to 10 years following birth. The reform significantly increased fathers' uptake of parental leave and reduced their earnings immediately after the reform. However, in the medium to long-run, we find that the reform did not impact earnings, employment, or the probability of being employed in a high-wage industry for either parent. We for instance find a 95%-CI for the effect on average female earnings 3-10 years following the reform ranging from -2.2 to +1.7%. Estimates of effects on other outcomes and for males are similarly precise zeros. There is likewise no evidence that the reform changed social norms around care-taking and family responsibilities. |
| Keywords: | paternity leave, gender earnings gap |
| JEL: | J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:clefwp:304304 |
| By: | Holmberg, Johan (Department of Economics, Umeå University); Simmons, Michael (Department of Economics, Umeå University); Trapeznikova, Ija (Royal Holloway) |
| Abstract: | We use employer-employee data matched to detailed wealth records for the population of Sweden to study the relationship between initial wealth and labor market outcomes in early careers. Controlling for a detailed array of observable characteristics, including the educational major and parents' earnings before labor market entry, those with higher levels of wealth earn more. The relationship, however, is non-monotonic - the wealthiest and poorest earn less than those in the middle of the initial wealth distribution. We show that the correlation between initial wealth and average earnings in early careers is largely driven by between-firm differences, suggesting an important role for the allocation of workers across firms, and provide some descriptive evidence suggesting parental connections do not play a major role. We document several features of worker flows by parental wealth. We build a search model with on-the-job search, savings, disutility of work and heterogeneity in job destruction to understand these patterns. Providing greater benefits to workers upon labor market entry, taxed through labor income, can significantly increase wages and welfare. |
| Keywords: | earnings inequality; parental wealth; social mobility |
| JEL: | D31 E24 J62 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–10–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:1029 |
| By: | Felder, Rahel (Ruhr University Bochum); Frings, Hanna (Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (BMAS), Germany); Mittag, Nikolas (CERGE-EI) |
| Abstract: | Recent papers identify the effects of unemployment insurance and potential benefit duration (PBD) on unemployment duration and reemployment wages using quasi-experiments. To make known problems of heterogeneity in quasi-experiments tractable, they often use models of job search, but we argue that letting the data speak without restrictions remains surprisingly informative. We focus on two broad questions: How informative are the local average effects quasi-experiments identify and what can we learn about causes and mechanisms from quasi-experiments in the presence of heterogeneous treatment effects? We first line out a framework for treatment effect heterogeneity with two interdependent outcomes, such as duration and wages, and then re-examine the effects of longer PBD in Schmieder, von Wachter and Bender (2016). Local average effects become more informative when amended with other parameters identified by (quasi-) randomization: Duration effects of PBD almost exclusively prolong few long spells, which helps to explain differences between studies. Dynamic selection into reemployment timing is non-monotonic, but does not change with PBD at short durations so dynamic treatment effects are identified at short durations. For wage effects of PBD, we find neither evidence of positive effects nor meaningful heterogeneity. Even though key structural parameters are not identified because LATE confounds average effects with the covariance of first and second stage effects, the data remain informative about causes and mechanisms. A wage decomposition shows that wage loss operates through the firm fixed effect, which speaks against individual-based causes such as skill depreciation or bargaining. Using dynamic treatment effects and mediation analyses, we find PBD to affect wages even for workers who do not change unemployment duration, i.e. directly. The negative direct effect we find casts doubt on key assumptions of common models of job search. |
| Keywords: | unemployment, unemployment insurance, benefit duration, heterogeneous treatment effects |
| JEL: | J31 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17348 |
| By: | Carrasco, Raquel (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Nuevo-Chiquero, Ana (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines differences in occupational task content among women based on their sexual orientation. Using data from the American Community Survey, we find that women in same-sex couples are more likely to be employed in occupations characterized by more abstract and manual tasks, and fewer routine components. These occupations are traditionally associated with greater flexibility, accommodating career interruptions, and minimizing skill depreciation. These differences are not explained by individual or partner characteristics or by prejudice at the occupational level. Furthermore, our findings hold even after controlling for self-selection into the labor force. Heterogeneous effects by age and parental status suggest that these choices reflect long-term strategies rather than short-term responses to childbearing. This points to a complex relationship between occupational choice and fertility, influenced by the probability of labour force exit and re-entry. |
| Keywords: | sexual orientation, occupation, intended fertility, gender wage gap |
| JEL: | J15 J16 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17318 |
| By: | Barreto Otazú, César; Merkl, Christian |
| Abstract: | Our paper documents the importance of workers' ex-ante heterogeneity for labor market dynamics and for the composition of the unemployment pool. We show that workers with high wages have both lower separation rates and larger log-deviations of these separations over the business cycle than those with low wages. Thereby, more high-wage workers enter the unemployment pool in recessions, leading to a positive correlation between unemployment and the prior wage of those losing their job. Based on administrative data for Germany and two-way fixed effects, we show that worker fixed effects are key for the documented facts. We contrast our empirical results with a search and matching model with worker ex-ante productivity heterogeneity. The simulated model can replicate the empirical facts when calibrated to the measured flow rates and to the relative residual wage dispersion from the administrative data for different wage groups. It is the combination of low steady state separation rates and low residual wage dispersion for high-wage workers that generates the patterns documented in the data. |
| Keywords: | Labor Market Flows, Separations, Fixed Effects, Labor Market Dynamics |
| JEL: | E24 E32 J31 J60 J64 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwqwdp:304409 |
| By: | Steiber, Nadia (University of Vienna and Institute for Advanced Studies Vienna, Austria); Lebedinski, Lara (University of Vienna); Liedl, Bernd (University of Vienna); Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf (Johannes Kepler University, Linz and Institute for Advanced Studies Vienna, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the literature on how parenthood affects the within-couple gender earnings gap. It examines how this 'child penalty' on women's earnings varies with the education level of both partners and the woman’s relative education within the couple. Using Austrian register data on 268, 156 heterosexual couples who entered parenthood between 1990 and 2007, and an event study design that uses the couple as the unit of analysis, we examine the heterogeneity in the magnitude of the child penalty. Our stratified analyses show that the average child penalty is smaller for women in hypogamous couples, where she is more educated than her partner, than for women in homogamous or hypergamous unions, where the male partner is equally or more educated. These results are confirmed by multivariate regressions that control for compositional effects and disentangle the effects of partners' level of education from the impact of the woman's relative education within the couple. Furthermore, examining detailed educational pairings, rather than lumping couples into three broad types, reveals a larger variation in the size of the child penalty: tertiary-educated women in hypogamous unions incur substantially smaller penalties compared to all other educational pairings, while women in hypergamous unions with a tertiary-educated man face particularly large penalties. Supplementary analyses suggest that the reduced child penalties for tertiary-educated women in hypogamous unions do not reflect a selection of men with low earning potential into this union type. |
| Keywords: | Child penalty, hypogamy, gender earnings gap |
| JEL: | J12 J13 J16 J22 D10 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ihs:ihswps:number57 |
| By: | Sunyong Choi; Sunyu Ham; Yoonyoung Yang; Jon Pareliussen |
| Abstract: | This literature review examines Korea's declining fertility rate in the past few decades, seeking to understand the interactions between women's employment, fertility, and associated policies, and making findings from Korean-language literature more accessible to an international audience. It reviews studies covering the demographic process of declining birth rates, women's labour supply, gender discrimination, and the effects of family policies aimed at making it easier to combine women's employment and childbirth. Women have over time gradually moved towards prioritising work over family when facing conflicts between the two. In the decades up until around 2010 women increasingly delayed marriage and childbirth and reduced the number of children over their lifetimes, but almost all women eventually got married and had at least one child. From the 2010s, more women choose to remain unmarried or married and childless. Family policies like childcare and parental leave have not been sufficient to make work and childrearing compatible in general and have therefore not had the desired effects on fertility and female employment. The effects of policy interventions vary based on factors like women's labour market position and access to support programmes like quality childcare. The analysis indicates that until employment and motherhood can be combined in a reasonable way for most women, the alternative cost of motherhood will remain high and fertility will remain low or fall even further. |
| Keywords: | family policy, female employment, fertility, gender discrimination, population ageing, social norm, work-life balance, working condition |
| JEL: | J1 J2 J3 J8 J7 |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1825-en |
| By: | Yoonyoung Yang; Hyungjeong Hwang; Jon Pareliussen |
| Abstract: | Korea’s fertility rate fell to 0.72 children per woman over her lifetime in 2023, the lowest in the world, while surveys show that people ideally would want more children. Employment and wage gaps between men and women are among the highest in the OECD, pointing to difficulties in combining careers and motherhood as a main culprit, combined with high spending on private education and housing. Family policies, labour market structures and gender norms combine to define the career-family trade-off, but high performance in one does not necessarily make up for gaps in the other two. OECD experience can guide Korea in its efforts to improve the situation. Korea has scaled up family policies considerably and compares well with other OECD countries on many indicators, but gaps remain to bring childcare fully in line with working parents’ needs. Parental leave eligibility is restricted and take-up low for a number of reasons including low replacement rates and weak legal protection against discrimination compared to OECD best practice. The adoption of flexible working arrangements is lower and working hours remain longer in Korea than in most other OECD countries, constraining the time available for family. Labour market duality leads young people to delay career starts and family formation and weakens their financial position. Social norms assign the responsibility for caregiving to mothers and charge fathers with being breadwinners much more strongly than in the rest of the OECD. |
| Keywords: | family policy, female employment, fertility, population ageing, social norm, work-life balance, working condition |
| JEL: | J1 J2 J3 J8 |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1824-en |
| By: | Panle Jia Barwick; Siyu Chen; Chao Fu; Teng Li |
| Abstract: | Concerns over the excessive use of mobile phones, especially among youths and young adults, are growing. Leveraging administrative student data from a Chinese university merged with mobile phone records, random roommate assignments, and a policy shock that affects peers’ peers, we present, to our knowledge, the first estimates of both behavioral spillover and contextual peer effects, and the first estimates of medium-term impacts of mobile app usage on academic achievement, physical health, and labor market outcomes. App usage is contagious: a one s.d. increase in roommates’ in-college app usage raises own app usage by 4.4% on average, with substantial heterogeneity across students. App usage is detrimental to both academic performance and labor market outcomes. A one s.d. increase in own app usage reduces GPAs by 36.2% of a within-cohort-major s.d. and lowers wages by 2.3%. Roommates’ app usage exerts both direct effects (e.g., noise and disruptions) and indirect effects (via behavioral spillovers) on GPA and wage, resulting in a total negative impact of over half the size of the own usage effect. Extending China’s minors’ game restriction policy of 3 hours per week to college students would boost their initial wages by 0.7%. Using high-frequency GPS data, we identify one underlying mechanism: high app usage crowds out time in study halls and increases absences from and late arrivals at lectures. |
| JEL: | D12 D90 E24 I23 L82 L86 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33054 |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Eleanor Krause; Eva Lyubich; John Voorheis |
| Abstract: | We examine the labor market impacts of the U.S. coal industry’s decline using comprehensive administrative data on workers from 2005-2021. Coal workers most exposed to the industry’s contraction experienced substantial earnings losses, equivalent to 1.6 years of predecline wages. These losses stem from both reduced employment duration (0.37 fewer years employed) and lower annual earnings (17 percent decline) between 2012-2019, relative to similar workers less exposed to coal’s decline. Earnings reductions primarly occur when workers remain in local labor markets but are not employed in mining. While coal workers do not exhibit lower geographic mobility, relocation does not significantly mitigate their earnings losses. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-53 |
| By: | Eldar Dadon (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel); Marie Claire Villeval (CNRS, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Université Jean- Monnet Saint-Etienne, emlyon business school, GATE, 69007, Lyon, France. IZA, Bonn, Germany); Ro’i Zultan (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel) |
| Abstract: | Working for a firm engaged in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) appeals to potential workers by boosting their self-image and sense of purpose. We propose an additional mechanism: CSR signals a firm’s future treatment of workers. Our model links CSR engagement with a firm’s propensity to support workers during unforeseen times of need. Under this assumption, a potential future need of the worker leads to more firms engaging in CSR and to a higher workers’ willingness to accept lower wages. Our experiment manipulates potential future needs across treatments. While the aggregate analysis does not support our theory, exploratory analysis reveals that male workers respond as predicted, whereas female workers do not. Consistently, in a risky environment, male employers increase their CSR engagement, which raises the acceptance rate among male workers. These results do not hold for female employers and workers. |
| Keywords: | CSR, signaling, labor market, experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D83 D91 J33 J62 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:2415 |
| By: | Nathan Robbins (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between financial provision, instrumental support and union dissolution among low-income men – particularly whether men can compensate for lower income and employment levels through increased presence and availability in the home. Background: In recent years, disadvantaged fathers have expressed a determination to not only provide financially for their families, but to also “be there” for them, giving support in other instrumental ways. Little is known about the relationship between these two types of provision and the relationship they have in stabilizing or dissolving unions. Method: Using five waves (nine years) of data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (FFCWS, n = 3239), I conduct discrete-time event-history analysis to assess the probability of union dissolution among cohabiting and married couples based in relation to levels of income, division of paid labor, and instrumental support. Results: Instrumental support is highly protective against union dissolution. Odds of union dissolution were 62% lower for those with high levels of instrumental support, with a stronger association seen among married couples than cohabiting couples. Conclusion: Results suggest that no level of instrumental support can completely compensate for lower incomes and employment levels among disadvantaged fathers: both financial and instrumental support are important. |
| Keywords: | USA, dissolution of marriage, division of labor, end of union, father, household income |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-030 |
| By: | Adereth, Maya |
| Abstract: | Throughout the nineteenth century, powerful railway unions in the USA and the UK cultivated an expansive system of voluntary sickness, death, unemployment, and superannuation benefits. By the early twentieth century, the movements had diverged: while the British Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants relinquished its commitment to voluntarism in favor of state healthcare and pensions, the American Railway Brotherhoods persisted along voluntarist lines, resisting social insurance in favor of exclusive schemes for their white male membership. What accounts for these diverging orientations? I highlight the importance of organizational forms as a lens for understanding comparative trade union strategy, emphasizing the role of law in designating legitimate forms of working-class association. I demonstrate that governing elites in both countries promoted voluntarism as a benign form of working-class organization throughout much of the nineteenth century. Consequently, I argue, early American and British trade unions adopted benefits in part because they enabled them to mimic the far more respected and legitimate friendly and fraternal mutual benefit societies. Toward the end of the century, the context had changed: while alternative organizational avenues were opened for trade unions in the UK, benefits presented an ongoing organizational lifeline for American unions. In defining and redefining the boundaries of legitimate forms of workers’ associations, legal decisions in both countries shaped not only trade union organizing strategies in the short run but also their positioning in broader social struggles. |
| Keywords: | labor movements; comparative historical sociology; trade unions; welfare states; AAM requested |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–09–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125565 |
| By: | Miroslav Gabrovski; Ioannis Kospentaris; Lucie Lebeau |
| Abstract: | An increasing share of corporate loans, a critical source of firm credit, are sold off banks’ balance sheets and actively traded in a secondary over-the-counter market. We develop a microfounded equilibrium search-theoretic model with labor, credit and financial markets to explore how this secondary loan market affects the real economy, highlighting a trade-off: while the market reduces the steady-state level of unemployment by 0.6pp, it amplifies its response to a 1% productivity drop from 3.6% to 4.3%. Secondary market frictions matter significantly: eliminating them would not only reduce unemployment by 1.2pp, but also dampen its volatility down to 2.7%. |
| Keywords: | search frictions; labor market; credit markets; financial linkages; secondary loan markets; over-the-counter markets |
| JEL: | E24 E44 E51 G11 G12 G21 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–10–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:99019 |
| By: | Grant Miller; Jack Shane; C. Matthew Snipp |
| Abstract: | In contrast to earlier United States policies of open war, forcible removal, and relocation to address the “Indian Problem, ” the Dawes Act of 1887 focused on assimilation and land severalty — making American Indians citizens of the United States with individually-titled plots of land rather than members of collective tribes with communal land. Considerable scholarship shows that the consequences of the policy differed substantially from its stated goals, and by the time of its repeal in 1934, American Indians had lost two-thirds of all native land held in 1887 (86 million acres)—and nearly two-thirds of American Indians had become landless or unable to meet subsistence needs. Complementing rich qualitative history, this paper provides new quantitative evidence on the impact of the Dawes Act on mortality among American Indian children and adults. Using 1900 and 1910 U.S. population census data to study both household and tribe-level variation in allotment timing, we find that assimilation and allotment policy increased various measures of American Indian child and adult mortality from nearly 20% to as much as one third (implying a decline in life expectancy at birth of about 20%) — confirming contemporary critics’ adamant concerns about the Dawes Act. |
| JEL: | I14 I15 I18 J15 N31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33057 |
| By: | Yi Chen; Adam Dearing; Michael Waldman |
| Abstract: | A common feature of historical episodes in which integration was successful, as well as episodes where integration was unsuccessful, is the aggravated harassment of the early pathbreakers who put themselves at risk by violating the previous segregated norm. Examples abound including Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby in the case of Major League Baseball, Autherine Lucy who was the first Black student at the University of Alabama, and Jane Chastain and Melissa Ludtke who were early female sports reporters. In this paper, we explore from a theoretical perspective the role of harassment of what we refer to as integration pathbreakers in the success and speed with which integration occurs. In our model of labor market discrimination, harassment occurs because the harassers receive direct and immediate utility from harassing, but also because harassment has the potential to slow down or even stop integration. Our main result is that such a setting can exhibit path dependence, where the success or failure of the early integration pathbreakers can be pivotal for the success and speed of the subsequent integration process. That is, early success is more likely to be followed by successful and faster integration than early failure, even when the early success is not due to aspects of the environment that make integration easier. In addition to our formal theoretical analysis of the role of harassment in the success and speed of integration, we apply our results to various historical episodes. |
| JEL: | D83 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33065 |
| By: | Palmira Permata Bachtiar; Luhur Bima; Anne Shakka; Alya Sabrina Aliski |
| Keywords: | labor market information, Unemployment Benefit Scheme, public employment services, social media |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:4151 |
| By: | Philipp Ager; Francesco Cinnirella |
| Abstract: | Nineteenth-century social reformers promoted the establishment of kindergartens as a remedy for the problems associated with industrialization and immigration. Using newly collected data on historical kindergarten statistics, we evaluate the impact that the roll-out of the first kindergartens in American cities had on poor families. We find that immigrant women exposed to kindergartens significantly reduced fertility. Their offspring were more likely to attend school, they worked less at age 10-15, and they had fewer children as adults. Kindergarten exposure also helped children and mothers of non-English-speaking households to acquire English proficiency thereby illustrating the importance of kindergartens in the social integration of immigrant families. |
| Keywords: | Kindergarten Education, Immigration, Fertility Transition, Child labor, School Attendance, Social Integration. |
| JEL: | N31 J13 I25 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_604 |
| By: | Nathan Robbins (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | As couples transition into parenthood, they face many decisions regarding the division of paid and unpaid labor. A key factor in navigating these divisions is whether – and for how long – each partner takes paid parental leave. Previous studies have shown that more generous leave policies lead, in general, to more uptake of leave, but little data exists on the association between leave generosity at the household level. This study assesses the association between paid parental leave generosity on the leave-taking behavior of new parents across 23 European countries, using data from the 2018 European Union Labor Force Survey. I examine how the two key leave policy levers, time (the number of job-protected weeks available) and money (the wage-replacement rate paid), influence whether first-time parents take leave and for how long, and whether these results differ across income groups. Using multilevel regression analysis on a sample of n = 16, 161 couples, I assess the association between time, money, and a measure account for both together. Results indicate a positive relationship between generosity and uptake among both mothers and fathers, but with outcomes twice as large for fathers. I also find differences in results across income groups. The findings highlight the role of paid parental leave in promoting gender equality in household labor division, and the need. The study suggests that enhancing leave policies, especially for fathers, could encourage a more equitable sharing of parental leave and, consequently, the division of paid and unpaid labor. |
| Keywords: | European Union, United Kingdom, division of labor, family policies, parenthood |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-031 |
| By: | Elizabeth M. Jacobs (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Tom Theile (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Daniela Perrotta (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Xinyi Zhao (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Athina Anastasiadou (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Emilio Zagheni (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines gender differentials in the international migration of professionals, and how this varies by country, industry, age, and years of experience. We leverage data from LinkedIn, the largest professional networking website, to construct immigrant and emigrant Gender Gap Indexes (iGGI and eGGI). These indexes measure inflows and openness to international relocation. The findings indicate that, among LinkedIn users, the global population of immigrant professionals is at gender parity. The professional migrant population is majority-female in key destination countries like the U.S., U.K., Australia and France, as well as emerging destination countries like South Korea and Singapore. Our results show that the mobility of women migrants is driven by industries like finance, healthcare and real estate. We find evidence of positive selection among women migrant professionals in key destination countries and industries. Our results indicate that men are more open to international relocation than women, suggesting that men express higher migration aspirations, but men and women have similar rates of observed mobility. The paper makes novel contributions to the literature on migration aspirations, behavior and selectivity. Methodologically, we develop a new data set and appropriate measures to complement existing sources to study professional migration across a wide range of countries. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-037 |
| By: | Hamid Noghanibehambari; Jason Fletcher |
| Abstract: | Previous studies document the potential links between early-life insults and life-cycle outcomes. However, fewer studies examine the effects of local labor market shocks during early-life on old-age male mortality. This article empirically investigates this link using a large-scale deindustrialization as a source of shocks to local labor markets: the decline in the New England’s textile industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Consistent with prior studies, we find small impacts on migration and changes in sociodemographic composition of counties post-deindustrialization. Using Social Security Administration death records linked with historical censuses 1900-1940 and difference-in-difference event studies, we find reductions in longevity for those born in highly-exposed counties whose families are categorized as non-migrants and those residing in non-urban areas. The results suggest intent-to-treat effects of about 3.3 months while the treatment-on-treated calculations suggest reductions of about 4 years in longevity of children of affected families. Using 1950-1960 census data, we find that those born in highly-exposed counties post-deindustrialization reveal large reductions in schooling, decreases in high school completion, and significant decreases in measures of socioeconomic standing. We further discuss the policy implication of these findings. |
| JEL: | I1 I15 J1 N30 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33039 |
| By: | Michael Gilraine; James Graham; Angela Zheng |
| Abstract: | While rising house prices are known to benefit existing homeowners, we document a new channel through which house price shocks have intergenerational wealth effects. Using panel data from school zones within a large U.S. school district, we find that higher local house prices lead to improvements in local school quality, thereby increasing children's human capital and future incomes. We quantify this housing wealth channel using an overlapping generations model with neighborhood choice, spatial equilibrium, and endogenous school quality. We find that housing market shocks generate large intergenerational wealth effects that account for around one-third of total housing wealth effects. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational mobility; Intergenerational wealth effects; school quality; Neighborhood choice; House prices |
| JEL: | R23 E24 J62 I24 E21 R21 |
| Date: | 2024–10–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedmoi:98965 |
| By: | Drydakis, Nick |
| Abstract: | This study utilised longitudinal data from Black History Month events in London from 2021 to 2023. Novel findings revealed that increased inflation and Bank Rates, related to the cost-of-living crisis, were associated with greater discrimination and deteriorations in both general and mental health for Black individuals. Moreover, it was found that during the cost-of-living crisis period, i.e., 2022-2023, discrimination was more adversely related to general and mental health deterioration compared to the period before the cost-of-living crisis, i.e., 2021. In addition, women, non-native individuals, non-heterosexual individuals, the unemployed, economically inactive individuals, those with lower educational attainment, and older individuals experienced higher levels of discrimination and reduced general and mental health compared to reference groups. The findings of the study contribute to the literature by demonstrating the intertwined associations of macroeconomic deteriorations and discrimination with the health of the Black community, and its subgroup differences, providing a basis for targeted policies. |
| Keywords: | Black Community, Health, Mental Health, Discrimination, Cost-of-Living Crisis, Inflation Rate, Bank Rate |
| JEL: | E31 E32 E43 I14 J71 J15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1500 |
| By: | Cristina Belles-Obrero; Giulia La Mattina; Han Ye |
| Abstract: | The prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence (IPV) among older women are understudied. This paper documents that the incidence of IPV remains high at old ages and provides the first evidence of the impact of access to income on IPV for older women. We leverage a Mexican reform that lowered the eligibility age for a non-contributory pension and a difference-in-differences approach. Women’s eligibility for the pension increases their probability of being subjected to economic, psychological, and physical IPV. The estimated effects are found only among women in the short term and are more pronounced for women who experienced family violence in childhood and those from poorer households. Looking at potential mechanisms, we find suggestive evidence that men use violence as a tool to control women’s resources. Additionally, women reduce paid employment after becoming eligible for the pension, which may result in more time spent at home and greater exposure to violent partners. In contrast, we show that IPV does not increase when men become eligible for the non-contributory pension. |
| Keywords: | Non-contributory pension, Intimate partner violence, Retirement, Income |
| JEL: | H55 I38 J12 J26 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_602 |
| By: | Kevin S. Milligan |
| Abstract: | I develop and implement a methodology for cohort life expectancy using a panel of administrative tax data on a large sample born between 1930 and 1964. Over these 35 years, cohort life expectancy after age 54 grew by 5 years for women and 7 years for men. The income-longevity gradient for the top vs. bottom five percent of incomes is 9 years of post-54 life for men and 7 years for women. The life expectancy improvements arise across the income distribution in Canada, unlike the United States. Large differences across neighbourhoods emerge which cannot be explained by income differences alone. |
| JEL: | I14 J14 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33066 |