|
on Labour Economics |
| By: | Mark Bils; Yongsung Chang; Sun-Bin Kim |
| Abstract: | We introduce worker differences in labor supply, reflecting differences in skills and assets, into a model of separations, matching, and unemployment over the business cycle. Separating from employment when unemployment duration is long is particularly costly for workers with high labor supply. This provides a rich set of testable predictions across workers: those with higher labor supply, say due to lower assets, should display more procyclical wages and less countercyclical separations. Consequently, the model predicts that the pool of unemployed will sort toward workers with lower labor supply in a downturn. Because these workers generate lower rents to employers, this discourages vacancy creation and exacerbates the cyclicality of unemployment and unemployment durations. We examine wage cyclicality and employment separations over the past twenty years for workers in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Wages are much more procyclical for workers who work more. This pattern is mirrored in separations; separations from employment are much less cyclical for those who work more. We do see for recessions a strong compositional shift among those unemployed toward workers who typically work less. |
| JEL: | E2 E24 E32 J6 J63 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:13231&r=lab |
| By: | Schlicht, Ekkehart |
| Abstract: | The expansion of higher education in the Western countries has been accompanied by a marked widening of wage differentials and increasing overqualification. While the increase in wage differentials has been attributed to skill-biased technological change that made advanced skills scarce, this explanation does not fit well with the observed increase in overqualification which suggests that advanced skills are in excess supply. By "Reder-competition" I refer to the simultaneous adjustment of wage offers and hiring standards in response to changing labor market condition. I present a simple model of Reder competition that reproduces the simultaneous increase in wage differentials and overqualification in response to an increase in education. |
| Keywords: | Hiring standards; employment criteria; selection wages; efficiency wages; mobility; skill-biased technical change; overeducation; wage dispersion; Reder competition |
| JEL: | J31 J63 D43 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lmu:muenec:1976&r=lab |
| By: | Barragan, Luis |
| Abstract: | In this paper it is wanted to respond the question how much is the prize in the wages of people that belong to an union or workers association in the Ecuador, so much in the public sector as private, with regard to those that don't belong, and observe if this differential is attributed to personal differences and of the work type, for the Ecuadorian case. For that we use a focus of matching statistical semi-parametric, well-known as propensity score matching to compare the results of the workers that belong to an union “matched” with the workers that don't belong to the same one to deduce the causal effect on the wages of the members union, finding prizes of 37% until 99% but, approximately. For this obtained secondary data of the survey of conditions of life carried out in the year 1998, belonging to the project LSMS that implement the World Bank. |
| Keywords: | Sindicatos; Propensity Score Matching. |
| JEL: | J49 J31 |
| Date: | 2006–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:3947&r=lab |
| By: | Torbjørn Hægeland, Dag Rønningen and Kjell G. Salvanes (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Older workers typically possess older vintages of skills than younger workers, and they may suffer more from technological change. Experienced workers may nevertheless have accumulated human capital making them suitable for adopting new technologies. On the other hand, to adjust to new technologies, workers must invest in training. This may not be worthwhile for the oldest workers, and technological change may thus induce early retirement. If technological change occurs often, workers will continuously invest in training, which may insulate them from the negative effect of technological change. We exploit the approach by Bartel and Sicherman (1993) to identify this effect by estimating the retirement response to technological change. We examine two hypotheses about the effects of technological changes on early retirement for workers from the age of 50 to the mandatory age of retirement at 67. First, we examine whether workers in firms with higher rates of anticipated technological change retire later than workers in firms with lower rates of technological change. Second, we examine if unanticipated technological change is positively correlated with earlier retirement. We use a matched employer-employee data set with a rich set of controls for worker, firm and local labour market characteristics, and firm level measures of anticipated and not-anticipated technological change. We find a negative correlation between early retirement and anticipated technological change only for the oldest male workers (62 to 66). Further, we find a higher probability of transition to retirement for workers above 60 for firms introducing new process technologies. |
| Keywords: | Technological changes; early retirement |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:509&r=lab |
| By: | Hakkala, Katariina (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Heyman, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Sjöholm, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | The growing number of cross-border acquisitions has in many countries raised concerns about labor demand consequences. In this study, we use detailed firm level data to examine how increased internationalization and multinational activity affect the volatility of employment, or rather, the wage elasticity of labor demand. We analyze whether the wage elasticity of labor demand differs between multinational and non-multinational firms as well as between foreign-owned and domestic firms, and we are able to distinguish between different skill groups of employees. Moreover, we separate between an acquisition effect and a general ownership effect. Our results do not show any general difference in wage elasticities between different types of firms. |
| Keywords: | FDI; Cross-Border Acquisitions; Multinational Enterprises; Foreign Ownership; Labor Demand; Skill Groups; GMM |
| JEL: | F16 F21 F23 J23 |
| Date: | 2007–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:0709&r=lab |
| By: | Gustavo Javier Canavire-Bacarreza (Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Georgia State University); Luís Fernando Lima Soria (Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the unemployment duration and labor mobility using data from the household surveys provided by the National Statistical office (INDEC) for the period 1998 to 2005. The paper aims to understand and explain the evolution and main determinants of labor mobility and unemployment duration, two of the main problems that labor markets present. Unemployment duration is studied in terms of welfare and its determinants by applying stochastic dominance and econometric techniques. Labor mobility is analyzed using conditional multinomial probit techniques in order to evaluate its evolution, the impact of a crisis and the recovery period, that Argentina faced over the period 1998-2005. We found that there was deterioration in welfare measured by unemployment duration especially during the crisis period. We found that human capital played a key role in the unemployment duration and labour mobility. Unemployment duration is higher for people with higher educational levels, which shows that less educated people have lower reservations wages; similar result was found for females and males. The labour mobility results show that more educated people enter easier to formal labor markets which changes during the crisis when their probability of entering to formal labor market reduces; this would suggest that more educated people tend to adjust their wages and push out of the market less educated people. The labour mobility patterns do not reflect inflexibility in labour markets. We conclude that the apparent duality – formal and informal - in the Argentinean labour market which seems to reflect differences in access to productive resources (human capital) outside labour market is the one that determines the integration into labour markets and later labour mobility of a big part of labour force. |
| Keywords: | Unemployment duration, labour mobility, stochastic dominance, count models, hazard models. |
| JEL: | J62 J64 C41 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0054&r=lab |
| By: | Richard B. Freeman; Douglas Kruse; Joseph Blasi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines cross-country differences in labour policies and practices and employee performance and attitudes toward work from a sample of nearly 30,000 employees in a large multinational manufacturing firm. The analysis shows: 1) large establishment and country differences in work practices, performance, and attitudes toward work across countries; 2) qualitatively similar responses of workers to work practices across countries; 3) a strong link between the establishment average of employee reports on the quality of labour-management relations and establishment average measures of employee performance 4) a positive relation between average employee performance and average employee-management relations at the country level, but no relation between country level performance in the firm and measures of the extent of national labour regulations or practices. |
| JEL: | J0 J00 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:13233&r=lab |
| By: | Fabio Canova (Universitat Pompeu Fabra); David López-Salido (Banco de España; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Claudio Michelacci (Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros (CEMFI)) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of neutral and investment-specific technology shocks on hours worked and unemployment. We characterize the response of unemployment in terms of job separation and job finding rates. We find that job separation rates mainly account for the impact response of unemployment while job finding rates for movements along its adjustment path. Neutral shocks increase unemployment and explain a substantial portion of unemployment and output volatility; investment-specific shocks expand employment and hours worked and mostly contribute to hours worked volatility. We show that this evidence is consistent with the view that neutral technological progress prompts Schumpeterian creative destruction, while investment specific technological progress has standard neoclassical features. |
| Keywords: | search frictions, technological progress, creative destruction |
| JEL: | E00 J60 O33 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:0719&r=lab |
| By: | Orsetta Causa; Sébastien Jean |
| Abstract: | This working paper assesses the ease of immigrants' integration in OECD labour markets by estimating how an immigration background influences the probability of being active or employed and the expected hourly earnings, for given individual characteristics. Applying the same methodology to comparable data across twelve OECD countries, immigrants are shown to significantly lag behind natives in terms of employment and/or wages. The differences narrow as years since settlement elapse, especially as regards wages, reflecting progressive assimilation. Strong differences in immigrant-to-native gaps are also observed across countries, and the paper shows that they may, to a significant extent, be explained by differences in labour market policies, in particular unemployment benefits, the tax wedge and the minimum wage. In addition, immigrants are shown to be overrepresented among outsiders in the labour market and, as such, highly sensitive to the difference in employment protection legislation between temporary and permanent contracts. <P>L’intégration des immigrés dans les pays de l’OCDE : Les politiques sur le marché du travail comptent-elles ? <BR>Ce document de travail évalue la qualité de l’intégration des immigrés sur les marchés du travail des pays de l’OCDE en estimant de quelle façon le statut d’immigré influe sur la probabilité d’être actif ou employé et sur l’espérance de salaire, pour des caractéristiques individuelles données. En appliquant la même méthodologie à des données comparables pour douze pays de l’OCDE, les salaires et de probabilité d’emploi des immigrés s’avèrent significativement en deçà de ceux des autochtones partageant les mêmes caractéristiques. Ces différences s’amenuisent au fur et à mesure des années écoulées depuis l’installation, en particulier concernant les salaires, reflétant un processus d’assimilation progressive. De fortes différences entre immigrés et autochtones sont également observées entre pays et ce travail montre qu’elles peuvent dans une large mesure être expliquées par les différences de politiques sur le marché du travail, en particulier en termes d’allocations chômage, de coin fiscal et de salaire minimum. Les immigrés sont en outre surreprésentés parmi les outsiders sur le marché du travail et sont de ce fait plus sensibles aux différences de législation de protection de l’emploi entre contrats temporaires et permanents. |
| Keywords: | Aboriginal community |
| JEL: | J31 J61 J64 |
| Date: | 2007–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:564-en&r=lab |
| By: | Richard B. Freeman |
| Abstract: | The paper documents the large cross-country differences in labor institutions that make them a candidate explanatory factor for the divergent economic performance of countries and reviews what economists have learned about the effects of these institutions on economic outcomes. It identifies three ways in which institutions affect economic performance: by altering incentives, by facilitating efficient bargaining, and by increasing information, communication, and trust. The evidence shows that labor institutions reduce the dispersion of earnings and income inequality, which alters incentives, but finds equivocal effects on other aggregate outcomes, such as employment and unemployment. Given weaknesses in the cross-country data on which most studies focus, the paper argues for increased use of micro-data, simulations, and experiments to illuminate how labor institutions operate and affect outcomes. |
| JEL: | J01 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:13242&r=lab |
| By: | Kumlaï Jongkong (GED, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV) |
| Abstract: | Cet article tente d’évaluer un aspect spécifique du marché du travail urbain en Thaïlande en se basant sur la théorie du marché du travail segmenté. Le débat actuel sur la pauvreté et la persistance de l’inégalité est relié aux théories dominantes du capital humain et de la segmentation du marché du travail. Contrairement aux prédictions faites par la théorie néoclassique, les partisans de la théorie de la segmentation suggèrent qu’il existe des segments distincts au sein du marché du travail, à savoir les secteurs primaire et secondaire. Cette analyse s’inscrit dans une approche dualiste afin de montrer que le marché du travail se caractérise par deux fonctions de gains. Dans cette optique, une analyse économétrique est proposée à l’aide d’un modèle à changement de régime avec règle de séparation inconnue. Cette méthode permet d’échapper aux problèmes techniques de biais de sélection et de troncature qui font l’objet de critiques vis-à-vis des études antérieures. A l’aide d’une Enquête sur la main-d’œuvre (LFS), relative à la période 1985-2004, les résultats de l’analyse empirique confirment la dualité du marché du travail urbain en Thaïlande. En effet, deux aspects importants sont mis en évidence. En premier lieu, l’analyse montre que, non seulement les salaires dans le secteur secondaire sont relativement faibles, mais aussi que les taux de rendements au capital humain sont proches de zéros, notamment pour la variable liée à l’expérience professionnelle. Par conséquent, les résultats du test empirique permettent de rejeter l’hypothèse du modèle standard selon lequel il existe une fonction de gains unique. En deuxième lieu, l’étude de la répartition sectorielle des travailleurs, effectuée à l’aide du calcul des probabilités attachées aux secteurs primaire et secondaire, montre que près des trois quarts des individus sont classés dans le secteur secondaire où les salaires sont relativement faibles. En définitive, le test empirique et l’analyse de la répartition confirment l’existence de la dualité du marché du travail urbain en Thaïlande. This article attempts to evaluate a particular aspect of the urban labour market in Thailand along the lines of the theory of the labour market segmentation. The recent debate on the poverty and the persistence of the inequality frequently refers to two dominant theories, namely the theory of human capital and the theory of segmentation. Contrary to the predictions of the neo-classic theory, advocates of the segmentation theory suggest that there are several segments within the labour market, such as a primary and a secondary sector. This analysis follows a dualistic approach according to which the labour market is characterized by two wage functions instead of one equation. By this direction, we carry out an econometric analysis, using the switching model with unknown regime. This method escapes from the technical problems, namely the selection and truncation biases which give strong criticisms to former studies. Using the Labor Force Survey (LFS) from 1985 to 2004, the results of the empirical analysis confirm the duality of the urban labour market in Thailand. Indeed, it should be stressed two important aspects. First, the analysis shows that not only wages in the secondary sector are relatively low but the returns to the human capital are also close to zeros, particularly for the experience variable. Consequently, the results of the empirical test enable us to reject the assumption of the human capital according to which there is only one wage function. Second, the study of workers’ distribution carried out by using the probability attached to the primary sector and secondary shows that three quarter of individuals are classified in the secondary sector where wages are relatively low. Ultimately, the empirical test and the analysis of the distribution confirm the existence of the duality of the urban labour market in Thailand.(Full text in french) |
| JEL: | J31 J42 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mon:ceddtr:137&r=lab |
| By: | Sébastien Jean; Orsetta Causa; Miguel Jimenez; Isabelle Wanner |
| Abstract: | immigration for natives' labour market outcomes, as well as issues linked to immigrants' integration in the host country labour market. Changes in the share of immigrants in the labour force may have a distributive impact on natives' wages, and a temporary impact on unemployment. However, labour market integration of immigrants (as well as integration of second-generation immigrants - both in terms of educational attainments and of labour market outcomes) remains the main challenge facing host economies. In both cases, product and labour market policies have a significant role to play in easing the economy's adjustment to immigration. <P>Les migrations dans les pays de l'OCDE : Impact sur le marché du travail et intégration <BR>Les pays de l'OCDE connaissent une période de forte croissance des pressions migratoires. Cet article s'interroge sur les conséquences de ce phénomène d'une part sur le marché du travail domestique, d'autre part sur les trajectoires d'intégration propres aux immigrés dans les pays d'accueil. Des changements dans la proportion d'immigrés dans la force de travail peuvent avoir un impact distributif sur les salaires des natifs et un impact temporaire sur leur taux de chômage. Cependant, l'intégration des immigrés sur le marché du travail (de même que l'intégration des immigrés de seconde génération, aussi bien sur le plan de la réussite scolaire que sur celui de la performance sur le marché du travail) demeure l'enjeu principal auquel se doivent de faire face les économies d'accueil. Dans les deux cas, la régulation des marchés de produits et la politique du marché du travail ont un rôle important à jouer afin de favoriser les ajustements économiques associés à l'immigration. |
| JEL: | E24 J31 J61 J64 L43 |
| Date: | 2007–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:562-en&r=lab |
| By: | Sébastien Jean; Miguel Jimenez |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the consequences of immigration for natives' unemployment in OECD countries and investigates the role played by product and labour market policies in the economy's adjustment to immigration inflows. The estimations, combining a skill-level and an aggregate approach using data for males, cover eighteen OECD countries over the period 1984-2003. While no significant long-run impact is found, an increase in the share of immigrants in the labour force is estimated to raise temporarily natives' unemployment, over a period of approximately five to ten years. Anticompetitive product market regulations are found to increase both the magnitude and the persistence of this impact, while more stringent employment protection legislation magnifies its persistence, and a higher average replacement rate of unemployment benefits increases its magnitude. <P>L?impact de l?immigration sur le chômage dans les pays de l?OCDE <BR>Ce document de travail évalue les conséquences de l'immigration pour le chômage des autochtones dans les pays de l'OCDE, en s’intéressant particulièrement au rôle joué par les politiques sur les marchés des produits et du travail. Les estimations, combinant une approche par catégorie de qualification et une approche agrégée sur la base de données pour les hommes, couvrent dix-huit pays de l'OCDE sur la période 1984-2003. Aucun impact permanent significatif de la part des immigrés dans la population active sur le niveau de chômage parmi les autochtones n'est trouvé, mais une augmentation de cette part accroît temporairement le chômage des autochtones, pour une période de cinq à dix ans. Les régulations anticoncurrentielles sur le marché des produits augmentent l’ampleur et la persistance de cet impact, une législation plus stricte de protection de l’emploi accroît sa persistance, et un taux de remplacement moyen des allocations chômage plus élevé augmente son ampleur. |
| JEL: | E24 J61 L43 |
| Date: | 2007–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:563-en&r=lab |
| By: | Leonardo Gasparini (Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata); Francisco Haimovich (Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata); Sergio Olivieri (Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata) |
| Abstract: | In the midst of a serious macroeconomic crisis Argentina implemented a large social program – the Programa Jefes de Hogar (PJH) – that provides cash transfers to unemployed household heads meeting certain criteria. In practice, giving the difficulties in monitoring informal jobs, the unemployment requirement of the PJH would imply a disincentive for the program participants to search for a formal job. By applying matching techniques we evaluate the empirical relevance of this prediction during the period of strong economic growth that followed the crisis. We find some evidence on the informality bias of the PJH when the value of the transfer was relatively high compared to wages in the formal labor market. |
| Keywords: | informality, employment, Argentina, evaluation, program, Jefes |
| JEL: | I3 D3 D6 |
| Date: | 2007–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0053&r=lab |
| By: | Hasan, Zubair |
| Abstract: | Exclusive writings on the contribution of Ibn Khaldun to economics in the English language have not been many, the references to his work also remain scanty and far between. Even in what little is available mostly authors talk about his views on professions, markets and the cloud he castes on merchants. The present paper avoids treading the familiar tracks. It sees close similarities between the views of Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406), David Ricardo (1772 – 1823) and Karl Marx (1818 -I823) in regarding labour as the measure of value and source of capital formation in the course of economics maturing to an academic discipline. The three intellectuals agree, directly or indirectly, that labour creates economic surplus which it does not receive. Even so, the policy implications each derives from this conclusion are interestingly much different. Ibn Khaldun did not -- indeed imbued with Islamic faith he could not – think of workers’ predicament becoming a source of social turmoil. Ricardo implicitly saw labour exploitation in a free enterprise system of organizing production but himself being a great capitalist he could not swallow the pill and once tended to regard cost of production – wages plus profit – as the measure of value. Marx regarded exploitation of labour as the intrinsic vice of capitalism that revolution alone could obliterate. |
| Keywords: | Labour theory of value; Capital formation; Ibn Khaldun; Adam Smith; Ricaedo; Marx |
| JEL: | B11 B14 B19 B12 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:3874&r=lab |
| By: | Otto Raspe; Frank van Oort |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the debate on localized knowledge externalities as potential source for firm productivity gains. We apply multilevel analysis to link firm productivity (and growth) to knowledge intensive spatial contexts in the Netherlands. If localized knowledge externalities are important, then firms are hypothesised to co-locate in order to capitalize on each other's knowledge stocks. We conceptualise the regional knowledge base by three dimensions: local 'research and development' intensity, local 'innovativeness', and the characterization of locations by a ‘knowledge workers’ dimension (based on ICT use, educational level, communicative and creative skills). Controlling for firm's heterogeneity, we find a relatively small spatial effect: regional characteristics contribute for only a few percents to firm productivity. The regional intensity of 'innovation' most significantly contributes to this effect. We do not find a contextual spatial effect for productivity growth. These results suggest that the territorial dimension of knowledge externalities should not be exaggerated. |
| Keywords: | productivity, multilevel analysis, localized knowledge externalities, Netherlands |
| Date: | 2007–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:0706&r=lab |
| By: | Gregory E. Givens |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of unemployment insurance on the propagation of monetary disturbances in a staggered price model of the business cycle. To motivate a role for risk sharing behavior, I construct a quantitative equilibrium model that gives prominence to an efficiency-wage theory of unemployment based on imperfectly observable labor effort. Dynamic simulations reveal that under a full insurance arrangement, staggered price-setting is incapable of generating persistent real effects of a monetary shock. Introducing partial insurance, however, bolsters the amount of endogenous wage rigidity present in the model, enriching the propagation mechanism. Positive real persistence appears in versions of the model that exclude capital accumulation as well as in versions that do not. |
| Keywords: | Unemployment, Partial Insurance, Staggered Prices, Endogenous Persistence |
| JEL: | E24 E31 E32 E52 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mts:wpaper:200710&r=lab |
| By: | Ximena Peña (Department of Economics, Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to explain the decrease and reversal of the education gap between males and females. Given a continuum of agents, the education decisions are modelled as an assignment game with endogenous types. In the first stage agents choose their education level and in the second they participate in the labor and marriage markets. Competition among potential matches ensures that the efficient education levels can always be sustained in equilibrium, but there may be inefficient equilibria. Combining asymmetries intrinsic to the modelled markets the model reproduces the observed education gap. Classification-JEL Codes: C78, D13, D61 |
| Keywords: | Assortative matching, pre-marital investments, efficiency |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geo:guwopa:gueconwpa~06-06-12&r=lab |
| By: | Torbjørn Hægeland, Oddbjørn Raaum and Kjell G. Salvanes (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Despite important policy implications associated with the allocation of education resources, evidence on the effectiveness of school inputs remains inconclusive. In part, this is due to endogenous allocation; families sort themselves non-randomly into school districts and school districts allocate money based in order to compensate (or reinforce) differences in child abilities, which leaves estimates of school input effects likely to be biased. Using variation in education expenditures induced by the location of natural resources in Norway, we examine the effect of school resources on pupil outcomes. We find that higher school expenditures, triggered by higher revenues from local taxes on hydropower plants, have a significantly positive effect on pupil performance at age 16. The IV estimates contrast with the standard cross-sectional estimates that reveal no effects of extra resources. |
| Keywords: | Pupil achievement; school resources |
| JEL: | I21 I28 J24 |
| Date: | 2007–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:508&r=lab |