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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Cowan, Robin (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn); Jonard, Nicolas; Samson, Ruth |
| Abstract: | Many scholars observed changes in the intellectual property rights systems in the 1980s and 1990s throughout the world. Patent systems in particular seemed to be expanding their scope, and the legal system seemed to be changing its attitudes towards intellectual property rights. At the same time, and probably in response, firms started to change their patenting behaviour by treating patents as tools of competition and bargaining rather than as a means to protect the fruits of intellectual labour. In this paper we present a simulation model that can be used to discuss that shift. Firms search for new technologies and patent what they find. But different firms have different strategies: one is to protect an invention; a second is to protect a technology space; the third is to attack others' technology spaces. In the literature the latter two have been described as different types of blocking. We examine different IPR regimes, characterized by who is able to infringe whose patent rights . This is an extreme case of who is able to extract rents from a given configuration of patent rights. |
| JEL: | O31 O34 C60 L50 |
| Date: | 2024–04–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2024008 |
| By: | Sabrina Di Addario; Michela Giorcelli; Agata Maida |
| Abstract: | The share of female inventors remains significantly lower than that of men in both developed and developing countries. This paper studies gender bias in patenting activity, using a unique dataset that matches Italian administrative employer-employee records both to patent data from the European Patent Office (1987-2005) and to municipality-level information on medieval guilds from the Italian Central Archive of State. We empirically verify whether women’s low propensity to patent can be explained by the historical local conception of women’s role in society, which we measure with the share of women in guild founders from the Middle Ages. The results indicate that the presence of women in Medieval guilds is associated with a higher probability of observing a female inventor and a higher number of yearly patent submissions by women. |
| Keywords: | patents, women, inventors, guilds |
| JEL: | J60 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11649 |
| By: | Jussi Heikkil\"a; Satu Rinkinen; Tero Rantala |
| Abstract: | Intellectual property rights (IPR) and standards are important institutions that by shaping appropriability conditions of companies impact international trade flows and the rate and direction of technological progress and innovation activity. We shed light on microfoundations of IPR and standardization capabilities and explore how companies have developed their IPR and standardization strategies and adapted to related institutional changes in the European Single Market. The analysis of the IPR and standardization strategies of companies active in P\"aij\"at-H\"ame region of Finland, a northern part of the European Union, reveals that only a few companies have explicit IPR and standardization strategies, but several have systematic approaches to following the development of standards and IPR environments in their industries. Companies build dynamic IPR and standardization capabilities and adapt their IPR and standardization strategies to the changing institutional environment via experiential learning. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.16040 |
| By: | Menéndez de Medina, Maria (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance); Nomaler, Önder (RS: UNU-MERIT); Verspagen, Bart (RS: GSBE MGSoG, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn, RS: UNU-MERIT Theme 1) |
| Abstract: | This document provides a methodological procedure to identify the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies using patent data. Attempts to distinguish these technologies have frequently relied on the European Patent Office (2017, 2020a) methods or have mainly leaned on technical codes and keyword classifications. Frequently, these studies have the limitation of collecting technologies arbitrarily and without a deep justification. Only the latest report from the European Patent Office (EPO, 2020b) attempts to detail the procedure to recognize the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies. However, it does not offer the possibility of being replicated by scholars outside the organization. This article delivers a procedure to collect Fourth Industrial Revolution patents relying on key concepts from a detailed literature review - focused on whether they make up a new revolution and its conceptualization over time- and the EPO (2020b) report identification method. Subsequently, the evol ution of these technologies and the principal trends are exposed. Finally, the search queries and the list of identified patents are available (in the Appendix) to replicate or adapt for other academic purposes. |
| JEL: | O14 O30 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–06–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2023023 |
| By: | Sukjin Han; Kyungho Lee |
| Abstract: | Copyright policies play a pivotal role in protecting the intellectual property of creators and companies in creative industries. The advent of cost-reducing technologies, such as generative AI, in these industries calls for renewed attention to the role of these policies. This paper studies product positioning and competition in a market of creatively differentiated products and the competitive and welfare effects of copyright protection. A common feature of products with creative elements is that their key attributes (e.g., images and text) are unstructured and thus high-dimensional. We focus on a stylized design product, fonts, and use data from the world's largest online marketplace for fonts. We use neural network embeddings to quantify unstructured attributes and measure the visual similarity. We show that this measure closely aligns with actual human perception. Based on this measure, we empirically find that competitions occur locally in the visual characteristics space. We then develop a structural model for supply and demand that integrate the embeddings. Through counterfactual analyses, we find that local copyright protection can enhance consumer welfare when products are relocated, and the interplay between copyright and cost-reducing technologies is essential in determining an optimal policy for social welfare. We believe that the embedding analysis and empirical models introduced in this paper can be applicable to a range of industries where unstructured data captures essential features of products and markets. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.16120 |
| By: | Dr Rauza (National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan) |
| Abstract: | Understanding how customers assign humanlike qualities and personality traits to a brand is becoming increasingly crucial for marketing researchers and practitioners in the digital age since brand personality has a big impact on consumers' brand awareness and brand association. This research project aims to examine the influence of digital brand personality perception on brand association and brand awareness in Pakistan's telecommunications industry, as well as to analyze the cognitive effects of this perception. A well-known theory of self-congruity was used to analyze the phenomenon and clarify the correlations between the variables. A total of 1536 clients of Pakistan's telecom industry were given a questionnaire, which was used to gather data. IBM AMOS analyzed the data to measure the relationship between the variables. According to the study, all the variables under investigation appear to have a strong and positive link. In addition to adding to the corpus of research, this study will help professional managers and marketers develop branding strategies that consider the concept of brand personality. |
| Keywords: | digital brand personality perception, brand awareness, brand association |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0486 |