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on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy |
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Issue of 2014‒06‒22
ten papers chosen by Laura Stefanescu European Research Centre of Managerial Studies in Business Administration |
| By: | Simachev, Yuri; Kuzyk, Mikhail; Feygina, Vera |
| Abstract: | Focused on the efficiency of the Russian innovation-fostering policy, the research is based on an empirical analysis of how policy instruments impact firms’ behavior. The data is obtained from two surveys of more than 600 Russian industrial companies in 2011-2012. The analysis shows that tax incentives are more conducive to innovations with a longer payback period, whereas public funding is more likely to facilitate launching new innovative projects. At the same time, both kinds of innovation support tools are affected by crowding out private funds by public ones. Besides, innovation policy design and administration are not friendly to young companies. |
| Keywords: | innovation; firm behavior; tax incentives; public subsidies and grants; evaluation of government innovation policy |
| JEL: | L20 O31 O32 O38 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:56750&r=knm |
| By: | F. Quatraro; S. Usai |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the impact of distance, contiguity and technological proximity on cross- regional knowledge flows, by comparing the evidence concerning co-inventorship, applicant-inventor relationships and citation flows. We find evidence of significant differences across these diverse kinds of knowledge flows for what concerns the role of distance, and the moderating role of contiguity and technological proximity. Moreover, we show that border effects may prove crucial in a twofold sense. On the one hand we show that contiguity between regions belonging to two different countries still plays a moderating role, although weaker as compared to that of within-country contiguity. On the other hand, regions sharing a frontier with a foreign country are more likely to exchange knowledge with this foreign country than other regions which are far away from the border. |
| Keywords: | regional competitiveness, Patents, knowledge flows, gravity, europe, Border regions |
| JEL: | R11 O33 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:201405&r=knm |
| By: | Nicolas JULLIEN (LUSSI - Département Logique des Usages, Sciences sociales et Sciences de l'Information - Institut Mines-Télécom - Télécom Bretagne - PRES Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), M@rsouin - Môle armoricain de recherche sur la société de l'information et les usages d'internet - Groupement d'intérêt scientifique); Julien Pénin (BETA - Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée - Université de Strasbourg : CNRS, UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE) |
| Abstract: | L'innovation ouverte reste un concept très large, un peu fourre-tout, dont les frontières, les formes et les enjeux doivent encore d'être clarifiés. C'est précisément ce que nous nous proposons de faire dans cette contribution. Dans un premier temps, nous définissons le concept d'innovation ouverte et nous le confrontons aux théories existantes en économie et gestion de l'innovation. Cela nous amène notamment à distinguer les deux faces de l'innovation ouverte l'" inside-out et l'" outside-in " et à montrer que seule la première est réellement nouvelle en sciences de gestion. Cela nous permet également d'insister sur l'importance des droits de propriété intellectuels (DPI) et notamment du brevet dans l'essor et le succès des stratégies d'innovation ouverte. Dans un second temps nous présentons les différentes modalités de l'innovation ouverte. Nous insistons essentiellement sur la différence entre les formes traditionnelles d'innovation ouverte qui sont peu ouvertes et peu interactives (par exemple un accord bilatéral de collaboration de recherche entre une entreprise et une université) et des modalités qui ont émergé plus récemment et qui sont largement plus ouvertes et plus interactives (par exemple le crowdsourcing ou l'innovation avec des communautés open source). Nous appelons la première " innovation ouverte 1.0 " et la seconde " innovation ouverte 2.0 ", faisant ainsi référence à l'importance des TIC et notamment de l'Internet dit 2.0 pour favoriser la mise en place des modalités d'innovation ouverte 2.0. Enfin, dans un troisième temps nous analysons les enjeux stratégiques de l'innovation ouverte et nous évaluons la rationalité et les problématiques économiques soulevées par ce type de pratiques. |
| Keywords: | Innovation ouverte; Open source; Crowdsourcing; Inside-out; Outside-in |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01009630&r=knm |
| By: | Michèle Debonneuil (Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations - sans); David Encaoua (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris) |
| Abstract: | Dans la phase des vagues d'innovations contemporaines, phase qu'on assimile à la troisième révolution industrielle ou encore à l'ère du numérique, les relations entre innovations, gains de productivité et emplois font l'objet de vives controverses, notamment aux Etats-Unis, pays phare en matière d'innovation. D'une part, la croissance des gains de productivité connaîtrait un certain ralentissement dans le secteur non manufacturier, conduisant à une croissance économique faible. D'autre part, les innovations contemporaines ne créeraient plus autant d'emplois qu'après la deuxième révolution industrielle. Plus précisément, la crise de l'emploi est à l'origine de la crise de croissance. La crise de l'emploi se manifeste elle-même par le fait que les technologies numériques sont à l'origine d'une bipolarisation des emplois selon qu'ils requièrent des tâches routinières ou non routinières, les premières étant substituables par des technologies numériques. Ces observations soulèvent évidemment une importante question : les innovations contemporaines ne serviraient-elles plus à mettre en marche la dynamique de la croissance et de l'emploi ? Ou bien ne s'agit-il que d'une phase transitoire, en quête de nouvelles perspectives ? Ce travail plaide en faveur du deuxième terme de l'alternative et il procède pour cela en deux temps. Premièrement, il examine les différents arguments qui sous tendent les inquiétudes et controverses sur les contreperformances des innovations contemporaines. Deuxièmement, il présente quelques interprétations et suggère les perspectives sociales ouvertes par l'évolution des technologies numériques qui constituent le coeur des innovations contemporaines. |
| Keywords: | productivité, croissance, emploi, innovation autonomisante, organisation sciale, quaternaire |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseose:halshs-00967255&r=knm |
| By: | Spielman, David J.; Ma, Xingliang |
| Abstract: | The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been extensively debated in the literature on technology transfers and agricultural production in developing countries. However, few studies offer cross-country evidence on how IPRs affect yield growth, for example, by incentivizing private-sector investment in cultivar improvement. We address this knowledge gap by testing technology diffusion patterns for six major crops using a unique dataset for the period 1961–2010 and an Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel-data estimation approach. Findings indicate that both biological and legal forms of IPRs tend to promote yield gap convergence between developed and developing countries, although effects vary between crops. |
| Keywords: | Technology transfer, Agricultural development, productivity, Developing countries, Intellectual property rights, Diffusion of information, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1345&r=knm |
| By: | Philippe Bertheau (LIRSA - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Sciences de l'Action - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) : EA4603) |
| Abstract: | Research states that the success of a specific innovation cannot be predicted. As a consequence, the value of such an innovation can only be stated very late in the development process, or even in retrospect. Our empirical research shows that professionals directly engaged in the design process are able to perform an early and complete valuation, and that similar patterns emerge during this valuation process. |
| Keywords: | innovation, value, innovative design, business model, valuation |
| Date: | 2014–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01009026&r=knm |
| By: | Marco Marinucci (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides theoretical background to the increasing R&D cooperation among firms and public research institutions. We find that R&D spillovers may impede cooperation among firms or research institutions even when the cost of forming a link is negligible. Further, the presence of heterogeneous players results in different concepts of network regularity but also increases the number of possible pairwise stable networks. Consequently, stronger concepts of stability are needed to study networks in which players are not homogeneous. |
| Keywords: | networks, innovation, R&D cooperation, spillovers |
| JEL: | C70 L14 O30 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_962_14&r=knm |
| By: | Marchese, Carla; Marsiglio, Simone; Privileggi, Fabio; Ramello, Giovanni (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the relationship between economic growth, knowledge production and intellectual property rights. Economists and historians underline different aspects as possible causes of knowledge accumulation; the former stress the role of incentive mechanisms while the latter the autonomous progress of science. We construct a unified theory allowing for the presence of markets and the autonomous accumulation of knowledge by introducing intellectual property right policies in an endogenous recombinant growth model. In this framework a benevolent government should reallocate resources from the final to the knowledge production sector and implement a tax-subsidy scheme in order to correct for the inefficiencies generated by the process. We characterize the (asymptotic) steady state equilibrium, and some properties of the transitional path. We show that if certain conditions are met, then the economy will converge to its (asymptotic) balanced growth path, and along such a path growth will be independent of the government policy; conversely, transition dynamics and the capital to knowledge ratio are affected by the choice of the tax-subsidy parameter. We then quantitatively analyze the effect of different policy interventions on welfare, and show that welfare is increasing in the policy parameter and a strictly positive policy level may be required to avoid stagnation. |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201413&r=knm |
| By: | Marc Baudry; Adrien Hervouet |
| Abstract: | This article deals with the impact of legislation in the seed sector on incentives for variety creation. Two categories of rules interact. The first category consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D investments by the private sector. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection on the seed market. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs. We simultaneously examine two kinds of commercial legislation: compulsory registration in a catalogue and minimum standards for commercialisation. Analytical results are completed by numerical simulations. The main result is that the combination between minimum standards and PBRs provides higher incentives for sequential innovation and may be preferred by a public regulator to maximise the expected and discounted total surplus when sunk investment costs are low or when they are medium and the probability of R&D success is sufficiently high. This solution differs from the combination of IPRs and commercialisation rules used in both the US and Europe. Otherwise, PBRs have to be replaced by patents, which yields a configuration close to that observed in the US. The catalogue commercialisation rule is seldom preferred to minimum standards, so that the combination of IPRs and commercialisation rules that prevails in Europe is not supported by our model. |
| Keywords: | Intellectual Property Rights, Plant Breeders’ Rights, Catalogue, Product differentiation, Asymmetric information, Biodiversity. |
| JEL: | D43 D82 K11 L13 Q12 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2014-32&r=knm |
| By: | Reinhilde Veugelers |
| Abstract: | Are R&D budgets being smartly used to address growth? How is the crisis affecting public Research & Development budgets across the EU? The crisis seems to have widened the gap between EU countries in public R&I expenditure. Even though the EU budget serves as mechanism to somewhat ease the growing public R&I divide in Europe - EU funds are relatively more significant for innovation-lagging countries with low national R&I budgets - it is crucial to assess whether the effectiveness of these R&I programmes. Understanding the degree to which public R&I budgets in the EU have been used â??smartlyâ?? during the crisis and whether the EU has made â??smartâ?? recommendations on public R&I in the European Semester requires an assessment of the long-term impact on growth. Smart consolidation featuring R&I investment needs to take a long-term perspective and to have sound evaluation frameworks in place to assess whether the potential for high growth returns from public R&I are indeed being realised. Evaluating the effectiveness of public R&I budgets should go beyond assessing short-term additionality impacts. Smart fiscal consolidation by EU member states should include assessments of the longer-term social rates of return. |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:829&r=knm |