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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Tobochnik, Howard Jacob; Maskus, Keith E.; Ridley, William Clifton |
| Abstract: | Intellectual property rights have become a central emphasis in the negotiation of “deep” preferential trade agreements containing provisions on regulatory environments besides trade policy. These provisions typically require member countries to implement heightened standards on various aspects of intellectual property rights, such as coverage and enforcement, that go beyond the baseline requirements of international intellectual property rights agreements such as the World Tarde Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement. This study implements a structural gravity framework to investigate empirically the impacts of these agreements on bilateral international patenting, to quantify the effects of countries’ membership in intellectual property–related preferential trade agreements on within-agreement patent applications at national patent offices, as well as extra–preferential trade agreement patenting at member country destinations originating from non-member countries. The study further explores the heterogeneity of these effects as originating from the attributes of the agreements, such as whether the major partner in the agreement is the United States or the European Union/European Free Trade Association, and the presence of key “Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights–Plus” provisions in the agreement texts. The findings suggest that intellectual property rights standards in preferential trade agreements tend to generate positive impacts on international patenting, and that the specific features of the agreements give rise to significant disparities in these impacts. Most intriguing is that those agreements involving multiple Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights–Plus norms significantly increase patenting within members compared to patenting from outside those areas, while other types of intellectual property rights encourage more patenting from non-members. |
| Date: | 2023–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10320 |
| By: | Gaétan de Rassenfosse; Adam B. Jaffe |
| Abstract: | Ensuring broad access to the patent system is crucial for fostering innovation and promoting economic growth. To support this goal, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office offers reduced fees for small and micro entities. This paper investigates whether fee rates affect the filing of applications by small and micro entities. Exploiting recent fee reforms, the study evaluates the relationship between fee changes and the number of new entrants, controlling for potential confounding factors such as legislative changes. The findings suggest that fee reductions alone are insufficient to significantly increase participation in the patent system among small and micro entities. |
| JEL: | O30 O31 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33492 |
| By: | Philippe Jourdan (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel, IAE Paris Est Créteil - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Paris Est Créteil - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Jean-Claude Pacitto (UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12, IUT-UPEC - IUT Creteil-Vitry - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12) |
| Abstract: | In a series of exploratory propositions, this research article argues the thesis that sovereign brands make a positive contribution to corporate CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) goals. While sovereignty is commonly associated with national selfishness in the collective unconscious, CSR is linked to positive, virtuous, and transnational values. After carefully defining the sovereign brand and its mode of operation, we demonstrate that it contributes to harmonious development, protects social rights, and aligns with sustainable development goals when operating within the eco-development framework. |
| Abstract: | Dans une série de propositions exploratoires, cet article de recherche défend la thèse selon laquelle les marques souveraines apportent une contribution positive aux objectifs de RSE (Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises) des entreprises. Alors que la souveraineté est couramment associée à un égoïsme national dans l'inconscient collectif, la RSE est liée à des valeurs positives, vertueuses et transnationales. Après avoir soigneusement défini la marque souveraine et son mode de fonctionnement, nous démontrons qu'elle contribue à un développement harmonieux, protège les droits sociaux et s'aligne sur les objectifs de développement durable lorsqu'elle agit dans le cadre de l'éco-développement. |
| Keywords: | CSR brand dependence sovereignty economy sustainable development, CSR, brand, dependence, sovereignty, economy, sustainable development |
| Date: | 2024–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04915520 |
| By: | Kim, Dongkyu |
| Abstract: | This article delves into the international competition for COVID-19 vaccine patents, focusing on the tensions between policies and systems, cyber diplomacy for solidarity, and security discourse. These aspects are examined through the lens of the Complex Geopolitics theory, which encompasses technological changes. Firstly, concerning security discourse, apprehensions arose regarding the potential transfer of vaccine technology from holders and companies, particularly from the United States, to Russia and China. The concept of Friction between Policies and Systems pertains to the distribution and accessibility policies for vaccines. Specifically, the discourse on compulsory licensing under TRIPs Article 31 and Article 5A of the Paris Agreement has led to a division between central and peripheral countries. In addition to compulsory licensing, France, Russia, China, and other third countries advocated for a straightforward waiver of patent rights. However, Germany and Italy argued that such a waiver would not effectively prevent global pandemics. Lastly, Diplomacy for Solidarity reveals that although the COVID-19 vaccine deliberations prompted diplomatic maneuvers by major powers to secure vaccine alliances, instances of solidarity diplomacy regarding vaccine patents are rare. Notwithstanding, notable examples include the R&D investments between the Austrian and Danish heads of government, as well as the Inclusive Vaccine Alliance comprising Italy, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Regrettably, these efforts seem more focused on equitable vaccine access rather than patent waiver and/or compulsory licensing. Thus, we confront an imperative time to delve deeper into the discussion of the "third way" advocated by the WTO Director-General. |
| Date: | 2023–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8h7rt_v1 |