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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | NAGAOKA Sadao; TSUKADA Naotoshi; ONISHI Koichiro; NISHIMURA Yoichiro |
| Abstract: | This report presents an overview of the results of an inventor survey, focusing on Japanese inventions for which priority claims were filed during the period 2003 to 2005 with both the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). This survey, conducted as a part of an international research collaboration also comprising surveys of inventions in Europe and the United States, collected around 3,300 complete responses, translating to a 23% response rate. With the questionnaire designed to ask the characteristics of inventors as well as that of the innovation process, new evidence has been provided on such issues as the differences in invention activities depending on the manner in which the inventors' obtained their Ph.D. degrees—whether it was received in the regular way or based only on dissertation—, inventors' awareness of potential research competitors, the importance of patent literature as knowledge stock, status of remunerations to inventors, patent sales, start-ups, standard-based patents, the economic value of patent portfolios, and economic value by degree of inventiveness. The paper discusses the major findings as well as their implications on innovation policy. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:12033&r=ipr |
| By: | Michele Boldrin; David K. Levine |
| Abstract: | The case against patents can be summarized briefly: there is no empirical evidence that they serve to increase innovation and productivity. There is strong evidence, instead, that patents have many negative consequences. |
| Keywords: | Patents ; Productivity |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:2012-035&r=ipr |
| By: | San Martín Lizarralde, Marta; Saracho de la Torre, Ana Isabel |
| Abstract: | Most of the patent licensing agreements that are observed include royalties, in particular per-unit or ad valorem royalties. This paper shows that in a differ entiated duopoly that competes á la Cournot the optimal contract for an internal patentee always includes a positive royalty. Moreover, we show that the patentee would prefer to use ad valorem royalties rather than per-unit royalties when goods are complements or when they are substitutes and the degree of differentiation is suffciently low. The reason is that by including an ad valorem royalty in the licensing contract the patentee can commit strategically to be more (less) aggressive when goods are complements (substitutes) since his licensing revenues become increasing with the price of output of his rival. As a result, licensing may hurt consumers although it always increases social welfare. |
| Keywords: | patent licensing, royalty, cournot duopoly, product differentiation |
| JEL: | D45 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehu:ikerla:8632&r=ipr |
| By: | Elisa Lanzi; Ivan Haščič; Nick Johnstone |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the determinants of invention in efficiency-enhancing electricity generation technologies that have the potential to facilitate climate change mitigation efforts, including fossil fuelbased technologies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, renewables and nuclear technologies. The evolution of inventive activity in these technologies is analysed by considering patent data for 11 OECD countries over the period 1978-2008. The analysis considers various drivers of inventive activity, including R&D expenditures and electricity consumption, but pay particular attention to the role of fossil fuel prices because they suggest the impact that price mechanisms such as emissions trading and carbon taxes are likely to have on invention in the electricity generation sector.<P> The results show that the effect of fossil fuel prices varies according to the different types of technologies. As fossil fuel prices increase, inventive activity in renewable energy technologies increases while the effect of on fossil fuel-based technologies is positive but with decreasing increments. The results show that there is no effect of fossil fuel prices on patenting activity in nuclear energy technologies. These results illustrate that there may be a price-induced switching between renewable and fossil fuel-based technologies. As fossil fuel prices rise, an efficiency effect encourages inventive activity in both fossil fuelbased and renewable technologies. As fossil fuel prices increase further, invention in fossil fuel-based technologies starts declining suggesting that a substitution effect drives away innovation from fossil fuelbased towards renewable energy technologies. |
| Keywords: | innovation, energy, patents, climate change |
| JEL: | Q4 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2012–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:45-en&r=ipr |
| By: | Lööf, Hans (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Nabavi, Pardis (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Bazzazian , Navid (Strategy and Business Policy, HEC, Paris) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how different innovation-strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. Using a data set that comprises almost all patent applications by firms in Sweden for the period 1997-2008, we distinguishes between firms that are engaged in innovation activities persistently, occasionally and not at all. We do not find any statistically significant evidence that the chance of survival for a new firm can be linked back to the innovation strategy of the parent firm. In contrast, we provide strong evidence that employee start-ups from persistent innovators are more productive during the first five year on the market than other new ventures, everything else equal. |
| Keywords: | Patent; R&D; Spinoff; Productivity; Employment |
| JEL: | C23 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2012–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0282&r=ipr |
| By: | Färnstrand Damsgaard, Erika (National Institute of Economic Research); Norbäck, Pehr-Johan (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Persson, Lars (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Vasconcelos, Helder (Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurs face higher commercialization costs than incumbents. We show that this implies that entrepreneurs will choose more risky projects than incumbents, aiming to reduce their high expected marginal commercialization cost. However, entrepreneurs may select too safe projects from a social point of view, since they do not internalize the business stealing effect. We also show that commercialization support induces entrepreneurship but may lead to mediocre entrepreneurship by inducing entrepreneurs to choose less risky projects, whereas R&D support encourages entrepreneurship without affecting the type of entrepreneurship. Using Swedish patent citation data, we find empirical support for predictions of the model. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; Innovation; Start-ups; Ownership; Breakthrough; Quality |
| JEL: | G24 L10 L20 M13 O30 |
| Date: | 2012–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:0926&r=ipr |
| By: | Tamás Sebestyén (Department of Economics and Regional Studies, University of Pécs); Attila Varga (Department of Economics and Regional Studies, University of Pécs) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the impact of interregional knowledge flows on the productivity of research at the regional level. We develop the novel index of ’ego network quality’ in order to measure the value of knowledge that can be accessed from a particular region’s global knowledge network. Quality of interregional knowledge networks is related to the size of knowledge accumulated by the partners (‘knowledge potential’), the extent of collaboration among partners (‘local density’) and the position of partners in the entire knowledge network (‘global embeddedness’). Ego network quality impact on the productivity of research in scientific publications and patenting at the regional level is tested with co-patenting and EU Framework Program collaboration data for 189 European NUTS 2 regions. |
| Keywords: | patents, scientific publications, knowledge networks, R&D productivity, regional knowledge production function, European regions |
| JEL: | O33 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pec:wpaper:2012/2&r=ipr |
| By: | Ketzler, Rolf (DIW Berlin); Zimmermann, Klaus F. (IZA and University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | The citation analysis of the research output of the German economic research institutes presented here is based on publications in peer-reviewed journals listed in the Social Science Citation Index for the 2000–2009 period. The novel feature of the paper is that a count data model quantifies the determinants of citation success and simulates their citation potential. Among the determinants of the number of cites the quality of the publication outlet exhibits a strong positive effect. The same effect has the number of the published pages, but journals with size limits also yield more cites. Field journals get fewer citations in comparison to general journals. Controlling for journal quality, the number of co-authors of a paper has no effect, but it is positive when co-authors are located outside the own institution. We find that the potential citations predicted by our best model lead to different rankings across the institutes than current citations indicating structural change. |
| Keywords: | citation analysis, rankings, scientometrics, publication analysis, economic research institutes |
| JEL: | A11 C53 I23 L31 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6780&r=ipr |
| By: | Surafel Girma; Yundan Gong; Holger Görg; Sandra Lancheros |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of foreign ownership structure in stimulating technology and skill upgrading, and exporting in Chinese manufacturing firms that were taken over by foreign owners. The analysis considers the period 2001 to 2007. We use a propensity score reweighted least squares estimation to control for the possible endogeneity of the acquisition decision. Our results indicate that there are strong effects on export activity post-acquisition for all types of ownership share. We also find that targets that are taken over with a less than 100 per cent foreign ownership share experience increases in new product development and R&D upgrading due to the acquisition. Overall, our results suggest that joint ventures between foreign owners and Chinese firms can contribute positively to China’s “science and technology take-off” |
| Keywords: | Chinese manufacturing |
| JEL: | O14 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1793&r=ipr |
| By: | Pierre Dubois;; Laura Lasio; |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to study the effects of price regulation on competition in the pharmaceutical industry. We provide a method allowing to identify margins in an oligopoly price competition game even when prices may not be freely chosen by Â…firms. We use our identiÂ…cation strategy to study the effects of regulatory constraints on prices in the pharmaceutical industry which is heavily regulated in particular in France. We use data from the US, Germany and France to identify country speciÂ…c demand models and then recover price cost margins under the regulated price setting constraints on the French market. To do so, we estimate a structural model on the market for anti-ulcer drugs in France that allows us to explore the drivers of demand, to identify whether regulation really affects margins and prices and to relate regulatory reforms to industry pricing equilibrium. We provide the fiÂ…rst structural estimation of price-cost margins on a regulated market with price constraints and show how to identify unknown possibly binding constraints thanks to three different markets (US, German and France) with varying regulatory constraints. The identiÂ…ed margins show that margins have increased over time in France but that fiÂ…rms were specially constrained in price setting after 2004. |
| Keywords: | empirical IO, regulation, price constraints, pharmacy, antiulcer drugs. |
| JEL: | L10 I18 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:12/18&r=ipr |
| By: | Stephen P. King |
| Abstract: | A downstream firm with countervailing power can extract a reduced price from an input supplier. A waterbed effect occurs if this price reduction leads the input supplier to raise the price that it charges another downstream firm. Policy makers have been concerned that this waterbed effect could undermine downstream competition, and it was considered in detail in the 2008 UK grocery inquiry. This paper presents a simple but parsimonious model to investigate if and when a waterbed effect may arise. It shows that the effect may arise through optimal pricing behaviour, but that this critically depends on the nature of upstream technology, downstream competition and consumer demand. In particular, downstream competition tends to work against a waterbed effect, but convex upstream costs support the effect. The analysis is complementary to recent academic work on the waterbed effect that focuses on bargaining constraints. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2012-27&r=ipr |