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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | William Latham (Department of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA); Christian Le Bas (Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France ; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne,F-69130 Ecully, France); Dmitry Volodin (HDR Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA) |
| Abstract: | We provide new insights into the role of individual inventors in innovation. We focus our analysis on prolific inventors in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. We analyse patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to thousands of inventors from those countries between 1975 and 2010 to investigate the role that mobility plays in the behaviour of prolific inventors. We hypothesize that mobility affects: (1) the productivity of prolific inventors and, (2) the value of their inventions. We compare findings for each of the countries with those for inventors in North America, Western Europe and Australia & New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, prolific inventor, inventor productivity and mobility, patent |
| JEL: | D22 J24 O15 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1227&r=ipr |
| By: | Berndt, Ernst R; Dubois, Pierre |
| Abstract: | Cross-country variability in regulatory frameworks, industrial policy, physician/pharmacy autonomy, brand/generic distinctions, and in the practice of medicine contributes to ambiguous interpretations of pharmaceutical cost comparisons. Here we report cross-country comparisons that: (i) focus on 11 therapeutic classes experiencing patent expiration and loss of exclusivity 2004-2010 in eight industrialized countries; (ii) convert revenues and unit sales to cost per day of treatment and number patient days treated using the World Health Organizations’ Defined Daily Dosage metrics; (iii) compare patterns in costs per day of treatment with price index measures based on average price per day of treatment for each molecule computed over all molecule versions; (iv) utilizing econometric methods, model and quantify various factors affecting variations in daily treatment price indexes such as national regulatory and reimbursement policy changes, physician/pharmacy autonomy, and other factors; and (v) simulate changes in expenditures by country and therapeutic class had counterfactual policies been implemented. |
| Keywords: | cross-country comparisons; generic drugs; pharmaceutical costs |
| JEL: | D4 I11 I18 L11 L65 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9140&r=ipr |
| By: | AOKI Reiko; ARAI Yasuhiro; TAMURA Suguru |
| Abstract: | Strategic technology standardization and management of related intellectual property have become a worldwide phenomenon. Japan is no exception as stressed in policy documents such as the "Industrial Structure Vision 2010" and the "Intellectual Property Promotion Plan 2011". In the first part of this paper, we construct a framework to analyze strategic standard and intellectual property management, focusing on network effects, switching costs and multi-tasking. We categorize several examples according to conditions such as the position in the vertical market structure (upstream, downstream) and the existence and ownership of complementary goods or technologies. Using the framework, we characterize the economic implications of strategic decisions such as open-closed and pricing. In the second half of the paper, we use a survey of standard and patent lengths to understand the relationship between the length of patent protection and standard longevity. While patent length is legally determined, the life of a standard is determined endogenously by firm strategy and industry interaction. We present a framework to measure the two on a common technology lifetime line and derive policy implications. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:12017&r=ipr |
| By: | TAKECHI Kazutaka |
| Abstract: | The negative effects of intellectual property protection (IPP) on trade volume were found in previous research findings in which market power effects dominate market expansion effects. Because both effects increase profits, IPP induces entry without ambiguity. However, using product-level entry data, negative effects on market supply are found after controlling for country-specific effects. An examination of entry mode choice (direct supply vs. licensing) reveals that while the direct supply mode is negatively related to IPP, licensing is not, implying that firms facing infringement risk or intense competition may avoid direct supply in IPP-stringent countries. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:12057&r=ipr |
| By: | Wan-Hsin Liu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether proximity to universities matters for corporate patenting in Chinese provinces. The investigation is based on estimating regional knowledge production functions using a Chinese provincial dataset for the years from 2000 to 2008. Geographic proximity of companies to universities is taken as a key element to measure firms’ accessibility to university research. In addition, quality-adjusted accessibility measures are considered in extended models to take into account quality difference in university research. The results suggest the existence of spatial academic effects on corporate patenting activities in China as found in the previous literature for Western economies. In China, however, these effects are especially strong for realising technologically less demanding non-invention corporate patents than for invention corporate patents. Moreover, companies’ geographic proximity to universities dominates over university research quality difference for determining the relevance of universities as knowledge sources for companies. Extended models are estimated for robustness checks which ascertain the main results |
| Keywords: | spatial proximity, logsum accessibility, university, corporate patenting, China |
| JEL: | O31 O53 R11 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1796&r=ipr |
| By: | Ketzler, Rolf; Zimmermann, Klaus F |
| Abstract: | The citation analysis of the research output of the German economic research institutes presented here is based on publications in peer-reviewed journals listed in the Social Science Citation Index for the 2000 - 2009 period. The novel feature of the paper is that a count data model quantifies the determinants of citation success and simulates their citation potential. Among the determinants of the number of cites the quality of the publication outlet exhibits a strong positive effect. The same effect has the number of the published pages, but journals with size limits also yield more cites. Field journals get fewer citations in comparison to general journals. Controlling for journal quality, the number of co-authors of a paper has no effect, but it is positive when co-authors are located outside the own institution. We find that the potential citations predicted by our best model lead to different rankings across the institutes than current citations indicating structural change. |
| Keywords: | citation analysis; economic research institutes; publication analysis; rankings; scientometrics |
| JEL: | A11 C53 I23 L31 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9110&r=ipr |
| By: | Gerald A. Carlino; Robert M. Hunt; Jake K. Carr; Tony E. Smith |
| Abstract: | We study the location of more than 1,000 research and development (R&D) labs located in the Northeast corridor of the U.S. Using a variety of spatial econometric techniques, we find that these labs are substantially more concentrated in space than the underlying distribution of manufacturing activity. Ripley’s K-function tests over a variety of spatial scales reveal that the strongest evidence of concentration occurs at two discrete distances: one at about one-quarter of a mile and another at about 40 miles. We also find that R&D labs in some industries (e.g., chemicals, including drugs) are substantially more spatially concentrated than are R&D labs as a whole. ; Tests using local K-functions reveal several concentrations of R&D labs that appear to represent research clusters. We verify this conjecture using significance maximizing techniques (e.g., SATSCAN) that also address econometric issues related to “multiple testing” and spatial autocorrelation. ; We develop a new procedure for identifying clusters – the multiscale core-cluster approach, to identify labs that appear to be clustered at a variety of spatial scales. Locations in these clusters are often related to basic infrastructure such as access to major roads. There is significant variation in the industrial composition of labs across these clusters. ; The clusters we identify appear related to knowledge spillovers: Citations to patents previously obtained by inventors residing in clustered areas are significantly more localized than one would predict from a (control) sample of otherwise similar patents. ; This paper supersedes Working Papers 10-33 and 11-42. |
| Keywords: | Research and development |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:12-22&r=ipr |