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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Mark Armstrong; John Vickers |
| Abstract: | We study a market in which several firms potentially each supply a number of “brands” of fundamentally the same product. In fashion, for example, a single firm might retail similar items under different labels and different prices. Consumers differ in which products they consider for their purchase, and firms compete using (multi-dimensional) mixed pricing strategies for their brands. Using relative elasticity conditions, we discuss when firms choose to offer uniform pricing across their brands, and when they use segmented pricing so that one “discount” brand is always priced below another. We solve duopoly models in which equilibria can be derived for all parameters. We discuss the impact of introducing a new brand, of imposing a requirement to set uniform prices across a firm’s brands, and of mergers between single-brand firms. |
| Date: | 2023–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:1029&r=ipr |
| By: | David Hémous; Simon Lepot; Thomas Sampson; Julian Schärer |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a first comprehensive quantitative analysis of optimal patent policy in the global economy. We introduce a new framework, which combines trade and growth theory into a tractable tool for quantitative research. Our application delivers three main results. First, the potential gains from international cooperation over patent policies are large. Second, only a small share of these gains has been realized so far. And third, the WTO’s TRIPS agreement has been counterproductive, slightly reducing welfare in the Global South and for the world. Overall, there is substantial scope for policy reform. |
| Keywords: | trade policy, innovation, growth, patents, TRIPS |
| JEL: | F13 D43 O34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10777&r=ipr |
| By: | Wipusanawan, Chayanin (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:292e319a-9e6a-4465-8f8f-717f3f002bd4&r=ipr |
| By: | Yanfei Li (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Jia Zhao (Hunan University of Technology and Business); Jianjun Yan (Hunan University of Technology and Business) |
| Abstract: | Currently, major economies are competing on the technological and industrial development of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). This paper discusses the relationship between the patent value of FCEVs and the commercialisation of this technology. First, the patent data of FCEVs are analysed, focusing on data of China, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Then, the paper constructs the FCEV patent value index framework based on the technological value and economic value of patents. Finally, this paper conducts an empirical study to analyse the influence of patent value on the development of the FCEV industry. It is found that, under the current situation, individual patent value can significantly promote the development of the FCEV industry, whilst the gross patent value of a certain country even has a negative impact. In addition, the increase of hydrogen infrastructure, research and development expenditure, and market demand will significantly promote the development of the FCEV industry. The development level of related industries such as the battery electric vehicle industry and the reduction of environmental pollution are also significant drivers of the development of FCEVs |
| Keywords: | FCEV, patent value, industry development |
| Date: | 2023–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2023-05&r=ipr |
| By: | Ologunebi, John; Taiwo, Ebenezer |
| Abstract: | The research study explores the significance of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) in enhancing brand visibility within the context of the E-commerce industry. In today's competitive digital landscape, having a strong online presence is imperative for E-commerce businesses to succeed and thrive. This study sheds light on the role of SEO and SEM in improving brand visibility for E-commerce companies. SEO refers to the process of optimizing a website's content, structure, and technical aspects to improve its visibility on search engine result pages (SERPs) organically. On the other hand, SEM involves paid advertising strategies, such as pay-per-click (PPC) campaigns, to drive visibility and traffic to a website. Both SEO and SEM play complementary roles in increasing brand visibility, but they differ in terms of their approach and execution. Brand visibility is crucial for E-commerce businesses as it directly impacts their chances of attracting and retaining customers. When a brand is easily discoverable on search engines, it gains credibility and authority within its industry, leading to increased visibility and higher organic traffic. Higher visibility also translates into more potential customers being exposed to the brand, resulting in greater opportunities for sales and revenue generation. The study considers the E-commerce industry as its primary focus due to the unique challenges it faces in terms of brand visibility and selected a few case studies to explore. The online retail sector is highly competitive, with numerous players vying for the attention of potential customers. Therefore, a solid SEO and SEM strategy becomes essential for E-commerce businesses to stand out from the crowd and gain a competitive edge. The research employed secondary data collection methods to gather data and insights. The findings of this research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the importance of SEO and SEM in improving brand visibility within the E-commerce industry. |
| Keywords: | Search engine optimization (SEO), earch engine marketing (SEM), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, email marketing campaigns, social media marketing, KPI, modern marketing |
| JEL: | M0 M21 M3 M30 M31 M37 M38 M39 |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119205&r=ipr |