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on Intellectual Property Rights |
| By: | Emanuele Bacchiocchi (University of Milan, Italy.); Fabio Montobbio (University of Insubria, Varese and CESPRI - Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the process of diffusion and decay of knowledge from university, public laboratories and corporate patents in six countries and tests the differences across countries and across technological fields using data from the European Patent Office. It finds that university and public research patents are more cited relatively to companies’ patents. However these results are mainly driven by the Chemical, and Drugs & Medical fields and US universities. In Europe and Japan, where the great majority of patents from public reserach comes from national agencies, there is no evidence of a superior fertility of university and public laboratories patents vis `a vis corporate patents. The distribution of the citations lags shows that knowledge embedded in university and public research patents tends to diffuse more rapidly relatively to corporate ones in particular in US, Germany, France and Japan. |
| Keywords: | University patents, Citations, Spillovers, Knowledge Diffusion, Public Research. |
| JEL: | O30 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2007–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cri:cespri:wp193&r=ipr |
| By: | Hanns Ullrich |
| Abstract: | The completion of a Community system of unitary intellectual property protection has come to a halt when the Commission’s proposal for a Community Patent Regulation was shelved by the Council on political grounds in late 2004. By contrast, under the auspices of the European Patent Organization a draft European Patent Litigation Agreement has been set up with a view to have it adopted by those Contracting States of the European Patent Convention ( EPC ), which would volunteer for it. Given that conceptually both the Community patent project and the European Patent Convention date back to the mid of the last century, and that due to economic and technological change there is a good case to be made for a broad reform effort, it is proposed to benefit from the present crisis of unification of patent law by undertaking a review of the entire system with a view to establish a fundamentally modernized system of protection. This should include the recognition of the role national patents have to play in an integrated system of patent protection in Europe. |
| Keywords: | European law; economic law; RTD policy; international agreements; Single Market |
| Date: | 2006–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erp:euilaw:p0070&r=ipr |
| By: | Fidel Pérez Sebastián (Universidad de Alicante); Shiferaw Gurmu (Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | Hausman, Hall and Griliches (1984) and Hall, Griliches and Hausman (1986) investigated whether there was a lag in the patent-R&D relationship for the U.S. manufacturing sector using 1970¿s data. They found that there was little evidence of anything but contemporaneous movement of patents and R&D. We reexamine this important issue employing new longitudinal patent data at the firm level for the U.S. manufacturing sector from 1982 to 1992. To address unique features of the data, we estimate various distributed lag and dynamic multiplicative panel count data models. The paper also develops a new class of count panel data models based on series expansion of the distribution of individual effects. The empirical analyses show that, although results are somewhat sensitive to different estimation methods, the contemporaneous relationship between patenting and R&D expenditures continues to be rather strong, accounting for over 60% of the total R&D elasticity. Regarding the lag structure of the patents-R&D relationship, we do find a significant lag in all empirical specifications. Moreover, the estimated lag effects are higher than have previously been found, suggesting that the contribution of R&D history to current patenting has increased from the 1970¿s to the 1980¿s. |
| Keywords: | Innovative activity, Patents and R&D, Individual effects, count panel data methods. |
| JEL: | C20 O30 |
| Date: | 2007–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ivi:wpasad:2007-03&r=ipr |
| By: | Daniel Chudnovsky (Centro de Investigaciones para la Transformación (CENIT).); Andrés López (Centro de Investigaciones para la Transformación (CENIT).); Martín Rossi (Universidad de San Andrés); Diego Ubfal (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | The paper contains and impact evaluation of matching grants to promote investments in innovation on firm financed R&D and other output variables. |
| Keywords: | innovation, matching grants, program evaluation, fixed effects, common support, Latin America, Argentina. |
| JEL: | O32 O38 C23 |
| Date: | 2006–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:ovewps:1606&r=ipr |
| By: | Rossi, Federica |
| Abstract: | We provide an overview of the specific innovation policies that are implemented at European level, highlighting, where possibile, the connections between these policies and the guidance documents issued by the Community’s institutions. We describe the kinds of policy interventions that are implemented, providing at the same time some useful elements in order to understand the assumptions and theories that underpin them. |
| Keywords: | Innovation policy; European institutions; Lisbon strategy; Structural funds; European research policy; European enterprise policy |
| JEL: | O32 O38 O31 |
| Date: | 2005–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:2009&r=ipr |
| By: | Christoph Engel (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers all over the world claim: no innovation without protection. For more than a century, critics have objected that the case for intellectual property is far from clear. This paper uses a game theoretic model to organise the debate. It is possible to model innovation as a prisoner's dilemma between potential innovators, and to interpret intellectual property as a tool for making cooperation the equilibrium. However, this model rests on assumptions about cost and benefit that are unlikely to hold, or have even been shown to be wrong, in many empirically relevant situations. Moreover, even if the problem is indeed a prisoner's dilemma, in many situations intellectual property is an inappropriate cure. It sets incentives to race to be the first, or the last, to innovate, as the case may be. In equilibrium, the firms would have to randomise between investment and non-investment, which is unlikely to work out in practice. Frequently, firms would have to invent cooperatively, which proves difficult in larger industries. |
| Keywords: | intellectual property, game theory |
| JEL: | C72 O31 K11 |
| Date: | 2007–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2007_4&r=ipr |
| By: | Lööf, Hans (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper asks whether there is evidence of higher innovation output from firms where there is more foreign activity in terms of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade and collaboration on innovation, or if proximity between innovators is more important. With a sample of about two-thirds of Swedish firms with at least 10 employees and by accounting for selectivity and simultaneity biases, sector specific effects and firm specific effects, we find robust evidence for import spill over. There is also support for international knowledge transfer to the local firm from foreign units indicating the importance of both inward and outward FDI. We only find some weak find association between proximity to local partners and innovation. The most important aspect of the local milieu on innovation is skilled labour. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; knowledge spillovers; proximity; trade; FDI |
| JEL: | D21 F23 O23 |
| Date: | 2007–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0083&r=ipr |