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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Roger Smeets |
| Abstract: | We study the extent to which a country's strength of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection mediates knowledge spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Following the opposing views in the IPR debate, we propose a negative effect of IPR strength on unintentional horizontal (intra-industry) knowledge diffusion. |
| JEL: | F23 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpb:discus:168&r=ipr |
| By: | Sharon Belenzon; Mark Schankerman |
| Abstract: | Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, and measures of distance based on Google maps, we study how geography affects university knowledge diffusion. We show that knowledge flows from patents are localized in two respects: they decline sharply with distance up to about 100 miles, and they are strongly constrained by state borders, controlling for distance. While distance also constrains knowledge spillovers from publications, the state border does not. We investigate how the strength of the state border effect varies with university and state characteristics. It is larger for patents from public, as compared to private, universities and this is partly explained by the local development policies of universities. The border effect is larger in states with stronger non-compete laws that affect intra-state labor mobility, and those with greater reliance on in-state educated scientists and engineers. We confirm the impact of non-compete statutes by studying a policy reform in Michigan that introduced such restrictions. |
| Keywords: | knowledge spillovers, diffusion, geography, university technology transfer, patents, scientific publications |
| JEL: | K41 L24 O31 O34 |
| Date: | 2010–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:stieip:50&r=ipr |
| By: | Junichi Nishimura; Yosuke Okada |
| Abstract: | We examine how R&D portfolios of drug pipelines affect pharmaceutical licensing, controlling firm size, diversity, and competitors in R&D and product markets. The data collected comprises 329 license-outs and 434 license-ins closed by 54 Japanese pharmaceutical companies between 1997 and 2007. We pay special attention to stage-specific licensing by dividing the innovation process into an early stage and a late stage. Estimates from the fixed-effect GMM model reveal that drug pipelines significantly affect stage-specific licensing. Particularly, the state of drug pipelines is leveled off by license-outs at the early stage and license-ins at the late stage. Theoretical implications are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | R&D portfolios, licensing, pharmaceutical industry, drug pipelines |
| JEL: | C13 L24 L65 |
| Date: | 2010–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hst:ghsdps:gd10-155&r=ipr |
| By: | Estrin, Saul (London School of Economics); Korosteleva, Julia (University College London); Mickiewicz, Tomasz (University College London) |
| Abstract: | We develop entrepreneurship and institutional theory to explain variation in different types of entrepreneurship across individuals and institutional contexts. Our framework generates hypotheses about the negative impact of higher levels of corruption, weaker property rights and especially intellectual property rights, and a larger state on entrepreneurs who plan to grow faster. We test these hypotheses using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in 55 countries for 2001-2006, applying a multilevel estimation framework. We confirm our main hypotheses but we find no significant impact from intellectual property rights. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, institutions, corruption, property rights, government, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor |
| JEL: | L26 D23 D84 J24 P11 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp5481&r=ipr |
| By: | Hattori, Keisuke |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we characterize optimal environmental policy in a case where innovation in clean production technologies is developed and provided by a monopoly. Two policy instruments are considered: an emission tax on downstream polluting firms and an R& D subsidy for an upstream innovator in clean technologies. We find that (i) a higher emission tax may increase (decrease) R&D investment when the burden of the tax payment in the polluters' marginal costs and the price-elasticity of the demand for polluting goods are rather small (large), (ii) the social optimum can be achieved by the combined implementation of an emission tax that is smaller than an ex-ante Pigouvian rate and a subsidy that is equal to the rate of emission reduction due to the new technology, and (iii) if the policy instrument is limited to the emission tax, the second-best tax rate lies between the first-best rate and the ex-ante Pigouvian rate. We test our model by numerical simulation and demonstrate the possibility of a type of ``double dividend'' due to the emission tax. Three extensions of the model are then considered: Cournot competition in the polluting industry, a subsidy to polluters who adopt the new technology, and technology spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Tax; R&D; Environmental Damages; Patent |
| JEL: | L51 L13 Q55 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28837&r=ipr |
| By: | Thomas Bolli (KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides first micro-level evidence of the global university production frontier, allowing to estimate technical efficiencies of 273 top research universities across 29 countries between 2007 and 2009. Exploiting comparable international data improves the estimation of the production technology, allows to assess the distance of individual countries to the global frontier and enables comparison of university efficiencies between and across countries. The estimated input distance function uses undergraduate students, graduate students and citations to capture university outputs and staff to measure inputs. Contrasting two alternative econometric strategies to identify technical efficiency yields relatively stable results. Furthermore, the paper addresses the problem of unobserved heterogeneity by relating the obtained efficiency rankings to quality rankings and by exploiting the panel structure of the data to account for unobserved heterogeneity explicitly. The results suggest that technical efficiency rankings can be obtained in a relatively simple econometric setting. |
| Keywords: | University, Global Frontier, Efficiency, Stochastic Frontier, Unobserved Heterogeneity, True Random Effects Stochastic Frontier. |
| JEL: | D20 I20 |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kof:wpskof:11-272&r=ipr |