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on Labour Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒06‒24
24 papers chosen by |
| By: | Adam Altmejd |
| Abstract: | University graduates are two to five times as likely to hold a degree in the field that their parents graduated from. To estimate how much of this association is caused by the education choices of parents, I exploit admission thresholds to university programs in a regression discontinuity design. I study individuals who applied to Swedish universities between 1977 and 1992 and evaluate how their enrollment in different fields of study increases the probability that their children later study the same topic. I find strong causal influence. At the aggregate level, children become 73% more likely to graduate from a field that their parent has quasi-randomly enrolled in. The effect is always positive, but varies in size across fields. Engineering, medicine, social science, and business exhibit the largest effects. For these fields, parental enrollment increases child graduation rates with between 6.0 and 9.5 percentage points. I find little evidence for comparative advantage being the key driver of field inheritance. Parental field enrollment does not increase subject-specific skills in primary school, nor do labor market returns differ by access to parents with the same degree. Rather, parents seem to function as role models, making their own field choice salient. This is indicated by the fact that children are more likely to follow parents with the same gender, and that parental enrollment in gender incongruent fields is more impactful. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational transmission, fields of study |
| JEL: | I24 J62 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11113&r= |
| By: | Robert G. Valletta; Mary Yilma |
| Abstract: | We assess the effects of the historically unprecedented expansion of U.S. unemployment insurance (UI) payments during the COVID-19 pandemic. The adverse economic impacts of the pandemic, notably the pattern of job losses and earnings reductions, were disproportionately born by lower-income individuals. Focusing on household income as a broad measure of well-being, we document that UI payments almost completely offset the increase in household income inequality that otherwise would have occurred in 2020 and 2021. We also examine the impacts of the $600 increase in weekly UI benefit payments, available during part of 2020, on job search outcomes. We find that despite the very high replacement rate of lost earnings for low-wage individuals, the search disincentive effects of the enhanced UI payments were limited overall and smaller for individuals from lower-income households. These results suggest that the pandemic UI expansions improved equity but had limited consequences for economic efficiency. |
| Keywords: | unemployment insurance; covid19; inequality; income support; job search |
| JEL: | D31 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2024–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98312&r= |
| By: | Ciasullo, Ludovica (New York University); Uccioli, Martina (IZA) |
| Abstract: | We document how a change to work arrangements reduces the child penalty in labor supply for women, and that the consequent more equal distribution of household income does not translate into a more equal division of home production between mothers and fathers. The Australian 2009 Fair Work Act explicitly entitled parents of young children to request a (reasonable) change in work arrangements. Leveraging variation in the timing of the law, timing of childbirth, and the bite of the law across different occupations and industries, we establish three main results. First, the Fair Work Act was used by new mothers to reduce their weekly working hours without renouncing their permanent contract, hence maintaining a regular schedule. Second, with this work arrangement, working mothers' child penalty declined from a 47 percent drop in hours worked to a 38 percent drop. Third, while this implies a significant shift towards equality in the female- and male-shares of household income, we do not observe any changes in the female (disproportionate) share of home production. |
| Keywords: | child penalty, work arrangements, division of home production |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J18 J81 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16991&r= |
| By: | Jimena Villanueva Kiser; Riley Wilson |
| Abstract: | Exploiting variation created by Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), we document the effects of immigrant legalization on mobility investments and economic outcomes. DACA increased both geographic and job mobility of young immigrants, leading them to high paying labor markets and licensed occupations. Employing these shifts, we examine whether these gains to immigrants are offset by losses among U.S.-born workers. Employment of U.S.-born workers grows in the occupations that DACA recipients shifted into after DACA is implemented, even when controlling for local demand. Spillover estimates are consistent with worker complementarities and suggest that immigrant legalization generates broader economic benefits. |
| Keywords: | legal status, DACA, immigration, geographic mobility, job mobility, occupational licensing, local labor markets |
| JEL: | J15 K37 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11106&r= |
| By: | Benjamin G. Hyman; Brian K. Kovak; Adam Leive |
| Abstract: | Wage insurance provides income support to displaced workers who find reemployment at a lower wage. We analyze wage insurance in the context of the U.S. Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program by merging linked employer-employee Census data to TAA petitions and leveraging a discontinuity in eligibility based on worker age. Wage insurance eligibility increases short-run employment probabilities and leads to higher long-run cumulative earnings. We find shorter non-employment durations largely drive increased long-term earnings among workers eligible for wage insurance. Our results are quantitatively consistent with a standard non-stationary partial equilibrium search model. The program is self-financing even under conservative assumptions. |
| JEL: | H50 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32464&r= |
| By: | Francesco Zanetti; Mariano Kulish; James Morley; Nadine Yamout |
| Abstract: | We examine the relevance of Dutch Disease through the lens of an open-economy multisector model that features unemployment due to labor market frictions. Bayesian estimates for the model quantify the effects of both business cycle shocks and structural changes on the unemployment rate. Applying our model to the Australian economy, we find that the persistent rise in commodity prices in the 2000s led to an appreciation of the exchange rate and fall in net exports, resulting in upward pressure on unemployment due to sectoral shifts. However, this Dutch Disease effect is estimated to be quantitatively small and offset by an ongoing secular decline in the unemployment rate related to decreasing relative disutility of working in the non-tradable sector versus the tradable sector. The changes in labor supply preferences, along with shifts in household preferences towards non-tradable consumption that are akin to a process of structural transformation, makes the tradable sector more sensitive to commodity price shocks but a smaller fraction of the overall economy. We conclude that changes in commodity prices are not as relevant as other shocks or structural changes in accounting for unemployment even in a commodity-rich economy like Australia. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnn:wpaper:24-011e&r= |
| By: | Hellwagner, Timon (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Weber, Enzo (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Regensburg) |
| Abstract: | "Advanced economies will face population decline in the years and decades to come, particularly among those of working age. Yet, there is little empirical evidence of corresponding labor market implications. Tackling this shortcoming from a historical macroeconomic point of view, we compile a new dataset for sixteen advanced economies, covering demographic and labor market variables on an annual basis from 1875 to 2019. Based on a dynamic, nonlinear econometric model, we identify structural population shocks by using lagged births as external instruments for working-age population inflows and outflows, and trace the economic effects conditionally on the demographic regime. Our results suggest regime-specific differences: First, population decline quickly passes through to the labor market, translating into swifter disinvestment and decline in employment, but the effects of population growth take time. Second, in times of population decline, labor force participation increases as a response to reduced labor supply. Likewise, initially swift disinvestment tendencies decelerate. Consequently, we find only incomplete capital adjustment. Third, despite a declining labor supply, we find neither a decrease in unemployment nor any significant changes in wages as indicators of shortage. Finally, while population decline tends to depress total factor productivity, as also suggested by the literature, our results indicate that negative effects for economic growth are mitigated by increases in participation and the capital-labor ratio." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswirkungen ; Beschäftigungseffekte ; Bevölkerungsrückgang ; demografischer Wandel ; Erwerbsbeteiligung ; Industrieländer ; Arbeitslosigkeitsentwicklung ; internationaler Vergleich ; Investitionen ; Kapitalintensität ; Lohnentwicklung ; Produktivitätseffekte ; Arbeitskräfteangebot ; Wirtschaftswachstum |
| JEL: | E22 E24 J11 J21 |
| Date: | 2024–03–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202405&r= |
| By: | Braun, Sebastian Till (University of Bayreuth); Stuhler, Jan (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | Despite millions of war widows worldwide, little is known about the economic consequences of being widowed by war. We use life history data from West Germany to show that war widowhood increased women's employment immediately after World War II but led to lower employment rates later in life. War widows, therefore, carried a double burden of employment and childcare while their children were young but left the workforce when their children reached adulthood. We discuss the mechanisms contributing to this counterintuitive life-cycle pattern and examine potential spillovers to the next generation. |
| Keywords: | war widows, labor market careers, female labor force participation, World War II |
| JEL: | J16 J20 N34 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16973&r= |
| By: | Kohaut, Susanne (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg); Schnabel, Claus (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents and analyses the demise of works councils in Germany in the period 2007-2022. Using representative panel data, we show that the share of plants with a works council has fallen substantially in the private sector but not in the public sector. Almost two-thirds of workers in the private sector in Germany are not covered by worker co-determination anymore. We present first evidence that firm dynamics (i.e. entries and exits of firms) seem to be one contributory factor to the reduction in works council coverage over time. Multivariate analyses indicate that three variables play an important role in explaining the (non-)existence and the dissolution of works councils. These are plants' decreasing coverage by collective bargaining agreements, the growing relevance of alternative, non-statutory forms of worker representation, and the owner-management of a plant. As our results paint a bleak picture for the future of plant-level co-determination in Germany, we critically discuss a number of policy measures to stabilize works council prevalence. |
| Keywords: | works council, co-determination, worker participation, Germany |
| JEL: | J53 M50 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17005&r= |
| By: | David G. Blanchflower; Alex Bryson |
| Abstract: | We examine union-non-union differentials in wages and hours in the United States over the last 50 years using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The regression-adjusted difference between union members’ and non-members’ hourly earnings has been falling since the Great Recession. The union differential in weekly wages has been more stable. Although it fell by around 5 log points during COVID it remains 15 log points. This weekly earnings differential arises from both a higher hourly wage of around 10 log points and longer working hours (5 log points). The working hours differential partly reflects unions’ ability to tackle under-employment, such that union workers work closer to the hours they desire than their non-union counterparts. The traditional focus on hourly wage differentials underplays the important role trade unions play in maintaining members’ weekly earnings by ensuring workers receive the paid hours they desire. |
| JEL: | J22 J51 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32471&r= |
| By: | Chiara Maria Zisler; Eric Bettinger; Uschi Backes-Gellner |
| Abstract: | Given the increase in global refugee and migration flows and the severe labor shortages in host countries, actively helping refugees enter the labor market constitutes a critical solution for both challenges. This paper analyzes the effect of targeted training programs for refugees on their labor market and social integration. Using a quasi-experimental approach, we investigate a Swiss IT and coding bootcamp that combines occupational skills training with workplace-based cultural skills training (i.e., implicit skills that can be learned only through work experience). By matching individual survey data with detailed records from the program application process, we compare the labor market and social integration outcomes of program applicants around the admission threshold. Results for this quasi-random sample of applicants show that program participation significantly increases labor market outcomes compared to non-participation within the first three years after program graduation. |
| Keywords: | Refugees, Labor market integration, Skills training, Natural experiment |
| JEL: | J61 M53 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0218&r= |
| By: | Postepska, Agnieszka (University of Groningen); Voloshyna, Anastasiia (University of Groningen) |
| Abstract: | Following the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine on 24th February 2022, over a quarter of the Ukrainian population became displaced, with many seeking refuge across Europe. Czechia emerged as a key destination, granting Temporary Protection to approximately 433 thousand Ukrainians by the end of 2022, thus sheltering the highest per capita number of Ukrainian refugees worldwide. The swift enactment of the Lex Ukraine Act granted the refugees benefits typically reserved for permanent residents, such as unrestricted access to the labour market. This led to a notable increase in the number of Ukrainians officially employed and expanding Czechia's workforce. Using individual micro-level data from sixteen waves of the Labour Force Sample Survey (LFSS), collected between the 1st quarter of 2019 and the 4th quarter of 2022, we examine the short-term impact of the influx of the Ukrainian refugees on the labour market outcomes of locals in Czechia. Using several empirical strategies, including a two-way fixed effects model (TWFE), extensions to the canonical difference in differences (DiD) estimator, and matching on selective characteristics of individuals/districts and pre-treatment trends, we find consistent evidence that the influx of refugees had no economically meaningful impact on employment, unemployment, or inactivity rates within the local population, regardless of gender, educational level, or industry, noting that we find small negative effects on employment and positive effects on unemployment in sectors that experienced the largest influx of workers. However, we treat these results with caution due to the small sample sizes. Most importantly, we find consistent evidence of an increase in weekly working hours among local females in treated districts. This increase is primarily driven by workers with secondary education employed in the most affected sectors. |
| Keywords: | Ukrainian refugees, immigrants, local labour market, labour supply |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J21 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16965&r= |
| By: | Coskun, Sena (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Dauth, Wolfgang (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Gartner, Hermann (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Stops, Michael (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Weber, Enzo (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Regensburg) |
| Abstract: | "This paper examines how the shift towards working from home during and after the Covid-19 pandemic shapes the way how labor market and locality choices interact. For our analysis, we combine large administrative data on employment biographies in Germany and a new working from home potential indicator based on comprehensive data on working conditions across occupations. We find that in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, the distance between workplace and residence has increased more strongly for workers in occupations that can be done from home: The association of working from home potential and work-home distance increased significantly since 2021 as compared to a stable pattern before. The effect is much larger for new jobs, suggesting that people match to jobs with high working from home potential that are further away than before the pandemic. Most of this effect stems from jobs in big cities, which indicates that working from home alleviates constraints by tight housing markets. We find no significant evidence that commuting patterns changed more strongly for women than for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Pandemie ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswirkungen ; Berufsgruppe ; Entwicklung ; geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren ; abhängig Beschäftigte ; Integrierte Erwerbsbiografien ; Integrierte Erwerbsbiografien ; Pendelwanderung ; regionale Verteilung ; regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Stadtregion ; Telearbeit ; Wohnsituation ; Arbeitsplatzwechsel ; Arbeitsweg ; 2016-2022 |
| JEL: | J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202406&r= |
| By: | Weber, Enzo (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Regensburg) |
| Abstract: | "On the labour markets, recent decades were characterised by structural supply-side reforms in many countries. Following its hawkish reforms from the 2000s, Germany has recently made a dovish turnaround. Conditions in basic income support for unemployed became more generous. Before, a temporary moratorium on sanctions had been imposed, providing a unique policy shift. We analyse the short-run consequences for job findings, building on large administrative data and a novel control group approach. The moratorium dampened job findings by four percent and the subsequent benefit reform by almost six percent in the first year. Other factors played a still larger role for the recent weakening of job findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| JEL: | J20 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202407&r= |
| By: | Villena-Roldán, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | In emerging economies, policymakers should care not only about the informality level but also about its persistence, which also has key welfare implications. Considering worker flows that drive people into informality is important for developing effective public policies. Using a Markov representation of worker flows and correcting for time aggregation, I find low persistence of informality in Chile, implying an average duration of nearly 3.5 months, and estimate the contributions of labor market transitions among formality, informality, unemployment, and inactivity. The flow into informality from unemployment is the main force accounting for persistence, which suggests that informality is a temporary shelter from joblessness. I also find informality persistence is higher for females, young workers, and tertiary-educated individuals |
| Keywords: | Informality, unemployment, transition rates, time-aggregation bias |
| JEL: | E24 J46 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120868&r= |
| By: | Catherine C. Eckel (Texas A&M University); Lata Gangadharan (Monash University); Philip J. Grossman (Monash University); Miranda Lambert (Texas A&M University); Nina Xue (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of the institutional setting on the gender leadership gap. Motivating our study is the belief that women shy away from competitive environments and tend to prefer cooperative environments. We design an experiment using a modified Centipede game to test whether leaders can foster cooperation under two incentive schemes: competitive (“winner takes all”) versus cooperative (equal earnings distribution). The leader, whose gender is revealed, sends a message providing strategic advice to their group. We find that male and female leaders are similarly effective in enhancing efficiency and are anticipated to perform equivalently. However, in the competitive context, a gender gap emerges: Female leaders receive lower evaluations than male leaders for offering identical advice. Interestingly, this bias is not observed in the cooperative context, suggesting that the congruence of the environment with gender stereotypes has important implications for leadership evaluations. Randomly-selected female leaders are evaluated 50% higher in a cooperative, as compared to a competitive environment. Thus, achieving gender equality in leadership requires careful attention to the institutional design of organizations. Notably, men consistently demonstrate a higher propensity to lead, regardless of the surrounding context. |
| Keywords: | gender, leadership, institutional environment, evaluation, experiment |
| JEL: | C92 J16 J71 M14 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-10&r= |
| By: | Valasek, Justin (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Vorjohann, Pauline (University of Exeter Business School); Wang, Weijia (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | An influential subset of the literature on distributional preferences studies how preferences condition on characteristics such as workers' relative productivity. In this study we establish that there are default effects when such conditional fairness preferences are measured using the "inequality acceptance" method. Depending on the default, implemented inequality decreases by over 65% and cross-country differences are not observed. To organize the data, we develop a simple framework in which agents form a reference point based on a combination of the distribution suggested by their fairness ideal and the default. We use this framework to illustrate that choice data from different defaults is needed to separately identify the fairness ideal and effect of the default, and discuss best practices for measuring fairness preferences. |
| Keywords: | inequality; fairness; inequality acceptance; default effects; experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D63 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–06–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2024_009&r= |
| By: | Katherine B Coffman (Harvard Business School); Lucas Coffman (Boston College); Keith Marzilli Ericson (Boston University Questrom School of Business) |
| Abstract: | Economics research has largely overlooked non-binary individuals. We aim to jump-start the literature by providing data on several economically-important beliefs and preferences. Among many results, non-binary individuals report more gender- based discrimination and express different career and life aspirations, including less desire for children. Anti-non-binary sentiment is stronger than anti-LGBT sentiment, and strongest among men. Non-binary respondents report lower assertiveness than men and women, and their social preferences are similar to men’s and less prosocial than women’s, with age an important moderator. Elicited beliefs reveal inaccurate stereotypes as people often mistake the direction of group differences or exaggerate their size. |
| Keywords: | Gender differences, Non-binary gender, Experiments, Labor |
| JEL: | C90 D10 J10 |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1074&r= |
| By: | Baskaran, Thushyanthan (Ruhr University Bochum); Hessami, Zohal (Ruhr University Bochum); Schirner, Sebastian (Ruhr University Bochum) |
| Abstract: | Do young politicians prioritize other types of municipal spending than old politicians? We study this question using hand-collected candidate-level data on municipal elections (1996-2020), along with detailed administrative data on municipal spending in Bavaria. Our identification strategy makes use of within-party candidate-level races for marginal seats. Our findings indicate that municipalities with a higher proportion of young councilors allocate more resources to social spending. Further analysis reveals that this social spending increase is primarily driven by the expansion of public child care. Exploring mechanisms, we find evidence suggesting that young councilors affect policy choices in- directly through between- and within-party bargaining. |
| Keywords: | young and old politicians, political selection, municipal spending, local councils |
| JEL: | D72 D78 H70 H72 J13 J14 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17009&r= |
| By: | Hasager, Linea (University of Copenhagen); Jørgensen, Mia (Danmarks Nationalbank) |
| Abstract: | Does living in a low-income neighborhood have negative health consequences? We document causal neighborhood effects on health by exploiting a Spatial Dispersal Policy that quasi-randomly resettled refugees across neighborhoods from 1986 to 1998. Refugees allocated to low-income neighborhoods had a 12 percent higher risk of having developed a lifestyle related disease 8 to 15 years after immigration compared with those allocated to high-income neighborhoods. Our results suggest that interaction with neighbors and the characteristics of the immediate environment are important determinants for health outcomes. Differences in health care access, ethnic networks, and individual labor market outcomes cannot explain our findings. |
| Keywords: | health inequality, Refugee Dispersal Policy, lifestyle related diseases, neighborhood effects |
| JEL: | J15 I12 I14 I31 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16949&r= |
| By: | Raffi E. Garcia; Alberto Ortega |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of local racial demonstrations, such as Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests, and the subsequent racial justice movement following the death of George Floyd on racial disparities in Paycheck Protection Program loan disbursements to small businesses. Using difference-in-differences and event-study methodologies, we find that local racial protests improved credit access for Black business owners. Additionally, the increased social media and public attention following Floyd's death affected the public perception of racial equity issues, resulting in a positive moderating effect on the loan amounts distributed to Black owners relative to other racial-ethnic groups. Our findings indicate that both implicit and explicit racial bias decreased after Floyd’s death, including finance occupations. |
| JEL: | G20 G28 G40 J15 J7 L26 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32477&r= |
| By: | Jana Schuetz; Virginia Sondergeld; Insa Weilage |
| Abstract: | We contribute to the research on gender representation in economics by documenting the share of women among economists in a variety of leadership positions in the academic, but also in the private and public sectors, both globally and by region. For the years 2019 to 2023, we find women economists’ representation overall to be low in all sectors and no clear-cut trends over time. In academia, we find women’s representation to be highest in Africa and Oceania, an observation that previous studies could not show so far as they analysed global top departments and thus mechanically focused on North America and Europe. Also for the public sector, we highlight significant regional discrepancies. |
| Keywords: | Female representation, gender equality, women in economics |
| JEL: | A11 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2076&r= |
| By: | Jan K. Brueckner |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the urban impacts of hybrid WFH in the simplest possible model, relying on Leontief utility and production functions and other simplifying assumptions. The analysis shows that introduction of WFH raises both the wage and land consumption of households while shrinking the size of the business district and reducing business land rent. When WFH requires home work-space, the city’s overall spatial size increases, with residential rents rising in the suburbs while falling near the center. The decline in business rent and the rotation of the residential rent contour match empirical evidence showing that WFH reduces office-building values and flattens the residential rent gradient. |
| Keywords: | work from home, cities, commuting, land rents, productivity |
| JEL: | R14 R31 J01 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11121&r= |
| By: | Suzana Hardy; Tom Shraepen |
| Abstract: | Despite European Union efforts to fight discrimination as part of its Union of Equality strategies, it is difficult to analyse discrimination in EU Member States given the scarcity of official data sources. This paper uses new survey data to examine discrimination against people from racialised communities, LGBTIQ+ people, persons with disability and religious minorities. It explores the role discrimination plays in driving well-being gaps between at-risk groups and the majority of the population. Discrimination, particularly when it occurs frequently, is associated with severe effects across many aspects of people’s lives – constraining income-earning opportunities, exacerbating housing and financial stress, subjecting people to violence, fear and low self-esteem, and contributing to mental ill health. These consequences come at a huge personal cost to the individuals directly affected and to society as a whole. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, inclusion, social cohesion, well-being |
| JEL: | D63 I31 J14 J15 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–06–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:wiseaa:26-en&r= |