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on Informal and Underground Economics |
| By: | Martín Leites (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía); Xavier Ramos (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Cecilia Rodríguez (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía); Vilá Joan (Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración. Instituto de Economía) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we provide novel estimates of intergenerational mobility for Uruguay that for the first time in a developing country, are based on administrative tax-social security records. We estimate the Intergenerational Ranking Association (IRA) and explore non-linearities. We explore alternatives to address the role of informal labour market, which is one of the main challenges to obtain precise measure of intergenerational mobility for a developing country. We have three main results: first, the level of persistence is higher when we consider individuals with less attachment to the formal labour market. Second, we find evidence of non-linearities in the degree of intergenerational persistence, being substantially higher for high-income households. Finally, there is heterogeneity by gender on the degree of intergenerational mobility, with mother-daughter transmission being the most persistent. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational income mobility, inequality, top incomes, non-linearities, formal labour market |
| JEL: | D31 J62 E26 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulr:wpaper:dt-05-22&r=iue |
| By: | Bakdi Malika (univ-DBKM - Université de Djilali Bounaama Khemis Miliana) |
| Abstract: | E-waste has grown exponentially around the world and is estimated to be growing at 3-5 % per annum. China faces a rapidly increasing amount of e-waste, both, from domestic generation and illegal imports. This paper examines the management of e-waste by formal and informal sectors in china, by means of descriptive and analytic approaches. The main results involve that China is the world's largest producer and importer of electrical and electronic devices, likewise China is the largest e-waste market. Furthermore, over 60% of E-waste produced in China is recycled informally. However, about 40% of e-waste was focused on the formal system. Finally, the major challenge for china in e-waste management is how to provide incentives for formal recyclers to reduce informal recycling activities. |
| Keywords: | managing e-waste formal informal sector China. JEL Classification Codes: E23 E26 Q5 Q53 Q59, managing, e-waste, formal, informal sector, China. JEL Classification Codes: E23, E26, Q5, Q53, Q59 |
| Date: | 2022–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03904931&r=iue |