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on Labour Economics |
| By: | Marcin Bielecki; Marcin Kolasa; Paweł Kopiec |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of labor market institutions (LMIs) in a general equilibrium model with search and matching frictions, endogenous separations, nominal rigidities, and uninsurable unemployment risk. By contrasting the US and EA, which are characterized by different degrees of employment protection and unemployment insurance schemes, we show that these LMIs have important implications for the transmission of standard aggregate demand and (even more so) supply shocks. In particular, if US unemployment benefits were increased during recessions to the levels typically observed in the EA, fluctuations in employment could be significantly reduced, bringing the outcomes close to the case of full unemployment insurance assumed by representative agent models. Similar effects can be obtained by subsidizing wages or introducing partial employment protection during recessions, especially if these are driven by changes in aggregate productivity. |
| Keywords: | labor market institutions, search and matching, heterogeneous agents, unemployment risk, general equilibrium |
| JEL: | D52 E21 E24 E32 J64 J68 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgh:kaewps:2023096&r=lab |
| By: | Herman, Uroš (Aix-Marseille University); Lozej, Matija (Central Bank of Ireland) |
| Abstract: | This paper first provides empirical evidence that labour market outcomes for the less educated, who also tend to be poorer, are substantially more volatile than those for the well-educated, who tend to be richer. We estimate job finding rates and separation rates by educational attainment for several European countries and find that job finding rates are smaller and separation rates larger at lower educational attainment levels. At cyclical frequencies, fluctuations of the job finding rate explain up to 80% of unemployment fluctuations for the less educated. We then construct a stylised HANK model augmented with search and matching and ex-ante heterogeneity in terms of educational attainment. We show that monetary policy has stronger effects when the job market for the less educated and, hence, poorer is more volatile. The reason is that these workers have the most procyclical income coupled with the highest marginal propensity to consume. An expansionary monetary policy shock that increases labour demand disproportionally affects the labour market segment for the less educated, causing a strong increase in consumption. This further amplifies labour demand and increases labour income of the poor even more, amplifying the initial effect. The same mechanism carries over to forward guidance. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneous agents, Search and matching, Monetary policy, Business cycles, Employment. |
| JEL: | E40 E52 J64 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:wpaper:10/rt/23&r=lab |
| By: | Esposito, P.; Mendolia, S.; Scicchitano, S.; Tealdi, C. |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the effect of working-from home (WFH) on job satisfaction. We use longitudinal data from Italy to estimate a difference-in-differences model, in which the treatment group includes individuals who transitioned to remote work in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and continued to work from home in 2021. We perform the analysis, which extends to various aspects of self-reported job satisfaction, by gender and personality traits as per the Big-Five framework, encompassing Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Our findings reveal that WFH exhibits a positive influence on job satisfaction, albeit exclusively among women, and with some heterogeneity, depending on personal characteristics. Specifically, this effect seems more noticeable in women characterized by elevated Openness to Experience, whereas those with heightened conscientiousness or neuroticism levels tend to experience less satisfaction when working remotely. |
| Keywords: | remote working, difference in differences, longitudinal analysis, gender differences, Big-Five framework |
| JEL: | J28 J81 J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1382&r=lab |
| By: | Josten, Cecily; Lordan, Grace |
| Abstract: | This study tests whether personality traits are legitimately rewarded in the labour market or whether there are differing rewards across gender that cannot be explained with productivity. We investigate if personality traits affect the likelihood of making it to the top income quintile within an occupation differently by gender using UK Household Longitudinal data. We find that being agreeable hurts men more than women across a majority of occupations, which points at the role of gender norms for wages. Further, female legislators and senior officials who are conscientious, extraverted, neurotic and open are more likely to be among the top earners than men. Other than that, we find small gender differences in personality rewards. |
| Keywords: | personality traits; agreeableness; Big Five; labor market; earnings; gender wage gap |
| JEL: | J16 J24 J31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121448&r=lab |
| By: | Amior, Michael (Hebrew University, Jerusalem); Stuhler, Jan (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | We argue that the arrival of immigrants with low reservation wages can strengthen the monopsony power of firms. Firms can exploit "cheap" migrant labor by offering lower wages, though at the cost of forgoing potential native hires who demand higher wages. This monopsonistic trade-off can lead to large negative effects on native employment, which exceed those in competitive models, and which are concentrated among low-paying firms. To validate these predictions, we study changes in wage premia and employment across the firm pay distribution, during a large immigration wave in Germany. These adverse effects are not inevitable, and may be ameliorated through policies which constrain firms' monopsony power over migrants. |
| Keywords: | immigration, monopsony, firms |
| JEL: | J31 J42 J61 J64 J11 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16692&r=lab |
| By: | Alexander Coutts (York University); Boon Han Koh (University of Exeter); Zahra Murad (University of Portsmouth) |
| Abstract: | Feedback is a vital tool used by organizations and educators to improve performance, spark learning, and foster individual growth. Yet, anecdotal evidence suggests that many individuals are hesitant to provide others with feedback. Moreover, gender biases may influence its provision, with consequences for the representation of women in leadership and com- petitive professions. We study feedback provision under different conditions that vary the nature of performance signals, how instrumental they are for decision making, and gender of the recipient. Our results reveal that a substantial degree of feedback is withheld by advisors. Moreover, advisors are more likely to shield women from negative feedback in conditions characterized both by a lack of complete information about performance, and feedback that is not immediately instrumental for their decision-making. This effect is driven by male advisors. Our findings showcase how gender differences can arise in feedback provision, and highlight when these differences may be more likely to appear. |
| Keywords: | Feedback Provision; Gender; Ego/Belief Utility; Competitiveness; Discrimination |
| JEL: | C90 D83 D91 J16 M54 |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pbs:ecofin:2024-02&r=lab |
| By: | Ahrens, Achim (ETH Zurich); Hansen, Christian B. (University of Chicago); Schaffer, Mark E (Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh); Wiemann, Thomas (University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses pairing double/debiased machine learning (DDML) with stacking, a model averaging method for combining multiple candidate learners, to estimate structural parameters. We introduce two new stacking approaches for DDML: short-stacking exploits the cross-fitting step of DDML to substantially reduce the computational burden and pooled stacking enforces common stacking weights over cross-fitting folds. Using calibrated simulation studies and two applications estimating gender gaps in citations and wages, we show that DDML with stacking is more robust to partially unknown functional forms than common alternative approaches based on single pre-selected learners. We provide Stata and R software implementing our proposals. |
| Keywords: | causal inference, partially linear model, high-dimensional models, super learners, nonparametric estimation |
| JEL: | C21 C26 C52 C55 J01 J08 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16714&r=lab |
| By: | Merouani, Youssouf (Department of Economic History, Lund University); Perrin, Faustine (Department of Economic History, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | The gender patenting gap is well-established and is wide. Despite important progress made over the past decades, the gap remains. Why are women underrepresented in patenting activities? What are the roots of the gender patenting gap? How did the gap evolve since the ‘modern’ patenting system was established? Our knowledge of women’s contribution to innovative activities in the past is extremely scarce. We build an original dataset covering the entirety of French patents to investigate the extent to which women patented relative to men in France during the long nineteenth century and explores the factors behind the historical gender patenting gap. We find that despite the absence of scientific and technical education opportunities for women and the presence of institutional barriers, women, including those who were married, took an active part in the innovation process. The empirical analysis conducted in the paper suggests that explanations of the origins and persistence of the gender patenting gap have to be found outside of the patent system itself. |
| Keywords: | Patent; Innovation; Gender; Women; Nineteenth Century; France |
| JEL: | J16 N33 O30 |
| Date: | 2024–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luekhi:0255&r=lab |
| By: | Francesco Agostinelli (University of Pennsylvania); Domenico Ferraro (Arizona State University); Xincheng Qiu (Arizona State University); Giuseppe Sorrenti (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the mechanisms and the extent to which parental wage risk passes through to children’s skill development. Through a quantitative dynamic labor supply model in which two parents choose whether to work short or long hours or not work at all, time spent with children, and child-related expenditures, we find that income risk impacts skill accumulation, permanently lowering children’s skill levels. To the extent that making up for cognitive skill losses during childhood is hard—as available evidence suggests—uninsurable income risk can negatively impact the labor market prospects of future generations. |
| Keywords: | wage risk, household labor supply, Child Development, social insurance |
| JEL: | D10 J13 J22 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2024-002&r=lab |
| By: | Maczulskij, Terhi; Kanninen, Ohto; Karhunen, Hannu; Tahvonen, Ossi |
| Abstract: | Abstract The paper investigates the impact of involuntary job loss on severe debt problems in Finland, where up to 50% of income may be subject to wage garnishment for 25 years. We use linked employer-employee data combined with unique administrative records covering debt enforcements from 2007 to 2018. Our event study analysis uncovers a robust and persistent impact of job loss, characterized by plant closures and mass layoffs, on debt-related challenges. Specifically, displaced workers have a 5% higher likelihood of enforced debts in the year of displacement compared to the control group. This effect increases, peaking at 16% four years post-displacement and maintaining a substantial level of roughly 10% nine years afterwards. Effects are particularly large for unpaid taxes, penal orders and fines, while job loss demonstrates only a modest impact on unpaid social or healthcare payments and alimonies. Moreover, these effects are more profound among males, less educated, and individuals already burdened with excessive debt, such as mortgages, prior to displacement. |
| Keywords: | Default, Debt enforcement, Involuntary job loss, Employer-employee data |
| JEL: | D14 G51 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:wpaper:115&r=lab |
| By: | Jennifer Feichtmayer; Regina T. Riphahn |
| Abstract: | We study the intergenerational transmission of welfare benefit receipt in Germany. We first describe the correlation between welfare receipt experienced in the parental household and subsequent own welfare receipt of young adults. In a second step, we investigate whether the observed correlations reflect causal effects of past welfare experience. We use family fixed effects estimations and Gottschalk's (1996) approach and take advantage of the long-running German Socio-Economic Panel Survey to contribute to a sparse literature. We find strong positive correlations between parental and own welfare receipt. These patterns do, however, not persist after controlling for unobserved heterogeneities. Therefore, our results suggest that the strong intergenerational correlation of welfare benefit receipt is determined by family background rather than by the experience of parental welfare benefit receipt. |
| Keywords: | welfare, social assistance, intergenerational mobility, causal effect, family fixed effects, Gottschalk estimator |
| JEL: | I32 I38 J62 C36 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1201&r=lab |
| By: | Daniel Tuki (Research Fellow, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This study examined the effect of gender on migration aspirations in the states of Kaduna and Edo, which are in Nigeria’s Northern and Southern Regions respectively. The regression results showed that, in Kaduna, the effect of gender on migration aspirations was moderated by marital status: being female and married lowered migration aspirations. When I shifted the focus of the analysis to the concrete plans made to emigrate to another country, I found that being female lowered the probability of making international emigration plans. The effect was direct. These results may be explained by the patriarchal nature of society in Kaduna and the salience of gender norms: women are expected to be homemakers, and this attenuates their migration aspirations. In Edo, females did not differ from males in terms of migration aspirations; however, being female in a wealthy household reduced the probability of making international emigration plans. This suggests that households allocate more resources toward men’s emigration plans than those of women. Being female and married increased the probability of making international emigration plans. The emigration plans of married women might be associational—i.e., tied to their husbands’ emigration plans or driven by the desire to reunite with their husbands who have already emigrated. |
| Keywords: | Gender, norms, Migration aspirations, Emigration plan, Kaduna, Edo, Nigeria |
| JEL: | F22 J16 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:408&r=lab |
| By: | Alessandra Casarico; Jana Schuetz; Silke Uebelmesser |
| Abstract: | We conduct a survey experiment with four thousand German respondents and provide information on two measures of gender inequality, separately or jointly: the gender gap in earnings and the gender gap in pensions. We analyze the effect of information provision on respondents’ views on the importance of reducing gender inequality and on their agreement with the adoption of policies targeted at different stages of the life cycle and aimed at reducing the gaps. We find that providing information on both gaps changes perceptions of the importance of reducing gender inequality and adopting policy measures to this end. Information on only one gap tends to have insignificant effects. By exploring the mechanisms behind our results, we provide insights into the importance of individual views on female disadvantages in the labor market, personal experience of inequality, and social norms as correlates of preferences for reducing gender inequality and policy interventions. We also show that information provision has larger effects on women and young respondents, while treatment effects do not differ by political leaning. These individual characteristics also relate to differences in identifying causes of gender inequality. |
| Keywords: | gender earnings, gap, gender pension gap, gender inequality, survey experiment, information provision, policy preferences |
| JEL: | C90 D63 J16 J38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10916&r=lab |
| By: | Federico Carril-Caccia (University of Granada); Ana Cuadros (Universitat Jaume I and Institute of International Economics); Jordi Paniagua (University of Valencia, Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effect of increasing the share of female migrants on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). We develop a model that introduces gendered labor and discrimination into a structural model of FDI. Our estimates reveal that the increasing feminization of the immigrant labor force is positively associated with FDI. Furthermore, the model drives the quantification of the elasticity of substitution (EoS) between male and female labor for 27 OECD countries (1.3 on average) and three job types: managers (3.2), professionals (2.1), and non-qualified workers (6.0). The EoS is lower in countries with small gender gaps (e.g., 0.3 in Sweden) than in countries with large gender gaps (e.g., 6.1 in Mexico). Our analysis offers novel perspectives on the impacts of migration and the potential implications of policies targeted at enhancing female workforce participation. |
| Keywords: | FDI, migration, elasticity of substitution, gender, discrimination |
| JEL: | F21 F22 F23 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2402&r=lab |
| By: | Upward, Richard; Wright, Peter |
| Abstract: | We provide new evidence on the effects of economic shocks on political support, voting behaviour and political opinions over the last 25 years. We exploit a sudden, large and long-lasting shock in the form of job loss and trace out its impact on individual political outcomes for up to 10 years after the event. The availability of detailed information on households before and after the job loss event allows us to reweight a comparison group to closely mimic the job losers in terms of their observable characteristics, pre-existing political support and voting behaviour. We find consistent, long-lasting but quantitatively small effects on support and votes for the incumbent party, and short-lived effects on political engagement. We find limited impact on the support for fringe or populist parties. In the context of Brexit, opposition to the EU was much higher amongst those who lost their jobs, but this was largely due to pre-existing differences which were not exacerbated by the job loss event itself. |
| Keywords: | job loss, political support, voting |
| JEL: | C21 C23 D72 J63 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:281194&r=lab |
| By: | Uwe Jirjahn |
| Abstract: | This chapter reviews research on the linkages between corporate globalization and worker representation. Studies have identified various transmission channels through which the activities of foreign multinational companies (MNCs) affect host-country institutions of union and non-union representation. First, countries compete for inbound foreign direct investment (FDI) and the ability to attract FDI depends among others on a country's industrial relations system. Second, once foreign MNCs have invested in a host country, they exert an influence on the country's institutions of worker representation through how their affiliates adapt to those institutions or tend to avoid them. Third, the affiliates of foreign MNCs affect the bargaining power of host-country worker organizations. Fourth, foreign affiliates have an impact on labor conflicts and the quality of industrial relations. Altogether, the available evidence provides indications that the activities of foreign MNCs can be a challenge for worker representation within host countries. |
| Keywords: | Multinational Company, Foreign Direct Investment, Union Avoidance, Bargaining Power, Labor Conflict, Centralized Bargaining, Works Council |
| JEL: | F23 F66 J51 J52 J53 J83 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trr:wpaper:202403&r=lab |
| By: | David Escamilla-Guerrero; Andrea Papadia; Ariell Zimran |
| Abstract: | The effects of immigration are reasonably well understood in developed countries, but they are far more poorly understood in developing ones despite the importance of these countries as immigrant destinations. We address this shortcoming by studying the effects of immigration to Brazil during the Age of Mass Migration on its agricultural sector in 1920. This context benefits from the widely recognized value of historical perspective in studies of the effects of immigration. But unlike studies that focus on the United States to understand the effects of migration from poor to rich countries, our context is informative of developing countries’ experience because Brazil in this period was unique among major migrant destinations as a low-income country with a large agricultural sector and weak institutions. Instrumenting for a municipality’s immigrant share using the interaction of aggregate immigrant inflows and the expansion of Brazil’s railway network, we find that a greater immigrant share in a municipality led to an increase in farm values. We show that the bulk of the effect of immigration can be explained by more intense cultivation of land, which we attribute to temporary immigrants exerting greater labor effort than natives. Finally, we find that it is unlikely that immigration’s effect on agriculture slowed Brazil’s structural transformation. |
| Date: | 2024–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:esohwp:_211&r=lab |
| By: | Yuanchen Yang; Mr. Manuk Ghazanchyan; Silvia Granados-Ibarra; Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza |
| Abstract: | Despite its negative effects, the COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated Latin America's digitalization. The rapid increase in connectivity and digital services was helpful in mitigating the pandemic's negative impact on the labor markets, especially for those with enough flexibility to continue working from home. The shock has particularly affected women due to their household responsibilities and labor market characteristics. This paper examines how digitalization may have affected gender gaps in employment and job loss related to the COVID-19 crisis. Using a sample of Latin American countries, our findings suggest that higher levels of digitalization are associated with increased female employment and reduced job loss for both men and women. These findings hold even after controlling for factors such as child care, household chores, and the COVID-19 shock. Our results are also robust to various econometric techniques. |
| Keywords: | digitalization; female employment; growth |
| Date: | 2024–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/012&r=lab |
| By: | Nedoncelle, Clément; Marchal, Léa; Aubry, Amandine; Héricourt, Jérôme |
| Abstract: | The impact of immigration on native workers' wages has been a topic of long-standing debate. This meta-analysis reviews 42 studies published between 1987 to 2019, offering a comprehensive assessment of reduced-form estimates of the wage effect of immigration. The results confirm that immigration has a negligible effect on native wages. However, a more pronounced wage impact is observable for the U.S. and in recent years. Our analysis underscores the influence of methodological advances and increased data availability in shaping wage effect estimates. Results also highlight the role of the estimator (OLS vs. IV-2SLS, as well as the use of shift-share instruments) in determining the sign and magnitude of the estimated wage effect. |
| Keywords: | Immigration, Labour Market, Meta-Analysis, Wage |
| JEL: | C80 J61 J15 J31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kcgwps:281775&r=lab |
| By: | Uchenna, Efobi; Joseph, Ajefu |
| Abstract: | This research examines the effect of internally displaced persons (IDPs) resettlement on the anthropometric outcomes of the host community's children in Nigeria. Our identification strategy characterizes affected children based on distance heterogeneities between the household and the closest IDP camp, as well as the child's birth year. We find that children residing within a 50-kilometer radius of the settlement with birth years after the IDP settlement in their community are less likely to be underweight, stunted, or wasted. Importantly, we contend that these findings arise because mothers benefited from changes in agricultural food prices, which led to increased agricultural productivity. Furthermore, the settlement resulted in a rise in donor-related activities in their community, namely immunization campaigns. In our data, we explore these mechanisms, demonstrating a significant likelihood of mothers participating in agricultural labor versus services or other professional employment and a significant increase in vaccination intake for affected children. |
| Keywords: | Anthropometric Measures, Child Wellbeing, Forced Migration, IDPs, Nigeria, Vulnerability |
| JEL: | F35 J13 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1381&r=lab |
| By: | Julie Y. Cai (Center for Economic and Policy Research.) |
| Abstract: | One emerging but underexplored factor that is likely to contribute to group racial earnings disparity is unstable work schedules. This is often detrimental for hourly workers when volatility is frequent, involuntary, or unanticipated. Using data from 2005-2022 monthly Current Population Survey and its panel design, this study follows a group of hourly workers across a four-month period to assess whether labor market volatility relates to their financial well-being, focusing on low-wage care and service occupations as well as female workers and workers of color. The findings are threefold: In general, during economic expansion periods, nonwhite workers often benefit more in terms of wage growth compared to their white counterparts. Second, net of other characteristics, on average, greater volatility is associated with lower earnings, and this is mostly driven by those holding jobs in low-wage service sectors and health care support roles. Last, the earnings consequences of volatility vary significantly by the type of low-wage jobs a worker holds and their gender and race, but this is only true when volatility happens in a job. Specifically, when working within the same employment spell, female workers, particularly those of color and those working in low-wage service and care jobs, earn significantly less when facing greater volatility than their male counterparts or those working in non-service, non-care occupations. |
| Keywords: | earnings inequality, unstable work schedules, racial discrimination, precarious work |
| JEL: | J01 J70 E24 |
| Date: | 2024–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:thk:wpaper:inetwp217&r=lab |
| By: | Zuchowski, David |
| Abstract: | Russia's attacks against Ukraine have triggered massive and unexpected migration movements. In this paper, I examine the impact of the inflow of Ukrainians that resulted from Russia's aggression in 2014 on local migration patterns in Poland. For identification, I use an instrumental variable approach drawing on unique historical data on the forced resettlement of Ukrainians in Poland after World War II. The results show that the regional inflow of immigrants decreases both internal and international out-migration of the Polish population. I provide supportive evidence that the decrease in out-migration is due to the upscaling of local labor markets. |
| Abstract: | Die Angriffe von Russland auf die Ukraine haben massive und unerwartete Migrationsbewegungen ausgelöst. In diesem Artikel untersuche ich die Auswirkungen des Zustroms ukrainischer Arbeitskräfte infolge der russischen Aggression im Jahr 2014 auf lokale Migrationsbewegungen in Polen. Zur Identifizierung der Effekte verwende ich einen Instrumentalvariablenansatz, der sich auf einzigartige historische Daten zur Zwangsumsiedlung ukrainischer Familien in Polen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg stützt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die regionale Zuwanderung sowohl die interne als auch die internationale Abwanderung der polnischen Bevölkerung verringert. Ich finde Indizien dafür, dass dieser Rückgang der Abwanderung auf das Hochskalieren der lokalen Arbeitsmärkte zurückzuführen ist. |
| Keywords: | Migration, immigrant workers, Poland, Ukraine |
| JEL: | F22 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:281188&r=lab |
| By: | Josten, Cecily; Lordan, Grace |
| Abstract: | This study develops and validates the ‘Individual Inclusiveness Inventory’. Collaboration and inclusion are key contributors to successful work outcomes in an increasingly diverse workforce. We capture what makes an individual inclusive of others at work. We define an inclusive individual as someone who actively includes individuals in a group and encourages diversity of thought and background but still encourages the group in a way as to maximise performance and productivity. To develop the ‘Individual Inclusiveness Inventory’ we combine a deductive and inductive approach: we generate scale items based on the existing literature on inclusion and interviews with 14 experts in diversity and inclusion. The items are then reduced using exploratory factor analysis and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis in two samples of working professionals in the UK. This results in a two-factor solution where factor 1 ‘Belonging and Uniqueness’ captures the importance of fostering belonging and uniqueness at work and factor 2 ‘Challenge and Openness’ captures being open to challenge and being challenged. We test the predictive validity of the two-factor solution with respect to work outcomes. We find that ‘Challenge and Openness’ is positively related to all work outcomes studied including income. This link to productivity is intuitive for individuals who are open to challenge are also likely competitive and innovative. ‘Belonging and Uniqueness’ is positively related to the number of people managed and perceived comparative seniority and happiness. This factor is less predictive of productivity as fostering belonging and uniqueness is likely more about group outcomes or happiness. |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121449&r=lab |
| By: | Sarah McNamara (ZEW Mannheim); Guido Neidhöfer (ZEW Mannheim); Patrick Lehnert (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | We estimate intergenerational mobility of education for people born 1940-1999 at the subnational level for 40 European countries. The result is a panel of mobility indices for 105 mesoregions (NUTS1), and 215 microregions (NUTS2). We use these indices to make three contributions. First, we describe the geography of intergenerational mobility in Europe. Second, adapting a novel weighting procedure based on cohorts’ relative economic contribution, we transform cohort-linked measures into annual measures of intergenerational mobility for each region. Third, we investigate the relationship between intergenerational mobility and innovation, and find robust evidence that higher mobility is associated with increased innovation. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Mobility, Equality of Opportunity, Human Capital, Innovation, Regional Economic Performance, Europe |
| JEL: | D63 I24 J62 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2024-664&r=lab |
| By: | Bruna Borges; Gabriel Leite; Ricardo Madeira; Luis Meloni |
| Abstract: | Several programs focus on the professional development of school principals by assuming that the quality of management affects the school’s functioning and, therefore, students’ learning. However, little is known about what skills we should develop to translate better school management into proficiency. In this paper, we propose a survey instrument to measure thirteen managerial practices specifically designed to capture variations between schools within a context of scarce resources and limited autonomy. Then, we assess the impact of a school management program (Jovem de Futuro) – with proven effects on students’ proficiency – on these practices, exploiting the program’s phase-in randomization strategy. We find that receiving the program increased the overall management practices index, especially improving the schools’ evaluation processes. Analyzing each dimension separately, we observe that the program affects how principals pursue pre-established targets, use assessments to learn about student learning, identify school leaders, and attribute responsibilities to the school’s management team. |
| Keywords: | School management practices; Impact evaluation; Educational economics; Human capital |
| JEL: | I20 M10 J01 L38 |
| Date: | 2024–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2024wpecon3&r=lab |
| By: | Josten, Cecily; Krause, Helen; Lordan, Grace; Yeung, Brian |
| Abstract: | Technology is disrupting labor markets. We analyze the demand and reward for skills at occupation and state level across two time periods using job postings. First, we use principal components analysis to derive nine skills groups: ‘collaborative leader’, ‘interpersonal & organized’, ‘big data’, ‘cloud computing’, ‘programming’, ‘machine learning’, ‘research’, ‘math’ and ‘analytical’. Second, we comment on changes in the price and demand for skills over time. Third, we analyze non-linear returns to all skills groups and their interactions. We find that ‘collaborative leader’ skills become significant over time and that legacy data skills are replaced over time by innovative ones. |
| Keywords: | personality traits; agreeableness; Big Five; labor market; earnings; gender wage gap |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121450&r=lab |
| By: | Caroline Krafft (St. Catherine University); Ragui Assaad (University of Minnesota, Humphrey School of Public Affairs); Ruby Cheung (St. Catherine University) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the new Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2022, the first nationally representative survey in Sudan in almost a decade. The paper details the design of the survey, including the topics covered by this multi-purpose household survey and the complexities of the sampling strategy, which over-sampled refugees and the internally displaced. The training, fieldwork, resulting sample, and weights are described. Key demographic and labor market indicators are then compared to other, older nationally representative data sources, both to assess the validity of the SLMPS data and update our understanding of Sudan’s labor market. The rich, publicly available data of the SLMPS provide substantial opportunities for researchers to better understand the evolution of Sudan’s labor market, economy, and society. |
| Keywords: | survey, public use data, labor market, sample weights, Sudan |
| JEL: | J00 C81 C83 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:406&r=lab |
| By: | Jesús Fernández-Villaverde (University of Pennsylvania); Gustavo Ventura (Arizona State University); Wen Yao (Tsinghua University) |
| Abstract: | Due to population aging, GDP growth per capita and GDP growth per working-age adult have become quite different among many advanced economies over the last several decades. Countries whose GDP growth per capita performance has been lackluster, like Japan, have done surprisingly well in terms of GDP growth per working-age adult. Indeed, from 1998 to 2019, Japan has grown slightly faster than the U.S. in terms of per working-age adult: an accumulated 31.9% vs. 29.5%. Furthermore, many advanced economies appear to be on parallel balanced growth trajectories in terms of working-age adults despite important differences in levels. Motivated by this observation, we calibrate a standard neoclassical growth model in which the growth of the working-age adult population varies in line with the data for each economy. Despite the underlying demographic differences, the calibrated model tracks output per working-age adult in most economies of our sample. Our results imply that the growth behavior of mature, aging economies is not puzzling from a theoretical perspective. |
| Keywords: | Demographics, Growth, Developed Economies |
| JEL: | E2 J1 |
| Date: | 2023–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:24-002&r=lab |
| By: | Andrew J. Seltzer |
| Abstract: | The Victorian Factories and Shops Act of 1896, the second minimum wage law in the world, empowered administrative agencies ("Special Boards") to set trade-specific minimum rates based on age, sex, and occupation. Much like modern debates, Victorian supporters of minimum wages argued that they would protect vulnerable workers while opponents argued that they would increase employers’ costs, resulting in unintended consequences for workers. Evidence from the actual minimum wages passed under the Act suggests that Boards were loosely constrained by market factors, but also that they had some discretion in minimum wage setting. This discretion was used differently by individual Boards; some essentially followed the market for their trades while others set minimum rates that were binding for at least some workers. To the extent that rates were binding, they tended to reduce inequality among adult male workers, particularly after a 1907 Federal ruling established a living wage for employers with operations in multiple states. However, minimum wages also increased inequality across groups, increasing wages of adult men relative to those of women and youths. The Act formally institutionalised gender-based pay differences, a practice that continued in Australian minimum wage setting for over 70 years. |
| Keywords: | Minimum wages, Australia, Protective Legislation |
| JEL: | N47 N37 J88 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:auu:hpaper:118&r=lab |