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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | GRASSANO Nicola; NAPOLITANO Lorenzo (European Commission - JRC); M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC); RODRIGUEZ CEREZO Emilio (European Commission - JRC); LASARTE LOPEZ Jesus (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In this document, we focus on innovation in biotechnologies (biotech), as captured by patented invention worldwide. To this aim, we focus on international patents filed at multiple offices, at least one of which belonging to the IP5 consortium (see methodological box for more details). Moreover, we rely on expert knowledge collected by the OECD to select the inventions connected to biotech. The analysis aims to produce a bird’s eye view on the evolution of patenting in this technological area over time and its relevance across the geographical and technological dimensions. The key points emerging from this analysis are: Biotech patents represent around 5% of all the IP5 patents in the period 2001-2019. The US are by far the country with the highest share of biotech patents, the EU is lagging behind (with an increasing gap with the US) , while China seem to have started catching Up with the EU; The majority of the biotech patents are withe (industrials) and red (medical) biotechnologies. Japanese, Chinese, and EU applicants show relatively high specialization in white biotech patents, while UK and US applicants are relatively specialized in horizontal and red biotech patents. Germany and France have the highest number of biotech patent applicants in the EU, accounting for slightly over 50% of all EU biotech patents; The single biotechnology most patented is C12Q 1/66, "Measuring or testing processes involving luciferase", which alone represents 6.4% of all the biotech patents analysed; Preliminary analysis suggests that the competition among regions in biotech patents revolves around the number of patents in each of the main biotechnological domains, rather than the different types of biotechnologies patented. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137266&r= |
| By: | Verena Gruber (EM - EMLyon Business School); Jonathan Deschênes |
| Abstract: | The non-profit sector is home to some of the most recognized and trustworthy brands, all competing for financial resources and volunteers. Akin to consumers, volunteers entertain relationships with non-profit brands. These relationships have recently become more diverse as individuals increasingly look for more ephemeral and distant forms of involvement. Drawing on an extensive qualitative dataset of the Vienna Red Cross comprising participant observation, archival data, and in-depth interviews, the authors conceptualize this non-escalating, episodic engagement as a neither-growing-nor-fading (NGNF) relationship. This theorization adds to the literature on consumer–brand relationships, which has predominantly focused on the cultivation of strong relationships. Informed by practice theory, the authors elaborate distinct brand relationship practices key to successfully maintaining NGNF relationships (acquiring and activating) while catering to volunteers following the traditional path of relationship intensification (building and cultivating). The analysis identifies constellations of practice elements conducive to managing both types of brand relationships in a symbiotic manner. The authors argue for the importance of moving beyond an exclusive focus on relationship growth and embracing non-escalating relationships. This study thus contributes to nascent theorizing on brand relationships that do not follow an axiology valuing growth and intensification. |
| Keywords: | Brand relationship management, Brand relationship trajectories, Brand relationship types, Growth axiology, Non-escalating brand relationships, Non-profit brands, Practice theory, Volunteering |
| Date: | 2024–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04558562&r= |