|
on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy |
|
Issue of 2013‒08‒10
nine papers chosen by Laura Stefanescu European Research Centre of Managerial Studies in Business Administration |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This report aims to shed light on the role of markets and networks for knowledge-based assets. Knowledge Networks and Markets (KNMs) comprise the wide array of mechanisms and institutions facilitating the creation, exchange, dissemination and utilisation of knowledge in its multiple forms. This document provides new evidence on the knowledge-sourcing strategies of firms and their role in shaping innovation activities, according to different characteristics, and their impact on performance. It proposes a conceptual framework for understanding how KNMs support knowledge flows and the transfer of intellectual property (IP) rights, supported by a number of novel examples. It considers more specifically some developments in the market for IP rights, looking in the first instance at the evidence on the size of the market and the role of intermediaries. The role of public policies in the IP marketplace is also considered, with particular emphasis on some new forms of policy interventions such as government-sponsored patent funds. This document briefly reviews some key features of the markets and networks for knowledge originating in public research organisations, as well as the role of intermediaries such as technology transfer offices, whose role has been changing rapidly in recent years. Finally, the analysis of knowledge markets is extended to the market for knowledge embodied in highly skilled employees. The mixed impact of mobility on innovation is noted, considering in particular the use of agreements to restrict the movement of human capital and the potential implications of their enforcement. Some proposals for inclusion in a future measurement agenda are outlined. |
| Date: | 2013–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:7-en&r=knm |
| By: | Albahari, Alberto; Barge-Gil, Andrés; Pérez-Canto, Salvador; Modrego-Rico, Aurelia |
| Abstract: | The effectiveness of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) as instruments of innovation policy has generated thriving debate among academics, practitioners and policy makers. However, research mostly does not consider STPs’ heterogeneity. The present paper analyses the influence of different STP characteristics on their tenants'performance. Using data on 849 firms and 25 STPs from the 2009 Community Innovation Survey for Spain and a survey of STP managers respectively, we find that: (i) firms located in very new or longer established STPs show better innovative performance; (ii) the size of the STP and its management company positively affects the innovative performance of tenants while services provision has no effect on firms’ achieving better results; and (iii) firms in less technologically developed regions benefit more from location in an STP. |
| Keywords: | Science and Technology Parks; Innovation; Innovation Performance; Community Innovation Survey; Innovation policy |
| JEL: | L0 L2 L38 O30 O33 O38 O39 |
| Date: | 2013–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:48829&r=knm |
| By: | Gabriele Pellegrino (University of Barcelona & IEB); Mark J. Maria Savona (University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | The paper adds to the scattered empirical evidence on the role of obstacles to innovation in a three-fold way. First, we correct for the usual sample selection bias by filtering out firms not interested in innovation from ‘potential innovators’. Second, we assess what mostly affects firms’ propensity to realize innovative outputs. Third, we do so in a panel framework by using an unbalanced panel of UK firm for the period 2002 - 2010. We find that demand- and market-related factors are as important as financing conditions in determining firms’ innovation failures. This evidence puts much of the latest hype on finance in perspective. |
| Keywords: | Barriers to innovation, innovative firms, potential innovators, failed innovators, panel data |
| JEL: | C23 O31 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:wpaper:2013/6/doc2013-21&r=knm |
| By: | Chang, C.L.; McAleer, M.J.; Tang, J-T. |
| Abstract: | With the advent of globalization, economic and financial interactions among countries have become widespread. Given technological advancements, the factors of production can no longer be considered to be just labor and capital. In the pursuit of economic growth, every country has sensibly invested in international cooperation, learning, innovation, technology diffusion and knowledge. In this paper, we use a panel data set of 40 countries from 1981 to 2008 and a negative binomial model, using a novel set of cross-border patents and joint patents as proxy variables for technology diffusion, in order to investigate such diffusion. The empirical results suggest that, if it is desired to shift from foreign to domestic technology, it is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for business enterprises and higher education, exports and technology. If the focus is on increasing bilateral technology diffusion, it is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for higher education and technology. |
| Keywords: | R&D;exports;imports;cross-border patent;international technology diffusion;joint patent;negative binomial panel data |
| Date: | 2013–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:eureir:1765040779&r=knm |
| By: | Wojciech Szewczyk (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Anna Sabadash (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | Since the 1990s, information and communication technology (ICT) has been an essential driver of economic growth. Between 1995 and 2010, the ICT sectors have accounted for over 20% of EU15 growth, even though they only constitute 5% of EU15 GDP. The high growth resulting from the ever-increasing pace of ICT-related innovation requires high levels of R&D to be sustained. Indeed, the European ICT sector accounts for over a quarter of overall business expenditure on R&D, which makes it the largest R&D investing sector. A set of EU policy initiatives emphasise the importance of ICT and the underlying R&D for boosting European performance and competiveness. In order to ensure that public policies create the right conditions for sustaining and increasing the support for R&D, an appropriate measuring framework based on the thorough review of the best available methodologies need to be devised. Such framework will serve as a tool for choosing the investment strategies of public spending that create a favourable climate for an increase of private spendings on ICT R&D, and to turn investments into economic growth and employment through innovation. This report aims to provide an overview of subjects and topics relevant for constructing a coherent framework for macroeconomic analysis of the impact of public spending on ICT R&D, and to set specific modelling requirements for such a framework. The overview is structured to resemble the sequential multistage causal process which links R&D policy intervention with the resulting economy-wide effects, and covers the following issues: relationship between public and private R&D expenditure, innovation and the R&D process, and diffusion and impact of ICT. Further, building on the theory reviewed and empirical evidence presented, the report identifies the general requirements for a modelling framework to be used for ICT R&D analysis. Since there are existing models which can be used as a base framework, the guidelines focus on the specific requirements for the development of an R&D module. This add-in module is called to provide specific initial solutions to account for economics of ICT R&D, and need to be fully integrated with the base CGE model. |
| Keywords: | ICT, R&D, public and private investment, innovation, CGE |
| JEL: | O30 C54 C68 E17 E65 |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc82943&r=knm |
| By: | Charles Hulten |
| Abstract: | Recent studies have shown that knowledge-based capital (KBC) is an important source of economic growth in many of the world’s advanced economies (much more so than R&D alone) and is positively correlated with real GDP per capita in a cross-section of these economies. This literature is still in its infancy and there is, as yet, no systematic discussion of KBC policy. This paper makes an attempt to fill this gap.<P>Stimuler la croissance économique par l'investissement intellectuel<BR>Des études récentes révèlent que le capital intellectuel constitue une source importante de croissance économique (bien plus que la R-D) dans de nombreuses économies avancées du monde et qu’en général il y affiche une corrélation positive avec le PIB réel par habitant. Les travaux dans ce domaine n’en étant qu’à leurs débuts, l’action à mener à l’égard du capital intellectuel ne fait pas encore l’objet d’une réflexion systématique. La présente étude tâche d’y remédier. |
| Date: | 2013–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2013/2-en&r=knm |
| By: | Jeremy de Beer (U. Ottawa); Kun Fu (Imperial College); Sacha Wunsch-Vincent (World Intellectual Property Organization, Economics and Statistics Division, Geneva, Switzerland) |
| JEL: | E26 O12 O17 O3 |
| Date: | 2013–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:10&r=knm |
| By: | Andrea Morescalchi (IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies); Fabio Pammolli (IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies); Orion Penner (IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies); Petersen Alexander M. (IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies; IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy and Innovation, K.U. Leuven) |
| Abstract: | Recent studies on the geography of knowledge networks have documented a negative impact of physical distance and institutional borders upon research and development (R&D) collaborations. Though it is widely recognized that geographic constraints hamper the diffusion of knowledge, less attention has been devoted to the temporal evolution of these constraints. In this study we use data on patents filed with the European Patent Office (EPO) for 50 countries to analyze the impact of physical distance and country borders on inter-regional links in four different networks over the period 1988-2009: (1) co-inventorship, (2) patent citations, (3) inventor mobility and (4) the location of R&D laboratories. We find the constraint imposed by country borders and distance decreased until mid-1990s then started to grow, particularly for distance. The intensity of European cross-country inventor collaborations increased at a higher pace than their non-European counterparts until 2004, with no significant relative progress afterwards. Moreover, when analyzing networks of geographical mobility, multinational R&D activities and patent citations we do not depict any substantial progress in European research integration aside from the influence of common global trends. |
| Keywords: | Geography of knowledge; Networks of Innovators; European integration; Spatial proximity; Crossborder collaboration; Gravity model |
| JEL: | O30 R10 R23 |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ial:wpaper:4/2013&r=knm |
| By: | Antonio Navas Ruiz |
| Abstract: | Innovation, mark-ups and the degree of trade openness vary substantially across sectors. This paper builds a multi-sector endogenous growth model to study the influence of asymmetric trade liberalisation and sectoral differences in the degree of product market competition on the effect that trade has on R&D investments at a …firm level. I find that differences in the degree of competition generate large differences in …firm innovative responses to trade liberalisation. A movement from autarky to free trade promotes innovation and productivity growth in those sectors which are initially less competitive. However, when the initial tariff level is common across sectors, a homogeneous tariff reduction promotes innovation in those sectors which are initially more competitive. The paper suggests that trade liberalisation could be a source of industry productivity divergence: firms that are located in industries with greater exposure to foreign trade, invest a greater amount in R&D contributing to industry productivity growth. Finally the paper outlines the importance of reallocation effects within industry and across industries that are the result of these asymmetries. An asymmetric trade liberalisation has a small but negative impact on aggregate productivity growth. |
| Keywords: | Sectorial productivity, international trade, innovation |
| JEL: | F12 O43 |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wsr:wpaper:y:2013:i:127&r=knm |