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on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy |
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Issue of 2015‒06‒20
nine papers chosen by Laura Ştefănescu Centrul European de Studii Manageriale în Administrarea Afacerilor |
| By: | Amel ATTOUR (Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion (GREDEG UMR 7321) - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis); Pierre BARBAROUX (Centre de recherche de l’Armée de l’air (CReA)) |
| Abstract: | Dans un environnement économique turbulent, marqué par l’extension géographique des marchés et l’intensification de la concurrence, les firmes ont peu à peu adapté leurs modèles d’organisation des activités d’innovation. Ces adaptations se traduisent par l’émergence de nouvelles formes organisationnelles facilitant la collaboration entre parties prenantes du processus d’innovation. Pour rendre compte de ces changements, les chercheurs ont renouvelé les cadres d’analyse du management stratégique de l’innovation. Innovation collaborative, innovation ouverte, communautés d’innovation, living labs … autant de concepts développés par la recherche pour étudier les changements opérés par les entreprises pour gérer leurs activités innovantes. Ce renouvellement des cadres théoriques ne concerne pas uniquement les modes d’organisation de l’innovation. Les dispositifs de gestion des connaissances déployés par les firmes pour innover changent également de nature. Le changement concerne l’ensemble des processus cognitifs impliqués lors des différentes phases du processus d’innovation, de l’invention à la commercialisation de nouveaux produits, services, technologies, procédés et organisations. Sont particulièrement concernés les processus de création, de partage, et d’intégration des connaissances mobilisées pour innover, mais également de protection de la propriété intellectuelle, de financement des projets innovants, de gestion des asymétries cognitives et informationnelles, et de partage des risques associés. Cette évolution conjointe des modèles d’organisation de l’innovation et des processus de gestion des connaissances représente un défi majeur pour les entreprises, ainsi qu’un objet de recherche naissant que cet article se propose d’explorer. In a turbulent economic environment, characterized by the geographical extension of markets and hyper-competition, firms gradually adapted their innovation models. New organizational forms thus emerged, in which innovative firms collaborate with a variety of stakeholders (e.g., suppliers, customers, universities, R&D companies, consultants, users’ communities, financial organization, public actors…) to develop innovation. The foregoing renewal does not concern innovation models only. Knowledge management processes deployed by firms to innovate also evolve. By adapting their innovation models, firms altered the various cognitive activities supporting the invention and commercialization of new product technologies and services. Codification processes, knowledge sharing and transfer, project financing, informational and risk sharing asymmetries have all been affected by that trend towards opening up innovation models. In that view, the co-evolution of innovation models and knowledge management processes represents a major challenge for firms. This joint evolution raises important issues that both economists and organizational theorists that this contribution seeks to address. |
| Keywords: | Innovation ouverte, Innovation collaborative, Gestion des connaissances |
| JEL: | D85 O32 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:rridoc:44&r=knm |
| By: | Es-Sadki N.; Arundel A.V. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | We use survey data for 238 European universities and 24 research institutes to examine the effects of regional factors at the NUTS-1 or NUTS-2 level on three knowledge transfer outcomes of public research organisations the number of licence agreements, start-ups and RD agreements with companies. We find that 1 a larger share of regional employment in high and medium-high technology manufacturing sectors in the same region as the public research organisation has a positive impact on the number of licence agreements. 2 A larger share of employment in knowledge-intensive services has a positive impact on the number of start-ups and research agreements, but a negative impact on licence agreements. 3 Competition as measured by the number of public research organisations in a region has a negative impact on all three outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Higher Education and Research Institutions; Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing; New Firms; Startups; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; |
| JEL: | I23 O32 M13 L24 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015017&r=knm |
| By: | Sophie BOUTILLIER (Clersé (UMR-CNRS 8019), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale); Dimitri UZUNIDIS (UTC, Greece) |
| Abstract: | Depuis le début des années 1980, la société entrepreneuriale a émergé. L’emploi salarié reste dans les économies développées la forme principale d’emploi, mais l’emploi devient plus précaire (travail intérimaire, contrat de travail à durée déterminée, augmentation du chômage, etc.). D’un autre côté, la création d’entreprise est conçue dans le cadre de politiques économiques comme un moyen de créer des emplois, d’innover ou de créer une activité économique dans des régions et les secteurs en déclin. L’objet de ce document est de présenter les caractéristiques de la société entrepreneuriale et et d’analyser de façon critique les politiques publiques d’aide à l’entrepreneuriat. Since the beginning of the 1980s the entrepreneurial society has emerged. In developed countries salaried employment is still the main form of employment, but it has become more precarious, due to factors such as an increase in unemployment, temporary employment, fixed-term contracts, etc. On the other hand new business start-ups are now understood by politicians as constituting a tool for job creation, innovation, and the redevelopment of areas or sectors in crisis. The purpose of this document is to present the characteristics of the entrepreneurial company and discuss public policies to support entrepreneurship.lization of new product technologies and services. Codification processes, knowledge sharing and transfer, project financing, informational and risk sharing asymmetries have all been affected by that trend towards opening up innovation models. In that view, the co-evolution of innovation models and knowledge management processes represents a major challenge for firms. This joint evolution raises important issues that both economists and organizational theorists that this contribution seeks to address. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneur, Entrepreneuriat, Salariat, Innovation, Changement |
| JEL: | L26 E2 O3 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:rridoc:45&r=knm |
| By: | Ralph Hippe; Roger Fouquet |
| Abstract: | A potentially important source of green growth in the future is the expansion of the weightless or dematerialised knowledge economy. Along with information and communication technology (ICT) and infrastructure, and the innovation system, human capital is a key pillar of this knowledge economy with its scope for increasing returns. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how industrialised economies managed to achieve the transition from low to high levels of human capital, and to identify lessons for green growth. The first phase of the human capital transition was the result of the interaction of supply and demand, triggered by technological change and boosted by the demands for (immaterial) services. The second phase of the human capital transition (i.e. mass education) resulted from enforced legislation and major public investment. The state’s aim to influence children’s beliefs appears to have been a key driver in public investment. Nevertheless, the roles governments played differed according to the developmental status and inherent socioeconomic and political characteristics of their countries. These features of the human capital transition are directly relevant to future transitions associated with green growth, and highlight the importance of understanding governments’ incentives and roles in transitions. |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsg:lsgwps:wp185&r=knm |
| By: | NAGAOKA Sadao; NISHIMURA Yoichiro |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the determinants of the use of grace periods, as well as their effects on knowledge flow, in order to assess the economic effects based on a large scale panel data of the use of grace periods in Japan. For this purpose we discriminate which of the three views ("acceleration of disclosure," "deferral of domestic patent filing," and "promotion of domestic patenting") best explains the use of grace periods. The major findings are the following. Grace periods are used more for inventions with strong science linkages and in high technology sectors, but for those with a smaller number of claims. Science linkages matter more than the number of claims for academic inventors compared to corporate inventors in using grace periods. Their use has significantly declined in those technology areas with high level of international applications, following the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Reform in January 2004, allowing, in particular, automatic designation of all PCT contracting states. Critically, the use of grace periods significantly increased the knowledge diffusion to third parties as measured by non-self forward citations, relative to self-citations. Such effect is stronger than that of ex-post academic disclosure, following the patent application or its publication. These results show that the main motivation of the use of grace periods is the acceleration of disclosure, and that they enhance knowledge diffusion and are likely to enhance social welfare. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:15072&r=knm |
| By: | Byung S. Min; Russell Smyth |
| Abstract: | We examine both the determinants of corporate research and development (R&D) intensity, and its impact on firm value, in Korea, a country in which family business groups are dominant and in which corporate-funded R&D intensity is one of the highest in the world. We find that growth opportunities, size of the firm and payment to executive board members have a positive effect on R&D intensity, while leverage has a negative effect on R&D intensity. When leverage is at an extremely high level, the relationship between growth opportunities and R&D intensity turns from positive to negative. The positive effect of firm size on R&D intensity is larger, the greater the number of subsidiaries the firm has, consistent with the firm engaging in cross-subsidisation. The positive effect of payments to executive board members on R&D intensity is smaller for chaebol affiliates than for stand-alone firms. Using instrument variables we find that R&D generates an increase in firm value. |
| Keywords: | family business; R&D; innovative economy; firm value; chaebol |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2015-25&r=knm |
| By: | Edquist, Harald (Ericsson Research); Henrekson, Magnus (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | Since the mid-1990s value added has grown faster in the Swedish business sector than in the business sector of most other OECD countries. We investigate the association between ICT and R&D capital and value added in the Swedish non-farm business sector. By estimating neoclassical production function models on data for 47 different industries for the period 1993–2012 we show that ICT and R&D capital are significantly associated with value added for most specifications. When controlling for economic shocks the results show that on average, if ICT capital increases by 10 percent, value added increases by 1.8 percent. We also divide ICT capital into hardware and software capital. To our knowledge, this distinction has not been made in any previous study at the industry level. In this case only the estimated elasticity of software is significantly different from zero. One possible explanation could be that all industries invest in hardware, but only the ones that successfully invest in and implement software enjoy positive effects from ICT. |
| Keywords: | ICT; R&D; Industrial change; Panel data |
| JEL: | O14 O32 O33 O47 |
| Date: | 2015–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1073&r=knm |
| By: | P. Aghion; U. Akcigit; A. Bergeaud; R. Blundell; D. Hémous |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use cross-state panel data to show a positive and significant correlation between various measures of innovativeness and top income inequality in the United States over the past decades. Two distinct instrumentation strategies suggest that this correlation (partly) reflects a causality from innovativeness to top income inequality, and the effect is significant: for example, when measured by the number of patent per capita, innovativeness accounts on average across US states for around 17% of the total increase in the top 1% income share between 1975 and 2010. Yet, innovation does not appear to increase other measures of inequality which do not focus on top incomes. Next, we show that the positive effects of innovation on the top 1% income share are dampened in states with higher lobbying intensity. Finally, from cross-section regressions performed at the commuting zone (CZ) level, we find that: (i) innovativeness is positively correlated with upward social mobility; (ii) the positive correlation between innovativeness and social mobility, is driven mainly by entrant innovators and less so by incumbent innovators, and it is dampened in states with higher lobbying intensity. Overall, our findings vindicate the Schumpeterian view whereby the rise in top income shares is partly related to innovation-led growth, where innovation itself fosters social mobility at the top through creative destruction. |
| Keywords: | Itop income, inequality, innovation, patenting, citations, social mobility, incumbents, entrant |
| JEL: | O30 O31 O33 O34 O40 O43 O47 D63 J14 J15 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:557&r=knm |
| By: | Guerreiro, Gertrudes Saúde; Caleiro, António Bento |
| Abstract: | Human resources are an essential element in territorial development. When these are characterized by a high level of training, they also enhance a number of effects in fundamental areas of binomial territorial-social cohesion. In this respect, the existence of higher education institutions throughout the territory allows the spread of human resources' qualification but, by itself, does not guarantee the retention of these resources in different regions. Thus, the objective of this paper is to undertake a spatial analysis of convergence of knowledge through studying the evolution of the percentage of population with higher education in the periods elapsed between the last three censuses in Portugal. Although that percentage has risen appreciably, the convergence is shown to be (very) insignificant. |
| Keywords: | Census; Convergence Analysis; Higher Education; Spatial Econometrics |
| JEL: | C23 I23 O15 R12 |
| Date: | 2015–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64999&r=knm |