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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Hötte, Kerstin; Jee, Su Jung; Burrell, Robert; Ring, Caoimhe |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we review the literature from law and economics on the nexus between IPRs and climate technology transfer and innovation in developing countries to summarise the empirical knowledge that exists to date. To complement the insights from the literature, we conduct twenty semi-structured interviews with experts in developing countries. The analyses are structured along the three areas where climate technology and IP may play a role, that is (1) international technology transfer (ITT), (2) indigenous innovation, and (3) follow-on adaptive innovation. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2023-14 |
| By: | Hötte, Kerstin; Tarannum, Taheya; Verendel, Vilhelm; Bennett, Lauren |
| Abstract: | It is often claimed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the next general purpose technology (GPT) with profound economic and societal impacts. However, without a consensus definition of AI and its empirical measurement, there are wide discrepancies in beliefs about its trajectory, diffusion, and ownership. In this study, we compare four AI patent classification approaches reflecting different technological trajectories, namely (1) short-range, (2) academic, (3) technical, and (4) broad interpretations of AI. We use US patents granted between 1990-2019 to assess the extent to which each approach qualifies AI as a GPT, and study patterns of its concentration and agency. Strikingly, the four trajectories overlap on only 1.36% of patents and vary in scale, accounting for shares of 3-17% of all US patents. Despite capturing the smallest set of AI patents, the short-range trajectory identified by the latest AI keywords demonstrates the strongest GPT characteristics of high intrinsic growth and generality. All trajectories agree, however, that AI inventions are highly concentrated within a few firms and this has consequences for competition policy and market regulation. Our study highlights how various methods of defining AI can lead to contrasting as well as similar conclusions about its impact. |
| Keywords: | Patent, Artificial Intelligence, AI, Classification, General Purpose Technology, Concentration, Inventions, Innovation |
| JEL: | O31 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2023-09 |
| By: | Fusillo Fabrizio; Manera Maria; Orsatti Gianluca; Quatraro Francesco; Rentocchini Francesco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Reducing uncertainty around critical raw materials (CRM) supply is a policy priority for the EU in view of their role for advanced carbon neutral and digital technologies. A new, AI based indicator is introduced to measure the exposure of inventive activities to critical raw materials, outperforming existing approaches by identifying CRM relevance even when not immediately evident. High exposure sectors, such as aerospace & defence and ICT services, intensify inventive efforts in response to CRM supply risk, indicating strategic shifts towards substitution and diversification. European regions differ significantly in CRM exposure: some areas (e.g. parts of France, Germany, Italy, and Scandinavia) show con-siderable hidden CRM based inventive activity. Firms in CRM exposed sectors adapt by both increasing their inventive efforts and seeking alternative inventive routes, suggesting that innovation can mitigate supply risk vulnerabilities. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141261 |