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on Labour Economics |
| By: | Villa, Juan M. |
| Abstract: | It is assumed that observed labor income is the result of three stages across the job search process. From the reservation wage formation, the bargaining between employers and potential employees when the match, and finally a possible additional adjustment once the worker is completely hired. This paper provides a methodological proposal and an intuitive estimation of the wage gain due to the presence of labor market imperfections across those three stages. The part of the wage that is explained by labor markets imperfections is estimated by performing a stochastic frontier model with panel data belonging to the Mexican labor survey -ENOE-. The results suggest that 82.7% of the variance of the wages of the subordinated workers is explained by market imperfections. Moreover, public labor offices and small firms are negatively correlated with their presence. |
| Keywords: | Labor market imperfections; wage formation; reservation wage; job search; job matching; stochastic frontier; Mexico; ENOE. |
| JEL: | J31 J21 |
| Date: | 2009–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21201&r=lab |
| By: | Olivier Charlot; Franck Malherbert |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of an European-like labor market regulation on the return to schooling, equilibrium unemployment and welfare. We show that firing costs and temporary employment have opposite effects on educational choices. We furthermore demonstrate that a laissez faire economy with no regulation is inefficient as it is characterized by insufficient educational investments leading to excess job destruction and inadequate job creation. By stabilizing employment relationships, firing costs may spur educational investments and therefore lead to welfare and productivity gains, though a first-best policy would be to subsidize education. However, there is little chance for a dual labor market, as is common in many European countries, with heavily regulated long-term contracts and more flexible short-term contracts to raise the incentives to schooling and aggregate welfare. |
| Keywords: | Human capital, job destruction, matching frictions, efficiency |
| JEL: | I20 J20 J60 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:lacicr:1012&r=lab |
| By: | Oesch, Daniel; Rodriguez Menes, Jorge |
| Abstract: | We analyze the pattern of occupational change over the last two decades in Britain, Germany, Spain and Switzerland: which jobs have been expanding – high-paid jobs, low-paid jobs or both? Based on individual-level data, we examine what hypothesis is most consistent with the observed change: skill-biased technical change, routinization, skill supply evolution or wage-setting institutions? Our analysis reveals massive occupational upgrading that closely matches educational expansion: employment expanded most at the top of the occupational hierarchy, among managers and professionals. In parallel, mid-range occupations (clerks and production workers) declined relative to those at the bottom (interpersonal service workers). This U-shaped pattern of upgrading is consistent with the routinization hypothesis: technology seems a better substitute for average-paid clerical and manufacturing jobs than for low-end service employment. Yet country differences in low-paid service job creation suggest that wage-setting institutions play an important role, channelling technological change into more or less polarized patterns of upgrading. |
| Keywords: | employment; labour market institutions; technological change; inequality; occupations |
| JEL: | J21 P52 |
| Date: | 2010–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21040&r=lab |
| By: | David Kocourek; Filip Pertold |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of a change in the Czech early retirement scheme on the labor force participation of older male workers. Using the difference-in-differences method we find that a reduction in early retirement benefits by 2–3% leads to approximately the same decrease in the probability of being inactive. Our finding implies high elasticity of older male workers’ participation rate. The public policy implication is that a reduction in early retirement benefits can serve as a very effective tool to increase the participation of older men in the Czech labor market. |
| Keywords: | Czech Republic, early retirement, labor market participation. |
| JEL: | J21 J26 |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnb:wpaper:2009/7&r=lab |
| By: | Margherita Comola; Luiz de Mello |
| Abstract: | This paper uses household survey (Sakernas) data from 2004 to estimate the determinants of earnings in Indonesia, a country where non-salaried work is widespread and where earnings data are available for salaried employees only. We deal with the selection bias by estimating a full-information maximum likelihood system of equations, where earnings are observed for salaried employees, and selection into the labour market is modelled in a multinomial setting. We also deal with reverse causality between educational attainment and earnings by instrumenting years of schooling in both the multinomial selection and the earnings equations. Our identification strategy, following Duflo (2001), uses information on exposure to a large-scale school construction programme implemented in the 1970s. Duflo recognizes that schooling may affect an individual's probability of working as a salaried employee, which creates a simultaneity bias, but does not directly deal with this issue. We find that the parameters of the earnings equation estimated under multinomial selection differ from standard OLS estimates, which ignore the selection bias, and from a binomial selection procedure "à la Heckman" (1979). In particular, the estimated parameters that vary the most are those related to the variables with the strongest impact on individual selection into the different labour-market statuses. We also find that workers with higher educational attainment are most likely to find a job as salaried employees, and that non-salaried work is as an alternative to inactivity. |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pse:psecon:2010-06&r=lab |
| By: | Sergio Destefanis (University of Salerno, CELPE and CSEF); Giovanni Pica (University of Salerno, CELPE and CSEF) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Bank of Italy’s Household Survey we find that a wage curve exists in Italy after the 1992-93 wage reforms for annual and monthly wages but not for hourly wages. Consistently, after the reforms we find a negative elasticity of annual hours and months worked with respect to the unemployment rate. |
| Keywords: | Wage Drift, Panel Data, Unemployment |
| JEL: | J30 J60 |
| Date: | 2010–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:247&r=lab |
| By: | Hartmut Lehmann; Alexander Muravyev; Norberto Pignatti; Anzelika Zaiceva |
| Abstract: | Using unique data from a supplement to the RLMS on displaced workers in Russia and from the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (ULMS) we analyze and provide the first solid evidence on displacement in Russia and Ukraine in a period of growth. Our estimates establish that quits dominate separations but that displacement rates are clearly not negligible amounting to between 2.5 and 3 percent of employment in Russia and between 2 and 5 percent in Ukraine. We also show that displacements are not random. Results that are valid across both countries demonstrate that unskilled and less educated workers are more affected as are workers in the agricultural sector. In countries like Russia and Ukraine where unemployment benefits are not generous or non-existent for the average worker long spells of non-employment can impose large monetary costs on workers. Presenting cumulative return rates for job movers we point to these costs by highlighting the fact that there is a very sizable privileged group of displaced workers who finds a new job within a very short time while the majority has difficulty in finding new employment. It is this group (larger in Ukraine than in Russia), which is not so rapidly absorbed by the labor market, that should be the target of social policy intervention by the Russian and Ukrainian governments. |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwesc:diwesc24&r=lab |
| By: | Cvijanovic, Drago |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Labor and Human Capital, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ea113a:57337&r=lab |
| By: | Sayyid Salman Rizavi (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne); Catherine Sofer (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | The effects of women's strong investments in career and their relative positions on the household division of labor, particularly the share of male partners in household work, constitute important but somehow unaddressed issues. We use the French Time Use Survey, focusing on couples where both partners participate in the labor market, to build indicators of strong female investment in career, and look into the possible effect on the gender division of labor, particularly the male share of household work. We show that though a better relative position of the woman in the labor market increases her husband's share of household work, there is no role reversal in the division of labor. |
| Keywords: | Household work, labor market, gender. |
| JEL: | J22 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:10009&r=lab |
| By: | Sayyid Salman Rizavi (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I); Catherine Sofer (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris) |
| Abstract: | The effects of women's strong investments in career and their relative positions on the household division of labor, particularly the share of male partners in household work, constitute important but somehow unaddressed issues. We use the French Time Use Survey, focusing on couples where both partners participate in the labor market, to build indicators of strong female investment in career, and look into the possible effect on the gender division of labor, particularly the male share of household work. We show that though a better relative position of the woman in the labor market increases her husband's share of household work, there is no role reversal in the division of labor. |
| Keywords: | Household work, labor market, gender. |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-00461494_v1&r=lab |
| By: | Inna Maltseva; Daria Nesterova |
| Abstract: | The paper studies the sources of gender segregation on the within-firm level and its effect on gender wage gap. In compare to numerous of papers devoted to gender segregation, this research is based on unique personnel data from one of Russian industrial firm for the period from 2002 to 2006. It's shown that generation and fastening of segregated employment structures can be explained, firstly, by initial job assignments and, secondly, by gender differences in promotion paths for male and female workers. Estimations of the gender wage gap afford to conclude that it is largely driven by gender segregation between job positions and hierarchical levels rather than by workers' characteristics. |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwesc:diwesc19&r=lab |
| By: | Samuel Bentolila; Pierre Cahuc; Juan José Dolado; Thomas Le Barbanchon, . |
| Abstract: | Our goal here is to explain the strikingly different response of Spanish unemployment relative to other European economies, in particular France, during the ongoing recession. The Spanish unemployment rate, which fell from 22% in 1994 to 8% in 2007, reached 19% by the end of 2009, whereas the French unemployment rate has only increased by less than 2 pp. during the crisis. We argue that labor market institutions in the two economies are rather similar, except for the larger gap between dismissal costs of workers with permanent and temporary contracts in Spain, which lead to huge flows of temporary workers out of and into unemployment. We estimate in a counterfactual scenario that more than one-half of the increase in the unemployment rate would have been avoided had Spain adopted French employment protection institutions before the recession started. |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaddt:2010-07&r=lab |
| By: | Caliendo, Marco (IZA); Künn, Steffen (IZA) |
| Abstract: | Turning unemployment into self-employment has become an increasingly important part of active labor market policies (ALMP) in many OECD countries. Germany is a good example where the spending on start-up subsidies for the unemployed accounted for nearly 17% of the total spending on ALMP in 2004. In contrast to other programs – like vocational training, job creation schemes, or wage subsidies – the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such schemes is still scarce; especially regarding long-term effects and effect heterogeneity. This paper aims to close this gap. We use administrative and survey data from a large sample of participants in two distinct start-up programs and a control group of unemployed individuals. We find that over 80% of participants are integrated in the labor market and have relatively high labor income five years after start-up. Additionally, participants are much more satisfied with their current occupational situation compared to previous jobs. Based on conditional propensity score matching methods we estimate the long-term effects of the programs against non-participation. Our results show that both programs are effective with respect to income and employment outcomes in the long-run. Moreover, we consider effect heterogeneity with respect to several dimensions and show that start-up subsidies for the unemployed tend to be most effective for disadvantaged groups in the labor market. |
| Keywords: | start-up subsidies, self-employment, evaluation, long-term effects, effect heterogeneity |
| JEL: | J68 C14 H43 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4790&r=lab |
| By: | Sebastian Braun; Christian Spielmann |
| Abstract: | National labour market institutions interact across national boundaries when product markets are global. Labour market policies can thus entail spill-overs, a fact widely ignored in the academic literature. This paper studies the effects of wage subsidies in an international duopoly model with unionised labour markets. We document both positive and negative spill-over effects and discuss the benefits and costs from international policy coordination both for the case of symmetric and asymmetric labour market institutions. Our results suggest that institutional differences could sign responsible for the slow speed at which labour market policy coordination has progressed so far |
| Keywords: | Wage subsidies, policy spill-overs, international policy coordination, unionised labour markets, trade, asymmetric labour market institutions |
| JEL: | F16 F42 J38 H87 |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1599&r=lab |
| By: | Büttner, Bettina; Thomsen, Stephan L. |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of shortening the duration of secondary schooling on the accumulation of human capital. In 2003, an educational policy reform was enacted in Saxony-Anhalt, a German state, providing a natural experimental setting. The thirteenth year of schooling was eliminated for those students currently attending the ninth grade. Tenth grade students were unaffected. The academic curriculum remained almost unaltered. Using primary data from the double cohort of Abitur graduates in 2007, significant negative effects were discovered for both genders in mathematics and for females only in English. The effects on literature were not statistically significant. -- |
| Keywords: | student performance,school duration,learning intensity,natural experiment |
| JEL: | I21 J18 C21 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:10011&r=lab |
| By: | Stijn Broeke (Department of Economics, Royal Holloway) |
| Abstract: | I estimate the effects of an education policy (Triple Science) in England aimed at increasing the take-up and attainment of young people in science subjects. I identify the effect of the policy by comparing two adjacent cohorts of pupils in schools that offer Triple Science to one cohort, but not to the other. I find some large and significant effects on later subject choice and attainment, and these appear to be particularly strong for boys and pupils from more deprived backgrounds. |
| Keywords: | triple science, subject choice, attainment |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I28 |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hol:holodi:1001&r=lab |
| By: | Mehtabul Azam (World Bank, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)); Aimee Chin (University of Houston & NBER); Nishith Prakash (Dartmouth College, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) & Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM)) |
| Abstract: | India's colonial legacy and linguistic diversity give English an important role in its economy,and this role has expanded due to globalization in recent decades. It is widely believed that there are sizable economic returns to English-language skills in India, but the extent of these returns is unknown due to lack of a microdata set containing measures of both earnings and English ability. In this paper, we use a newly available data set - the India Human Development Survey, 2005 to quantify the effects of English-speaking ability on wages. We find that being fluent in English (compared to not speaking any English) increases hourly wages of men by 34%, which is as much as the return to completing secondary school and half as much as the return to completing a Bachelor's degree. Being able to speak a little English significantly increases male hourly wages 13%. There is considerable heterogeneity in returns to English. More experienced and more educated workers receive higher returns to English. The complementarity between English skills and education appears to have strengthened over time. Only the more educated among young workers earn a premium for English skill, whereas older workers across all education groups do. |
| Keywords: | English Language, Human Capital, India. |
| JEL: | J31 J24 O15 |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:201002&r=lab |
| By: | Ghelfi, Rino; Rivaroli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | During the last years Italy, a country characterized by a long history of emigration, has seen a quickly growth of the phenomenon of immigration. Our Nation seems to be a âdocking pointâ for new and substantial flow of immigrants mainly from Eastern Europe looking for new work opportunities. The profile of these people is usually characterized by high level of education as well as flexibility and adaptability. For the national economy in general, and for the agricultural sector in particular, this new migration flows represent an effective answer to the aversion for the agricultural job expressed by many potential autochthon workers. Which are the characteristics of extra-community agricultural labour? Which are the characteristics of migration flows linked to the agricultural labour in three provinces of one of the main agricultural regions in Italy? Based on National Institute of Welfare informationâs (INPS), the research underlines the diversification of this phenomenon among Italian regions as well as its dynamism. In Italy, during the last five years, the proportions of foreign agricultural workers increased up to 50%, and peaked in four Italian regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Campania, Piemonte and Emilia-Romagna. In Emilia-Romagna, in particular, immigrants represent almost a quarter of total agricultural workers and most of them aged less than forty years. The analysis of information about labour market in the agricultural sector in some Emilia-Romagna provinces shows that immigrants are concentrated in few farms. Farmer prefers to engage homogeneous ethnic groups to assure cultural affinity among the employees. In the local agricultural labour market the immigrants coming from Eastern Europe, in particular from Poland and Romania, are aged between 22 and 36 years, are unemployed in their country, they have a driving license and a good knowledge of Italian and English language. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Labour Markets, Immigrant Workers, Human Capital, Skills, Agribusiness, Labor and Human Capital, J43, J61, J24, |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ea113a:57508&r=lab |
| By: | Tsu-Yu Tsao; Andrew Pearlman |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a difference-in-differences strategy to decompose the contributions of various types of discrimination to the black-white wage differential. The proposed estimation strategy is implemented using data from the Young Physicians Survey. The results suggest that potential discrimination plays a small role in the racial wage gap among physicians. At most, discrimination lowers the hourly wages of black physicians by 3.3 percent. Decomposition shows that consumer discrimination accounts for all of the potential discrimination in the physician market, and that the effect of firm discrimination may actually favor black physicians. Interpretations of the estimates, however, are complicated by the possibility that, relative to white physicians, black physicians negatively self-select into self-employment. |
| Keywords: | Discrimination; Physician Market; Wage Gaps |
| JEL: | J01 J7 J44 |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_588&r=lab |
| By: | Haan, Peter (DIW Berlin); Prowse, Victoria L. (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use a dynamic structural life-cycle model to analyze the employment, fiscal and welfare effects induced by unemployment insurance. The model features a detailed specification of the tax and transfer system, including unemployment insurance benefits which depend on an individual's employment and earnings history. The model also captures the endogenous accumulation of experience which impacts on future wages, job arrivals and job separations. For better identification of the structural parameters we exploit a quasi-natural experiment, namely reductions over time in the entitlement period for unemployment insurance benefits which varied by age and experience. The results show that a policy cut in the generosity of unemployment insurance operationalized as a reduction in the entitlement period generates a larger increase in employment and yields a bigger fiscal saving than a cut operationalized as a reduction in the replacement ratio. Welfare analysis of revenue neutral tax and transfer reforms also favors a reduction in the entitlement period. |
| Keywords: | unemployment insurance, replacement ratio, entitlement period, life-cycle labor supply, tax reform, method of simulated moments |
| JEL: | C23 C25 J22 J64 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4792&r=lab |
| By: | Wozniak, David |
| Abstract: | Economic experiments have shown that when given the choice between piece-rate and winner-take-all tournament style compensation, women are more reluctant than men to choose tournaments. These gender difference experiments have all relied on a similar framework where subjects were not informed of their relative abilities as compared to other potential competitors. I replicate these previous findings and then I show that giving feedback about past relative performance moves high ability females towards more competitive compensation schemes, moves low ability men towards less competitive compensation schemes such as piece-rate and group pay, and removes the gender difference in compensation choices. I then examine between and within-subjects differences in choices for females, across the menstrual cycle. I find that, before receiving relative performance feedback, women in the low-hormone phase of their cycle are less likely to enter tournaments than women in the high-hormone phase. Men are more likely to choose tournaments than females at either stage. There are no significant selection differences between any of these groups after they receive relative performance feedback. |
| Keywords: | Competition; Hormones; Gender; Menstrual cycle; Information; Performance feedback; Competitive environments; Gender differences |
| JEL: | D0 D80 C91 |
| Date: | 2009–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21097&r=lab |
| By: | Alexander M. Danzer |
| Abstract: | The retirement decision is under researched in developing and emerging countries, despite the topic's close relation to many development issues such as poverty reduction and social security, and despite the fact that population ageing will increasingly challenge the developing world. This paper uses a natural experiment from Ukraine to estimate the causal effect of a threefold increase in the legal minimum pension on labor supply and retirement behaviour at older ages. Applying difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity methods on two independent nationally representative data sets, the paper estimates a pure income effect that caused additional retirement of 30 to 47 percent. Additional evidence suggests that retirement incentives are stronger at the lower tail of the educational distribution and that the strict Labor Code curbed responses at the intensive labor supply margin. Although the substantial pension increase provided strong disincentives to work and put a heavy fiscal burden on Ukraine, it significantly reduced the propensity of falling into poverty for those in retirement. |
| Keywords: | Labor supply, retirement, minimum pension, pure income effect, poverty,<br /> difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity |
| JEL: | J26 I38 O15 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwesc:diwesc23&r=lab |
| By: | Picchio, Matteo (Tilburg University); Mussida, Chiara (University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | Sizeable gender differences in employment rates are observed in many countries. Sample selection into the workforce might therefore be a relevant issue when estimating gender wage gaps. This paper proposes a new semi-parametric estimator of densities in the presence of covariates which incorporates sample selection. We describe a simulation algorithm to implement counterfactual comparisons of densities. The proposed methodology is used to investigate the gender wage gap in Italy. It is found that when sample selection is taken into account gender wage gap widens, especially at the bottom of the wage distribution. Explanations are offered for this empirical finding. |
| Keywords: | gender wage gap, hazard function, sample selection, glass ceiling, sticky floor |
| JEL: | C21 C41 J16 J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4783&r=lab |
| By: | Dohmen Thomas; Falk Armin (ROA rm) |
| Abstract: | We analyse worker self-selection with a special focus on teachers. The point of the paper is that worker composition is generally endogenous, due to worker self-selection. In a first step we analyse lab experimental data to provide causal evidence on particular sorting patterns. This evidence sets the stage for our field data analysis, which focuses specifically on selection patterns of teachers. We find that teachers are more risk averse than employees in other professions, which indicates that relatively risk averse individuals sort into teaching occupations under the current system. Using survey measures on trust and reciprocity we also find that teachers trust more and are less negatively reciprocal than other employees. Finally, we establish differences in personality based on the Big Five concept. |
| Keywords: | education, training and the labour market; |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:umaror:2010002&r=lab |
| By: | Bjørnstad, Roger; Kalstad, Kjartan Øren |
| Abstract: | Although coordination of wage bargaining probably affects entry barriers and competition in product markets, research on price determination has typically not considered such factors. In this paper the price markup depends on coordination and is estimated on a panel of 15 OECD countries. The estimates show that consumer prices may be as much as 21 percent higher in coordinated compared to uncoordinated countries, solely due to the effect of coordination on the price markup. Since coordination has a dampening effect on wages, this may explain why many researchers have been unable to find any clear effect of coordination on unemployment. -- |
| Keywords: | Imperfect competition model,price markup,labor market institutions,unemployment,panel data model |
| JEL: | C23 E31 J51 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201013&r=lab |
| By: | Thomas Dohmen; Melanie Khamis; Hartmut Lehmann |
| Abstract: | In our research we relate demographic characteristics to risk attitudes that in turn are linked to the incidence of informal or formal employment. Using the 2007 wave of the Ukrainian longitudinal monitoring survey (ULMS) to study the Ukrainian labor market, we first show that the determination of our measures of risk attitudes by carefully chosen predetermined demographic variables in Germany in 2004 can be replicated with the ULMS data. The measures employed thus seem to catch persistent patterns of risk attitudes across time and space. The ULMS allows the distinction between voluntary and involuntary informal employment. Our preliminary findings show that those workers who are willing to take more risks engage in voluntary informal employment relationships or are in formal or informal self-employment, both of which states we consider voluntary. These results provide additional evidence to support the hypothesis that the labor market in Ukraine is segmented in three ways: a formal sector co-exists with an informal sector which in turn has a voluntary "upper tier", where a minority of informally employed workers is located, and an involuntary "lower tier", where the majority of informally employed workers finds itself. |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwesc:diwesc22&r=lab |
| By: | Eileen Trzcinski; Elke Holst |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on gender differences in the role played by locus of control within a model that predicts outcomes for men and women at two opposite poles of the labour market: high level managerial / leadership positions and unemployment. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigated the extent to which gender differences occur in the processes by which highly positive and negative labour market outcomes are determined and in the processes underlying the development of one particular aspect of personality, that is, locus of control. Overall gender differences were more pronounced in the results for years in managerial/ leadership positions than for locus of control. Negative labour market states were also marked by gender differences, but not to the same degree observed for positive states. |
| JEL: | J01 J24 J60 M51 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp974&r=lab |
| By: | Wang, Huiming |
| Abstract: | This paper works on an adaptation of the standard Pissarides model to incorporate-rate an exponentially distributed match specific c job destruction rate. We discuss the characterization of equilibrium, equilibrium wage, number of equilibria, stead state unemployment, welfare and comparative statics problems in this adapted model. |
| Keywords: | Pissardies model; random job destruction rate |
| JEL: | J41 |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21103&r=lab |
| By: | Dur, Robert (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Non, Arjan (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Roelfsema, Hein (Utrecht School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We study optimal incentive contracts for workers who are reciprocal to management attention. When neither worker's effort nor manager's attention can be contracted, a double moral-hazard problem arises, implying that reciprocal workers should be given weak financial incentives. In a multiple-agent setting, this problem can be resolved using promotion incentives. We empirically examine these predictions using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We find that workers who are more reciprocal are significantly more likely to receive promotion incentives, while there is no such relation for individual bonus pay. |
| Keywords: | reciprocity, social exchange, incentive contracts, double moral hazard, GSOEP |
| JEL: | D86 J41 M51 M52 M54 M55 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4782&r=lab |
| By: | Coral del Río (Universidade de Vigo); Olga Alonso-Villar (Universidade de Vigo) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze occupational segregation in the Spanish labor market from a gender and an immigration perspective. In doing so, several local and overall segregation measures are used. Our results suggest that immigrant women in Spain suffer a double segregation since segregation affects them to a greater extent than it does either native women or immigrant men. There are, however, remarkable discrepancies among the segregation of immigrant women depending on their region of origin. Thus, immigrant women from the European Union (EU) have the lowest occupational segregation, while segregation seems particularly intense in the group of women from European countries outside the EU bloc and Asia (the levels of which are higher than that of Latin American and African women). |
| Keywords: | immigration; gender; occupational segregation; local segregation; overall segregation |
| JEL: | J16 D63 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2010-165&r=lab |
| By: | Consoli, Davide; Vona , Francesco; Saarivirta, Toni |
| Abstract: | The recent history of Finland has been shaped by the rollercoaster of the 1990s when the economy went from deep recession to becoming among the most innovative and competitive within merely a decade. Economic recovery driven by the surge of ICT-related industries with the active support of the higher education system gave way also to growing inequalities among regions, especially within graduate workers. The paper elaborates an empirical analysis of the returns to education of a cohort entering the labour force between 1995 and 2005; our objective is to capture the extent of spatial and occupational determinants on income distribution as Finland slid from its most troubled to most prosperous times. |
| Keywords: | Regional Development; Earning Distribution; Education and Skills; Spatial Inequalities |
| JEL: | J31 E24 J24 O33 R11 |
| Date: | 2010–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21072&r=lab |
| By: | Feldmann, Horst |
| Abstract: | This paper finds that more readily available venture capital is likely to have lowered unemployment rates and raised employment rates in industrial countries over the period 1982 to 2003. More readily available venture capital is also likely to have lowered the share of long-term unemployed in the total number of unemployed. The magnitude of the effects appears to have been substantial. To measure access to venture capital, we use answers from surveys of senior business executives. We also employ a large number of control variables. Our regression results are robust to variations in specification and sample size. |
| Keywords: | employment; labor market; unemployment; venture capital |
| Date: | 2010–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eid:wpaper:01/10&r=lab |
| By: | Robalino, Juan; Villalobos-Fiatt, Laura |
| Abstract: | Despite the global environmental benefits of increasing the amount of protected areas, how these conservation policies affect the well-being of nearby individuals is still under debate. Using household surveys with highly disaggregated geographic references, we explored how national parks affect local wages in Costa Rica and how these effects vary within different areas of a park and among different social groups. We found that a park’s effects on wages vary according to economic activity and proximity to the entrance of the park. Wages close to parks are higher only for people living near tourist entrances. Workers close to entrances are not only employed in higher-paid activities (nonagricultural activities) but also receive higher wages for these activities. Agricultural workers, however, are never better off close to parks (neither close to or far from the entrances). Also, workers close to parks but far away from tourist entrances earn similar or lower wages than comparable workers far away from parks. Our results are robust to different econometric approaches (OLS and matching techniques). The location of national park entrances and the possibility that agricultural workers can switch to higher-paid service activities near tourist entrances may be important tools for helping local workers take advantage of the economic benefits of protected areas. |
| Keywords: | wages, national parks, matching, labor markets, conservation policies, parks, poverty |
| JEL: | Q56 Q58 Q24 C21 J31 |
| Date: | 2010–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-10-02-efd&r=lab |
| By: | Hirvonen, Lalaina (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | This paper illustrates the difficulty in disentangling the underlying channels of intergenerational earnings persistence by means of path analysis and recursive models. On closer examination, these models manifest their shortcomings as regards accounting for how parental earnings have a direct impact on their offspring’s earnings, but also have an effect through other factors such as education, skills and health. The estimated effects of these mediating factors are likely to capture the influence of other mechanisms not taken into account in the analysis. Nonetheless, the results suggest that education is the most important mechanism in the earnings transmission process, although it is sensitive to the inclusion of other covariates and the order in which these are entered into the equation. Nonlinear specifications suggest that the effect of a father’s earnings on his son’s has the greatest impact primarily through education and IQ in the upper middle categories of the earnings distribution of the fathers, while health status is of secondary importance. |
| Keywords: | - |
| Date: | 2010–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sofiwp:2010_002&r=lab |
| By: | Ockenfels, Axel (University of Cologne); Sliwka, Dirk (University of Cologne); Werner, Peter (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how bonus payments affect satisfaction and performance of managers in a large, multinational company. We find that falling behind a naturally occurring reference point for bonus comparisons reduces satisfaction and subsequent performance. The effects tend to be mitigated if information about one's relative standing towards the reference point is withheld. |
| Keywords: | reference points, incentives, bonus payments, job satisfaction, job performance |
| JEL: | M52 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4795&r=lab |
| By: | Nicolosi, Agata; Cambareri, Domenico; Strazzulla, Marco |
| Abstract: | This research aims at pointing out those constrains and incentives conditioning family farm choices about investments, technical and managerial knowledge and expertness. The planned target has to be achieved through the attainment of three stages. Family farm involves a lot of people by different kind of employee relations, based mostly on a temporary work, that are often within the limits of the work rules. The organization solutions adopted by family farm produce several effects: among which investments and human capital allotment stand out. This research analyses family farm characteristics in a local rural system of the Calabria Region, as the result of the various European Community and domestic interventions and the specific physical, social and economic features in the considered territory; the attention is focused on the olive growing family farm. The survey is made through interviews carried out by qualified operators using questionnaires organized on different modules. |
| Keywords: | Human capital, Family farm, Agricultural labour, Agribusiness, Labor and Human Capital, |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ea113a:57408&r=lab |
| By: | Vincent VANDENBERGHE (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES)); Fabio WALTENBERG (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES) and Centro de Estudos sobre Desigualdade e Desenvolvimento (CEDE), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil) |
| Abstract: | The Belgian population is ageing due to demographic changes, so does the workforce of firms active in the country. Such a trend is likely to remain for the foreseeable future. And it will be reinforced by the willingness of public authorities to expand employment among individuals aged 50 or more. But are employers willing to employ older workers? The answer depends to a large extent on the ratio between older workersÕ productivity and their cost to employers. To address this question we tap into a unique firm-level panel data set to produce robust evidence on the causal effect of ageing on productivity and labour costs. Unobserved firm fixed-effects and short-term endogeneity of workforce age pose serious estimation challenges, which we try to cope with. Our results indicate a negative productivity differential for older workers ranging from 20 to 40% when compared with prime-age workers, and these productivity differentials are not compensated by lower relative labour costs. Furthermore, the (now dominant) service sector does not seem to offer working conditions that mitigate the negative age/productivity relationship. Finally, older workers in smaller firms (<100 workers) display a larger productivity differential and a productivity that is less aligned on labour costs. |
| Keywords: | Ageing, Labour Productivity, Panel Data Analysis |
| JEL: | J24 C52 D24 |
| Date: | 2010–02–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2010003&r=lab |
| By: | Husain, Zakir; Chatterjee, Amrita |
| Abstract: | Primary completion rates of Muslims in West Bengal are substantially lower than that of upper caste communities as well as backward castes, scheduled castes and tribes. Further, analysis of age-specific pcr indicates that differences in pcr between Muslims and other communities may have actually increased in recent years. An econometric analysis reveals that age, gender, household size and expenditure levels, education and gender of decision-maker, etc, are important determinants of these differences in pcr. But use of Census data and District Information System for Education statistics indicates that deficiencies in infrastructural facilities in Muslim-concentrated districts also have a significant role in the low pcrs of Muslim children. |
| Keywords: | Education; Inequality: Oaxaca decomposition; Logit; India |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2009–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21185&r=lab |
| By: | Cristina Barceló (Banco de España); Ernesto Villanueva (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Economic theory predicts that individuals exposed to the risk of losing their job postpone their consumption and accumulate more assets to build a buffer stock of saving. We provide a new test of the hypothesis using substantial variation in severance payments across contracts in the Spanish labor market. Using the 2002 and 2005 waves of a new survey of wealth and consumption we estimate the link between the probability that several household members lose their job and the wealth and consumption of that household. We instrument the type of contract using regional variation in the amount, timing and target groups of subsidies given to fi rms to hire workers using high severance payment ones. We find that workers covered by fixed-term contracts accumulate more financial wealth. An increase in the probability of losing the job of 8 percentage points increases average financial wealth by 4 months of income. We provide simulations from a simple buffer stock and a permanent income models that suggest that our results are more likely to be generated by the former. |
| Keywords: | precautionary savings, household wealth and consumption, labor firing costs |
| JEL: | D12 D31 D91 J41 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:1002&r=lab |
| By: | Mancebón-Torrubia, María Jesús; Ximénez-de-Embún, Domingo Pérez |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the system of Spanish publicly-subsidised private schools from the perspective of its contribution to the equalisation of opportunities in school choice. The theoretical framework is based on the contributions of researchers into school choice policies, while the empirical application uses a 2005 questionnaire answered by the final-year secondary school students of the Spanish region of Aragon. We conclude that the system of Spanish publicly-subsidised private schools has not entirely facilitated the integration of students from different socioeconomic strata. A probit model is estimated in the last section in order to discover which factors determine the choice of a publicly-subsidised private school. It is found that the higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the probability of choosing such schools, suggesting that the segregation found in this paper may be caused partly by the choice patterns of Spanish families. |
| Keywords: | school choice; publicly-subsidised private schools; cream skimming |
| JEL: | I21 I28 H52 C25 H44 |
| Date: | 2009–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21164&r=lab |
| By: | Micklewright, John (Institute of Education, University of London); Schnepf, Sylke V. (University of Southampton); Skinner, Chris (University of Southampton) |
| Abstract: | We analyse response patterns to an important survey of school children, exploiting rich auxiliary information on respondents' and non-respondents' cognitive ability that is correlated both with response and the learning achievement that the survey aims to measure. The survey is the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which sets response thresholds in an attempt to control data quality. We analyse the case of England for 2000 when response rates were deemed high enough by the PISA organisers to publish the results, and 2003, when response rates were a little lower and deemed of sufficient concern for the results not to be published. We construct weights that account for the pattern of non-response using two methods, propensity scores and the GREG estimator. There is clear evidence of biases, but there is no indication that the slightly higher response rates in 2000 were associated with higher quality data. This underlines the danger of using response rate thresholds as a guide to data quality. |
| Keywords: | non-response, bias, school survey, data linkage, PISA |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4789&r=lab |
| By: | Nekby, Lena (Stockholm University Linnaeus Center for Integration Studies - SULCIS) |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the social integration of immigrants and natives in Sweden using nine social measures; within region gender gaps in education, international and intra-national marriage propensities, young marriage, cohabitation, divorce, partner age gaps, female employment rates and female education levels. A process of social integration is found for all indicators as measured by relative gaps to natives across immigrant generations from the same region of origin. The relatively few deviations from this pattern found for some groups, primarily concerning international, intra-national marriage rates and cohabitation, is contingent on the selected sample of second generation immigrants with parents from the same country of origin. When estimation includes the majority of second generation immigrants with mixed backgrounds, a process of social integration is found for all groups and all social measures. |
| Keywords: | Immigration; Social Integration; Acculturation |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J61 |
| Date: | 2010–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sulcis:2010_004&r=lab |
| By: | Gaure, Simen (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Roed, Knut (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); van den Berg, Gerard J. (University of Mannheim); Zhang, Tao (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | Consider a setting where a treatment that starts at some point during a spell (e.g. in unemployment) may impact on the hazard rate of the spell duration, and where the impact may be heterogeneous across subjects. We provide Monte Carlo evidence on the feasibility of estimating the distribution of treatment effects from duration data with selectivity, by means of a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator with unrestricted numbers of mass points for the heterogeneity distribution. We find that specifying the treatment effect as homogenous may yield misleading average results if the true effects are heterogeneous, even when the sorting into treatment is appropriately accounted for. Specifying the treatment effect as a random coefficient allows for precise estimation of informative average treatment effects including the program’s overall impact on the mean duration. |
| Keywords: | duration analysis, unobserved heterogeneity, program evaluation, nonparametric estimation, Monte Carlo simulation, timing of events, random effects |
| JEL: | C31 C41 J64 C63 |
| Date: | 2010–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp4794&r=lab |
| By: | TSUCHIYA Ryuichiro |
| Abstract: | Small firms are more likely to produce entrepreneurs than large firms. This study empirically examines a potential mechanism that might explain this phenomenon, observed in previous research, using Japanese survey data of employees planning to start businesses. The data contain information on employer, job, and personal characteristics and also indicates the reasons for starting the businesses. The results from a principal component analysis of various startup reasons identify four separate component factors that account for 70 percent of variance: a need for self-fulfillment, a need for flexibility in work schedule, a need to solve a career problem, and a need to secure a livelihood. I empirically examine the relationship between rating scores for these factors and the size of employers. The results from multivariate regression models indicate that the score for a need to solve a career problem was significantly higher for those working for small firms, while none of the other three factors are significantly different between employees of large and small firms. In addition, the results also suggest that the relationship between the need to solve a career problem and employment of small firms is associated with the tendency for middle managers. The implications of these findings for researchers and policy-makers are discussed. |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:10012&r=lab |
| By: | Mancebón-Torrubia, María-Jesús; Calero, Jorge; Choi, Álvaro; Ximénez-de-Embún, Domingo P. |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to compare the efficiency of the Spanish public and publicly-subsidised private high schools using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) fed by the results provided by a hierarchical linear model (HLM) applied to PISA-2006 (Programme for International Students Assessment) microdata. This study places special emphasis on the estimation of the determinants of school outcomes, the educational production function being estimated through an HLM that takes into account the nested nature of PISA data. Inefficiencies are then measured through the DEA and decomposed into managerial (related to individual performance) and programme (related to structural differences between management models), following Silva Portela and Thanassoulis (2001) approach. Once differences in pupils’ background and individual management inefficiencies have been eliminated, results reveal that Spanish public high schools are more efficient than publicly-subsidised private ones. |
| Keywords: | Efficiency; data envelopment analysis; secondary education; educational outcome; PISA |
| JEL: | I21 I28 I22 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:21165&r=lab |
| By: | d'Artis Kancs; Julda Kielyte |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the potential impacts of East-West migration of talents on the innovative capital and hence the long-run growth prospects in Eastern sending countries. Complementing previous studies, we examine the impact of high skill migration not only on the formation of human capital, but also consider migration's impact on knowledge capital in the sending countries. In line with previous studies we find that in the short- to medium-term high skill migration strictly reduces national innovative capital and hence increases the gap between East and West. However, these effects might be mitigated by factors such as reinforced education of workers, productive investment of remittances, return migration and increased knowledge transfer. Given that the emigration of highly skilled affects human capital differently than knowledge capital, addressing the adverse impacts of the most talented and highly skilled worker emigration efficiently, differentiated policies are required for human capital and knowledge capital. |
| Keywords: | International labour migration, skilled workers, growth, human capital. |
| JEL: | D50 D80 F22 F24 H52 I21 J24 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2010–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2010_01&r=lab |
| By: | Seo-Young Cho |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes empirically whether the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), advocating the multiple dimensions of women’s rights, affects the level of women’s rights in a country. Measuring commitments to the CEDAW based on reservations by member states, I test whether the Convention enhances women’s rights; in particular, (i) whether the effects are stronger if a member country has a higher level of democracy; and (ii) whether the effects are most pronounced in the dimension of women’s social rights, a special focus of the Convention. Using panel data for 126 countries during 1981-2007, I do not find statistically significant effects of the CEDAW alone on any dimension of women’s rights. However, I do find a positive impact of the CEDAW on women’s social rights if combined with a higher degree of democracy. These findings are robust to the choice of control variables and the method of estimation. In particular, taking into account the potential reverse-causality does not alter the main conclusions. |
| Keywords: | effectiveness of international human rights treaties; women’s rights; social dimension; democracy; and reservations |
| JEL: | F53 J16 K33 |
| Date: | 2010–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:got:cegedp:93&r=lab |
| By: | Sauro Mocetti (Bank of Italy); Carmine Porello (Financial Attaché - Beijing) |
| Abstract: | The paper provides an analysis of labour mobility in Italy, with a joint analysis of residence transfers and "long-range†commuting. In the period 1990-2005, migration inflows have increased in the Centre North, both in short- and long-range component. In the South, by contrast, the low short-range mobility has decreased further, while the emigration toward the North remained significant; moreover, the high-educated outflows have increased significantly. The empirical findings show that South-North migration continues to be driven by the large economic differentials between the two areas. In the second half of the nineties, the widening gap on the employment rate, the downsizing of the public sector and the reduction of the gap on house prices have prompted a growing number of people to emigrate. In the current decade the strong growth of house prices in the Centre North has contributed to reduce the phenomenon. The spread of temporary contracts and immigration from abroad have also affected the migration propensity of natives and structurally changed the nature of mobility. |
| Keywords: | internal migration, commuting |
| JEL: | J61 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2010–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_61_10&r=lab |
| By: | Sevarlic, Miladin M.; Nikolic, Marija M.; Simmons, Richard |
| Abstract: | Goal of this paper is to analyse premises of directors of agricultural cooperatives towards cooperative associations, based on result of survey conducted on chosen sample. Analysis is based on the hypothesis that reform processes present in the Serbian economy, and completely absent from cooperative sector, have weaken the work of cooperative unions and undermined regular relations between cooperatives and their associations. Paper also analyse premises of directors of cooperatives on relevant questions on membership and work of 12 regional, provincial and Cooperative union of Serbia, based on result of survey conducted in 148 or 7.2% of 2.055 agricultural cooperatives in Serbia. For cooperatives that are not members of any union, paper gives systematization of reasons why cooperative is not member and motives that could inspire cooperative to become a member. For cooperatives that are members of some union, we give analyses of answers if cooperative is satisfied with work and activities of union conducted for cooperative welfare; and suggestions for activities that cooperative unions should practice in the interests and needs of their members. |
| Keywords: | Director, Premises - evaluation, Membership, Cooperatives, Cooperative activities, Cooperative unions, Agribusiness, Labor and Human Capital, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ea113a:57476&r=lab |
| By: | Zubovic, Jovan; Domazet, Ivana; Stosic, Ivan |
| Abstract: | New trends in global economy require greater capacity of the agricultural workforce. In order improve agricultural productivity it is needed to increase the level of human capital of the agrarian population. Human capital is accumulated knowledge, created in the long term process of human resources development, which begins in early stages and last all through the life, which is especially true for agricultural business. During transition Serbian economy went through major changes, with agriculture trailing to other sectors of the economy. Each farmer is producing only around 3,000 ⬠gross added value per year, which is substantially lower than in other sectors. This paper will analyze what innovative activities are used worldwide in agriculture and give some possible solutions for investments in human capital and development of human resources in order to increase the level of competitiveness. Finally we analyze Serbian agricultural education system and give some instructions for improvements. |
| Keywords: | agricultural sector, productivity, human capital, education, reform, Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2009–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ea113a:57491&r=lab |
| By: | Tacsir, Ezequiel (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | The advance of knowledge-based societies has modified the labor markets and qualification requirements. In this sense, and considering that individual choices about careers and occupations have pervasive social effects, there is a growing interest from both academics and policy makers in understanding and influencing the process of education choice. Specifically, there is a worldwide renewed concern on achieving higher levels of graduation from scientific and technological disciplines. Available evidence shows that mobilizing individual wills towards these highly priority careers is not an easy nor mechanical task. Thus, it is necessary to expand the standard view about the process of occupation choice by adding non pecuniary factors, influence of social networks and the role of information and guidance policies. With these objectives in mind, and after reviewing the theoretical literature about occupation choice in economics, the present paper analyzes the effects that diverse personal, family, social and economic aspects have in the selection of an university career. Based on the empirical findings, some policy recommendations are put forward. |
| Keywords: | Occupational Choice, Professions, Public Policy |
| JEL: | J44 J48 J24 I21 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:unumer:2010013&r=lab |
| By: | Michael L. Bognanno (Department of Economics, Temple University) |
| Abstract: | Chief executive officer (CEO) compensation is defined as the sum of base pay, bonuses, stock grants, stock options, other forms of compensation and benefits. Inflation?adjusted, median total CEO compensation in the United States almost tripled between 1992 and 2000, with grants of stock options evolving to be the largest component of compensation. This article presents the arguments for and against this level and composition of CEO compensation. |
| Keywords: | CEO compensation |
| JEL: | J33 |
| Date: | 2010–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tem:wpaper:1002&r=lab |