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on Investment |
| By: | Asahi Sato |
| Abstract: | Traditionally, the impact of minimum wages on employment has been studied, and it is generally believed to have a negative effect. Yet, some recent studies have shown that the impact of minimum wages on employment can sometimes be positive. In addition, certain recent proposals set a higher minimum wage than the wage earned by some high-productivity workers. However, the impact of minimum wages on employment has been primarily studied on low-skilled workers, whereas there is limited research on high-skilled workers. To address this gap and examine the effects of minimum wages on high-productivity workers' employment, I construct a macroeconomic model incorporating productivity fluctuations, incomplete markets, directed search, and on-the-job search and compare the steady-state distributions between the baseline model and the model with a minimum wage. As a result, binding minimum wages increase the unemployment rate of both low and high-productivity workers. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.18261 |
| By: | Khuc, Van Quy; Bui, Gia; Bui, Trinh |
| Abstract: | Thời gian gần đây, cụm từ Kinh tế số (Digital Economy) đã được các phương tiện truyền thông và thậm chí các nhà kinh tế nhắc đến như một từ thời thượng. Tuy nhiên, sự hiểu biết thực sự về lĩnh vực này như về cơ cấu, sự đóng góp và ảnh hưởng của kinh tế số vào tăng trưởng GDP vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế. Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào đánh giá tác động của nhóm ngành công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông (ICT) bao gồm sản xuất ICT và dịch vụ ICT đến một số nhóm ngành khác trong nền kinh tế. Cụ thể, nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp phân tích cân đối liên ngành I.O và bộ dữ liệu của 9 nhóm ngành được cập nhật đến năm 2016 để xác định tác động lan tỏa tổng quát, tác động tràn (spillover effects) của ICT, đóng góp của các nhân tố của cầu cuối cùng lan tỏa đến giá trị gia tăng của nền kinh tế. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tác động lan tỏa tổng quát của hai nhóm ngành sản xuất ICT và dịch vụ ICT đều thấp. Sản phẩm cuối cùng của sản xuất ICT lan tỏa ít đến sản xuất trong nước nhưng lan tỏa mạnh đến nhập khẩu. Điều này có nghĩa là sản xuất ICT của Việt Nam chủ yếu lan tỏa đến nhập khẩu và sản phẩm phụ trợ trong nước cho việc sản xuất ICT là tương đối yếu kém. Kết quả nghiên cứu gợi mở một số hàm ý chính sách vĩ mô quan trọng để tập trung phát triển ngành ICT và một số ngành có chỉ số tác động lan tỏa tốt để góp phần thúc đẩy tăng trưởng kinh tế Việt Nam trong thời gian đến. |
| Date: | 2024–09–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n37xr_v1 |
| By: | Haris, Faldi; Rahadi, Raden Aswin |
| Abstract: | VC investment has undergone a substantial transition, particularly in emerging countries, where there is a growing entrepreneurial culture. Southeast Asia (SEA) has emerged as an image of trust due to its remarkable accomplishments in venture capital funding. Notwithstanding, the VC success rate is quite low, with up to 75 percent of venture-backed businesses failing to return cash to their investors and 30 to 40 percent of those 75 percent liquidating their assets, resulting in their investors losing their entire investment (Ghosh, 2012). In light of this context, this study sets out to investigate the behavior of venture capital firms in Southeast Asia and the complex decision-making processes involved. This research aims to enhance the success rate of VC firms and contribute to the advancement of VC literature by precisely identifying the relevant parameter. This study seeks to analyze the complex landscape of venture capital activities in a highly dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem, using the complete framework created by Gompers et al. (2023). A case study, a widely recognized method in exploratory research, is used as the primary methodology to reveal novel themes and insights obtained from respondents in venture capital firms. Using a semi-structured interview, this study implies that VC fund structure and strategy, start-up screening criteria, start-up valuation, exit, and risk management have a significant effect on determining SEA VC firm investment decisions. This study is one of the first efforts to utilize Gompers et al.'s (2023) framework in the specific setting of Southeast Asia. This study contributes to the current research on venture capital decision-making by providing innovative measurement parameters, with a particular emphasis on the notion of "runway." These features, which relate to a startup's expenditure rate and its long-term viability offer a broader understanding of the financial factors that impact investments made by SEA VC companies. |
| Date: | 2024–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t3byd_v1 |
| By: | Knight, Simon (University of Technology Sydney) |
| Abstract: | Objectives: There have been recent calls for new ethics guidelines regarding the use of artificial intelligence in research. How should we go about developing such ethics guidance documents with respect to emerging contexts such as new technologies, and established domains such as research in education? This paper provides a PRISMA-ETHICS informed scoping review of approaches to ethics guideline development, the structures of ethics guidelines, and their audiences and purposes particularly in the context of education and AI. Search and synthesis approach: A broad search of scholarly and grey literature was conducted to identify both ethics guidelines and material discussing their development; n = 592 distinct items were identified, including 182 that identified via recent reviews of AI ethics guidelines. n = 47 guideline-sets were identified as meeting our criteria as ‘guidelines’. Data extraction and analysis: Guidelines were analysed with respect to their development approach, audience and purpose, and structural elements through which guidance is delivered; most included statements regarding their development approach (79%) and audience (72%) typically in 1-2 paragraphs in the introduction. Where evidence underpinning the guidance was discussed, it was largely at a global content level (69%), rather than with respect to the specific context/domain of the guideline use, principles drawn on, or approaches and strategies one might adopt in navigating ethical issues (23, 29, and 21% respectively). Consultation with stakeholders and experts were the most common forms of evidence. Across the guidelines there are commonalities in the majority including: an overview statement of the topic, audience, and guideline purpose; an indication of rights or license describing reuse conditions; an overview of the ethical concepts and their detailed elaboration; challenging cases or edge issues; and approaches or strategies one might adopt to navigate these. However, only the first element (overview) was present in all guidelines, a finding born out in the further analysis of items relating specifically to AI and education. Recommendations regarding the development of ethics guidelines, and their structure are provided. Funding: The work was supported through internal funding providing release of the author’s time. Systematic review registration: The review was not pre-registered. |
| Date: | 2024–05–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n43d6_v1 |
| By: | Moschion, Julie (University of Queensland); van Ours, Jan C. (Erasmus School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Using a sample of disadvantaged Australians, we compare trajectories of those who left school before 18 with those who left later, in terms of homelessness, incarceration, substance use and mental health issues. We estimate a staggered difference-in-difference to account for heterogenous treatment effects across cohorts and time. Results indicate that leaving school before 18 increases males' likelihood of experiencing homelessness, being incarcerated, using cannabis daily and illegal street drugs weekly several years after school-leaving. In contrast, for females the difference-in-difference strategy eliminates the correlations between school-leaving age and their outcomes. We also show that while parental separation and other adverse behaviours coincide with early school-leaving, our results are robust to accounting for these, providing support for a causal interpretation of our findings. |
| Keywords: | education, homelessness, substance use, incarceration, mental health, Australia |
| JEL: | C23 I12 I24 I32 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17702 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development Environment-Natural Disasters Environment-Climate Change Impacts Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42624 |
| By: | Cesare Carissimo; Jan Nagler; Heinrich Nax |
| Abstract: | We investigate the dynamics of Q-learning in a class of generalized Braess paradox games. These games represent an important class of network routing games where the associated stage-game Nash equilibria do not constitute social optima. We provide a full convergence analysis of Q-learning with varying parameters and learning rates. A wide range of phenomena emerges, broadly either settling into Nash or cycling continuously in ways reminiscent of "Edgeworth cycles" (i.e. jumping suddenly from Nash toward social optimum and then deteriorating gradually back to Nash). Our results reveal an important incentive incompatibility when thinking in terms of a meta-game being played by the designers of the individual Q-learners who set their agents' parameters. Indeed, Nash equilibria of the meta-game are characterized by heterogeneous parameters, and resulting outcomes achieve little to no cooperation beyond Nash. In conclusion, we suggest a novel perspective for thinking about regulation and collusion, and discuss the implications of our results for Bertrand oligopoly pricing games. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.18984 |
| By: | Manuel E. Morales (ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand); Susu Nousala (KTU - Kaunas University of Technology); Morteza Ghobakhloo (Department Engineering Sciences - Industrial Engineering and Management [Uppsala] - Uppsala University) |
| Abstract: | In this chapter, we explore and analyze the foundations of our societal relationships, in relation to the concept of industrial transitions. When trying to understand how humans, collectively and prospectively, adapt or react to socioeconomic disruptive changes like the one Industry 5.0 is enacting, two concepts emerge. The first concept is the scope at which humans can handle complex issues. The second is the speed at which they are able to reframe their mental models, based on exposure to high-speed information exchange, that may drive thinking towards unexpected and completely different outcomes. We argue that ecosystems and their innovation capabilities are the only available mechanism we collectively have to build creativity and address the prioritizing of societal values. Innovation ecosystems can supply the testbed pathways on which better societal functions may emerge. In summary, this chapter discusses ways in which socioeconomic transitions could be dynamically applied to relevant functional systems, with a time horizon that allows enough time for evaluation of the effects (positive or negative), so that elements could be changed and/or introduced into or for the system. The circular society described in this chapter would have both intended and unintended consequences, as does any social complex adaptive system. As such, changes to any social contract defining particular interactions and relevant issues, would in turn, contribute to the fabric of preconditions and definitions of the transition between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. |
| Abstract: | Dans ce chapitre, nous explorons et analysons les fondements de nos relations sociétales, en relation avec le concept de transitions industrielles. Lorsqu'on tente de comprendre comment les humains, collectivement et prospectivement, s'adaptent ou réagissent aux changements socio-économiques perturbateurs comme celui qu'implique l'Industrie 5.0, deux concepts émergent. Le premier concept est la portée avec laquelle les humains peuvent gérer des problèmes complexes. La seconde est la vitesse à laquelle ils sont capables de recadrer leurs modèles mentaux, sur la base d'une exposition à un échange d'informations à grande vitesse, qui peut conduire la réflexion vers des résultats inattendus et complètement différents. Nous soutenons que les écosystèmes et leurs capacités d'innovation sont le seul mécanisme dont nous disposons collectivement pour développer la créativité et donner la priorité aux valeurs sociétales. Les écosystèmes d'innovation peuvent fournir des pistes d'essai sur lesquelles de meilleures fonctions sociétales peuvent émerger. En résumé, ce chapitre examine les manières dont les transitions socio-économiques pourraient être appliquées de manière dynamique aux systèmes fonctionnels pertinents, avec un horizon temporel qui laisse suffisamment de temps pour évaluer les effets (positifs ou négatifs), afin que les éléments puissent être modifiés et/ou introduits dans les systèmes fonctionnels concernés. ou pour le système. La société circulaire décrite dans ce chapitre aurait des conséquences à la fois voulues et imprévues, comme tout système social adaptatif complexe. En tant que tel, les modifications apportées à tout contrat social définissant des interactions particulières et des questions pertinentes contribueraient à leur tour au tissu de conditions préalables et aux définitions de la transition entre l'Industrie 4.0 et l'Industrie 5.0. |
| Keywords: | Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Circular society, Social Complex Adaptive System |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04542447 |
| By: | Muhammad Khudadad Chattha; Hoda Youssef; Olena Ftomova; Ashwaq Natiq Maseeh; Xinyue Wang; Željko Bogeti?; Dominik Naeher; Christian Borja-Vega; Adnan Ghosheh |
| Keywords: | Water Resources-Freshwater Resources Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42515 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development-Capital Markets and Capital Flows Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Investment and Investment Climate International Economics and Trade-Trade Finance and Investment |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42649 |
| By: | Mylène Bapst (P.S.Institut); Daria Druzhinenko-Silhan (P.S.Institut); Sahika Pat-Herrmann (P.S.Institut); Patrick Schmoll (P.S.Institut) |
| Abstract: | This article reviews the report by the french General Inspectorate of Social Affairs (IGAS) on childcare facilities and the prevention of mistreatment in nurseries (2023). It analyses the methodology, takes up the conclusions and recommendations, highlights the limited relevance of the scope of the study (which, in particular, ignores the economic constraints weighing on establishments), and identifies avenues of research that could lead to solutions for better care for young children. |
| Abstract: | L'article effectue une relecture du rapport de l'Inspection générale des affaires sociales (IGAS) sur la qualité de l'accueil et la prévention de la maltraitance dans les crèches (2023). Il en analyse la méthodologie, en reprend les conclusions et les préconisations, souligne une pertinence limitée par le périmètre de l'étude (qui écarte notamment les contraintes économiques pesant sur les établissements), et identifie les pistes de recherche permettant d'envisager des solutions pour un meilleur accueil du jeune enfant. |
| Keywords: | Childcare Facilities, Mistreatments, Prevention, Investigation Methodology, Coeducation, Établissements d'accueil du jeune enfant (EAJE), IGAS, Maltraitance des enfants, Prévention, Méthodologie d'enquête, Co-éducation |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04942671 |
| By: | Bertheau, Antoine (Norwegian School of Economics); Kudlyak, Marianna (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco); Larsen, Birthe (Copenhagen Business School); Bennedsen, Morten (University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We use a novel large-scale survey of firms, implemented in Denmark in 2021 and linked to administrative data, to study why firms lay off workers instead of cutting wages. Our questions on layoffs, wage cuts, and the link between them provide new insights into firms' strategies for adjusting labor in response to adverse shocks. We find that layoffs are more prevalent than wage cuts, but wage cuts are not rare in firms experiencing revenue reduction and were used by 15% of such firms. Employers are hesitant to cut wages in many instances because they see wage cuts as a poor substitute for layoffs. First, firms report that lowering wages triggers costs through the impact on morale and quits. Comparing these costs with potential savings from wage cuts, most employers in the survey agree that a wage reduction would not have saved jobs. Second, firms report that a crisis is an opportune time for layoffs because of lower opportunity costs of restructuring and because layoffs during a crisis are perceived by workers as more fair. We find that firms that report such opportunistic layoffs are less likely to implement wage cuts. |
| Keywords: | wage rigidity, layoffs |
| JEL: | D22 J30 J63 J23 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17704 |
| By: | Moustafa, Khaled (Founder & Editor of ArabiXiv) |
| Abstract: | The complexity of breast cancer and its increasing occurrence necessitate a comprehensive exploration of potential contributing factors. In this regard, I propose an investigation into the role of bra chemical compositions, particularly synthetic materials like plastic and polyester, which may contain carcinogenic substances and nanoparticles that could disrupt hormonal balance and contribute to breast cancer development. Given the sensitivity of breast skin, researching the possible correlation between bra structure and breast cancer is a worthwhile endeavor. Large-scale studies are required to gather comprehensive data and understand the impact of bra composition. Until conclusive outcomes are reached, opting for bras made from natural fibers like cotton might be a wise choice for a safer and healthier alternative. |
| Date: | 2024–05–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:y2ndt_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture-Forestry Management Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change International Economics and Trade-Trade and Labor Social Protections and Labor-Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42036 |
| By: | Pimentel, Duarte; Almeida, Pedro; Cunha, Mariana Morais |
| Abstract: | Given the competitive and dynamic nature of the hospitality sector, understanding factors affecting employee retention is vital for success. This paper explores family business dynamics, by addressing the employees’ justice perceptions, turnover intentions, and resilience levels in the hotel industry. Our findings from 205 Portuguese employees challenge the belief that employees working in family firms have higher organizational justice perceptions. However, employees in family firms exhibit lower turnover intentions and higher resilience than those in non-family companies. Additionally, in family firms, organizational justice perceptions negatively correlate with turnover intentions, with employees’ resilience mediating this relationship. |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gfc9e_v1 |
| By: | Al Harari, Hussein Said Omar; Yeşilada, Figen |
| Abstract: | This study observed the impact of teamwork orientation, employee involvement, and performance orientation, on performance appraisal satisfaction (PAS) in higher education institutions in Libya. A structured survey was administered, with 372 questionnaires distributed to employees. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software to explore the relationships between the dimensions of organizational culture and performance appraisal satisfaction. The findings demonstrated a significant positive correlation between teamwork orientation and performance appraisal satisfaction. This suggests that variations in teamwork orientation are associated with corresponding changes in employee satisfaction with the performance appraisal process. Moreover, the study revealed that employee involvement and performance orientation significantly influenced performance appraisal satisfaction. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role played by teamwork orientation, employee involvement, and performance orientation in shaping performance appraisal satisfaction. The findings highlight the importance of fostering a teamwork-oriented workplace culture and emphasizing performance orientation in the organization to enhance satisfaction with the performance appraisal process. |
| Date: | 2024–11–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ruvgw_v1 |
| By: | Elswah, Mona |
| Abstract: | People express their deepest desires, emotions, and imaginative ideas through language. However, Global North languages, particularly English, dominate in knowledge-sharing and technology. This has led to the marginalization of, and inadequate support for, Global South languages in digital spaces, particularly in the realm of content moderation. Content moderation systems often struggle with Global South languages due to inadequate and unrepresentative training data in addition to a lack of understanding of the cultural nuances that inform the meaning of language. In this report, part of a CDT series investigating content moderation biases and disparities in the Global South, we specifically examine the challenges and implications for moderation of content in the Maghrebi Arabic dialects in North Africa. |
| Date: | 2024–09–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3n849_v1 |
| By: | Sario, Azhar ul Haque |
| Abstract: | This third volume in the “Stock Predictions” series builds on the success of the first edition, “Stock Price Predictions: An Introduction to Probabilistic Models” (ISBN 979-8223912712), and the second edition, “Forecasting Stock Prices: Mathematics of Probabilistic Models” (ISBN 979-8223038993). This new edition delves deeper into the complex world of quantitative finance, providing readers with a comprehensive guide to advanced financial models used in stock price prediction. The book covers a wide array of models, beginning with the foundational concept of Brownian Motion, which represents the random movement of stock prices and underpins many financial models. It then progresses to Geometric Brownian Motion, a model that accounts for the exponential growth often observed in stock prices. Mean Reversion Models are introduced to capture the tendency of stock prices to revert to their long-term average, offering a counterpoint to trend-following strategies. The book explores the world of volatility modeling with GARCH models, which capture the clustering and persistence of volatility in financial markets, crucial for risk management and option pricing. Extensions of GARCH, such as EGARCH and TGARCH, are examined to address the asymmetric impact of positive and negative news on volatility. In the latter part of the book, the focus shifts to Machine Learning, demonstrating how techniques like Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks can uncover complex patterns in financial data and enhance prediction accuracy. Recurrent Neural Networks, particularly LSTMs, are highlighted for their ability to model sequential data, making them ideal for capturing the temporal dynamics of stock prices. Monte Carlo simulations are discussed as a powerful tool for generating a range of possible future outcomes, enabling investors to assess risk and make informed decisions. Finally, Copula Models are introduced to model the dependence structure between multiple assets, critical for portfolio management and risk assessment. Throughout the book, each model is presented with a clear explanation of its mathematical formulation, parameter estimation techniques, and practical applications in stock price prediction. The book emphasizes the strengths and limitations of each model, equipping readers with the knowledge to select the most appropriate model for their specific needs. This book is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and practitioners in finance and investments seeking to master the quantitative tools used in stock price prediction. With its rigorous yet accessible approach, this book empowers readers to leverage advanced financial models and make informed investment decisions in today’s dynamic markets. The book is based on 95 research studies, which are listed on the references page and uploaded on Harvard University’s Dataverse for transparency. As a published book, it has undergone review for originality. |
| Date: | 2024–09–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pk7w3_v1 |
| By: | Prabakusuma, Adhita Sri; Bounkham, Phonedalom |
| Abstract: | The Lao government has implemented various policies focused on the agricultural sector, particularly commercial crop production, as an effort to overcome economic weakening. Those policies have also been designed to reduce malnutrition and poverty. The current fast growth and expansion of commercial crop production have proven to trigger poverty alleviation in Laos. However, this condition led to the to the attenuation of farming communities, which accounted for 75% of the total population in Laos, raising the indebtedness number of farmer families, increasing the vulnerability of the communities, and sharpening disparities among producers. Recently, besides the increase in climate change influence, agricultural practices in Laos have also faced several economic risks. These economic risks include the intermittent nature of local market monopolies, fluctuation, and price games along the agricultural value chains, and instability of production contract implementation. Since 2014, the Lao government has evaluated the consequences of these agricultural practices based on the exploitation of natural resources and the environment. The Eco-Friendly Intensification and Climate-Resilient Agricultural Systems (EFICAS) project was funded and managed by Centre de Cooperation International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (France International Cooperation Center for Agronomy Research Development, CIRAD) and the European Union Global Climate Change Alliance (EU-GCCA) during 2014-2018. CIRAD partnered with (Department of Agricultural Land Management, DALAM) under Laos Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) performed EFICAS together. This project aimed to improve Northern upland community livelihoods, strengthening food security, resilience to climate change, introducing innovative methods, and new intervention approaches to support farmers’ adoption of climate-smart systems based on sustainable agriculture. |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q79ry_v1 |
| By: | Nam, Nguyễn Hoàng |
| Abstract: | Công ty cho thuê tài chính là tổ chức tài chính phi ngân hàng, đáp ứng vốn trung và dài hạn cho hoạt động sản xuất và kinh doanh, đầu tư máy móc thiết bị, phương tiện vận tải, … dưới hình thức thuê tài chính. Bài viết tập trung phân tích, đánh giá tác động của thuê tài chính đến hiệu quả hoạt động kinh doanh của công ty cho thuê tài chính. Dữ liệu nghiên cứu được lấy từ 5 công ty cho thuê tài chính trực thuộc các ngân hàng thương mại tại Việt Nam, dữ liệu được thu thập theo từng quý từ quý 1 năm 2020 đến quý 4 năm 2022. Nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp định lượng bằng mô hình hồi quy tuyến tính bội thông qua phần mềm thống kê phân tích SPSS 22. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy thuê tài chính có tác động tích cực đối với hiệu quả hoạt động tài chính của các công ty cho thuê tài chính. Ngoài ra, các chỉ số tài chính khác được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu cũng có tác động đến kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh của các công ty cho thuê tài chính thuộc hệ thống Ngân hàng Thương mại Việt Nam. Cụ thể, quy mô và lợi nhuận có tác động tích cực đến hiệu quả hoạt động kinh doanh. Ngược lại, dư nợ tín dụng gây ra tác động tiêu cực đến hiệu quả kinh doanh. |
| Date: | 2024–03–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xtnmd_v1 |
| By: | Weipan Xu; Yaofu Huang; Qiumeng Li; Yu Gu; Xun Li |
| Abstract: | Wide coverage and high-precision rural household wealth data is an important support for the effective connection between the national macro rural revitalization policy and micro rural entities, which helps to achieve precise allocation of national resources. However, due to the large number and wide distribution of rural areas, wealth data is difficult to collect and scarce in quantity. Therefore, this article attempts to integrate "sky" remote sensing images with "ground" village street view imageries to construct a fine-grained "computable" technical route for rural household wealth. With the intelligent interpretation of rural houses as the core, the relevant wealth elements of image data were extracted and identified, and regressed with the household wealth indicators of the benchmark questionnaire to form a high-precision township scale wealth prediction model (r=0.85); Furthermore, a national and township scale map of rural household wealth in China was promoted and drawn. Based on this, this article finds that there is a "bimodal" pattern in the distribution of wealth among rural households in China, which is reflected in a polarization feature of "high in the south and low in the north, and high in the east and low in the west" in space. This technological route may provide alternative solutions with wider spatial coverage and higher accuracy for high-cost manual surveys, promote the identification of shortcomings in rural construction, and promote the precise implementation of rural policies. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.12163 |
| By: | Blouin, Simon; Herwix, Alexander; Rivers, Morgan; Tieman, Ross; Denkenberger, David C. |
| Abstract: | The food supply chain's heavy reliance on electricity poses significant vulnerabilities in the event of prolonged and widespread power disruptions. This study introduces a system-dynamics model that integrates five critical infrastructures—electric grid, liquid fossil fuels, Internet, transportation, and human workforce—to evaluate the resilience of food supply chains to major power outages. We validate the model using the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts as a case study, demonstrating its predictive validity. We then explore how more extreme electricity losses would disrupt the supply chain. More specifically, we model the impact of a large-scale cyberattack on the US electric grid and a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) event. A cyberattack severely damaging the US electric grid and allowing for recovery within a few weeks or months would lead to substantial drops in food consumption. However, it would likely still be possible to provide adequate calories to everyone, assuming that food is equitably distributed. In contrast, a year-long recovery from a HEMP event affecting most of the continental US could precipitate a state of famine. Our analysis represents a first attempt at quantifying how food availability progressively worsens as power outages extend over time. Our open-source model is made publicly available, and we encourage its application to other catastrophic scenarios beyond those specifically considered in this work (e.g., extreme solar storms, high-lethality pandemics). |
| Date: | 2024–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dc529_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Environmental Protection Environment-Marine Environment Environment-Pollution Management & Control |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42460 |
| By: | Malot, Kenneth; Mutuku, Cyrus; Otindo, Clement; Rand, John; Shibia, Adan; Srensen, Bjrn Bo |
| Abstract: | Kenya Vision 2030 aims to transform Kenya into a globally competitive economy, but its current export performance constitutes a significant impediment to realizing this objective. By systematically accounting for supply- and demand-side factors, this study identifies new products that can help to diversify and upgrade Kenyas economy. In a supply-side analysis, we first use economic complexity methods to identify 70 complex target products - primarily in the Machinery & Electronics and Metals sectors - that Kenya can learn to export competitively given the current structure of its economy. In a demand-side analysis, we then use gravity models to predict a high export potential among target products in sectors like Vehicles & Transport Equipment, Machinery & Electronics, Chemicals, and Metals. We predict that many of Kenya's current trade partners could be key importers of the target products, but we also find a high demand in several underexploited markets such as Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Nigeria, South Africa, Spain, and Zambia. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:9e7089d6-4bcc-42cc-b270-2976c70165ef |
| By: | Kassa, Woubet; Smith, Michael Dean; Wesselbaum, Dennis |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between food insecurity and trust using the 2014-17 waves of the Gallup World Poll and the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Trust improves public institutions, social capital, public health interventions, and economic development. Vertical trust is represented as an index of trust in national institutions, while horizontal trust is represented as a measure of trust in friends and family. The findings show that food insecurity is associated with a decrease in both measures of trust. The study further document heterogeneous effects of food insecurity across economic development rankings. The results suggest a need for governments to increase food security to bolster public trust, strengthen the social contract, and enhance the effectiveness of development efforts. |
| Date: | 2023–02–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10314 |
| By: | Yannick Hoga; Christian Schulz |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to propose valid inference tools, based on self-normalization, in time series expected shortfall regressions. In doing so, we propose a novel two-step estimator for expected shortfall regressions which is based on convex optimization in both steps (rendering computation easy) and it only requires minimization of quantile losses and squared error losses (methods for both of which are implemented in every standard statistical computing package). As a corollary, we also derive self-normalized inference tools in time series quantile regressions. Extant methods, based on a bootstrap or direct estimation of the long-run variance, are computationally more involved, require the choice of tuning parameters and have serious size distortions when the regression errors are strongly serially dependent. In contrast, our inference tools only require estimates of the quantile regression parameters that are computed on an expanding window and are correctly sized. Simulations show the advantageous finite-sample properties of our methods. Finally, two applications to stock return predictability and to Growth-at-Risk demonstrate the practical usefulness of the developed inference tools. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.10065 |
| By: | Clarke, Natasha; Pechey, Emily; Shemilt, Ian (University College London); Pilling, Mark Andrew Dr (University of Cambridge); Roberts, Nia; Marteau, Theresa Mary; Jebb, Susan; Hollands, Gareth J (University College London) |
| Abstract: | Background: Overconsumption of food and consumption of any amount of alcohol increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Calorie (energy) labelling is advocated as a means to reduce energy intake from food and alcoholic drinks. However, there is continued uncertainty about these potential impacts, with a 2018 Cochrane review identifying only a small body of low-certainty evidence. This review updates and extends the 2018 Cochrane review to provide a timely reassessment of evidence for the effects of calorie labelling on people's selection and consumption of food or alcoholic drinks. Objectives: – To estimate the effect of calorie labelling for food (including non-alcoholic drinks) and alcoholic drinks on selection (with or without purchasing) and consumption. – To assess possible modifiers – label type, setting, and socioeconomic status – of the effect of calorie labelling on selection (with or without purchasing) and consumption of food and alcohol. Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, five other published or grey literature databases, trial registries, and key websites, followed by backwards and forwards citation searches. Using a semi-automated workflow, we searched for and selected records and corresponding reports of eligible studies, with these searches current to 2 August 2021. Updated searches were conducted in September 2023 but their results are not fully integrated into this version of the review. Selection criteria: Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs with between-subjects (parallel group) or within-subjects (cross-over) designs, interrupted time series studies, or controlled before-after studies comparing calorie labelling with no calorie labelling, applied to food (including non-alcoholic drinks) or alcoholic drinks. Eligible studies also needed to objectively measure participants' selection (with or without purchasing) or consumption, in real-world, naturalistic laboratory, or laboratory settings. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted study data. We applied the Cochrane RoB 2 tool and ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias in included studies. Where possible, we used (random-effects) meta-analyses to estimate summary effect sizes as standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and subgroup analyses to investigate potential effect modifiers, including study, intervention, and participant characteristics. We synthesised data from other studies in a narrative summary. We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. Main results: We included 25 studies (23 food, 2 alcohol and food), comprising 18 RCTs, one quasi-RCT, two interrupted time series studies, and four controlled before-after studies. Most studies were conducted in real-world field settings (16/25, with 13 of these in restaurants or cafeterias and three in supermarkets); six studies were conducted in naturalistic laboratories that attempted to mimic a real-world setting; and three studies were conducted in laboratory settings. Most studies assessed the impact of calorie labelling on menus or menu boards (18/25); six studies assessed the impact of calorie labelling directly on, or placed adjacent to, products or their packaging; and one study assessed labels on both menus and on product packaging. The most frequently assessed labelling type was simple calorie labelling (20/25), with other studies assessing calorie labelling with information about at least one other nutrient, or calories with physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labelling (or both). Twenty-four studies were conducted in high-income countries, with 15 in the USA, six in the UK, one in Ireland, one in France, and one in Canada. Most studies (18/25) were conducted in high socioeconomic status populations, while six studies included both low and high socioeconomic groups, and one study included only participants from low socioeconomic groups. Twenty-four studies included a measure of selection of food (with or without purchasing), most of which measured selection with purchasing (17/24), and eight studies included a measure of consumption of food. Calorie labelling of food led to a small reduction in energy selected (SMD −0.06, 95% CI −0.08 to −0.03; 16 randomised studies, 19 comparisons, 9850 participants; high-certainty evidence), with near-identical effects when including only studies at low risk of bias, and when including only studies of selection with purchasing. There may be a larger reduction in consumption (SMD −0.19, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.05; 8 randomised studies, 10 comparisons, 2134 participants; low-certainty evidence). These effect sizes suggest that, for an average meal of 600 kcal, adults exposed to calorie labelling would select 11 kcal less (equivalent to a 1.8% reduction), and consume 35 kcal less (equivalent to a 5.9% reduction). The direction of effect observed in the six non-randomised studies was broadly consistent with that observed in the 16 randomised studies. Only two studies focused on alcoholic drinks, and these studies also included a measure of selection of food (including non-alcoholic drinks). Their results were inconclusive, with inconsistent effects and wide 95% CIs encompassing both harm and benefit, and the evidence was of very low certainty. Authors' conclusions: Current evidence suggests that calorie labelling of food (including non-alcoholic drinks) on menus, products, and packaging leads to small reductions in energy selected and purchased, with potentially meaningful impacts on population health when applied at scale. The evidence assessing the impact of calorie labelling of food on consumption suggests a similar effect to that observed for selection and purchasing, although there is less evidence and it is of lower certainty. There is insufficient evidence to estimate the effect of calorie labelling of alcoholic drinks, and more high-quality studies are needed. Further research is needed to assess potential moderators of the intervention effect observed for food, particularly socioeconomic status. Wider potential effects of implementation that are not assessed by this review also merit further examination, including systemic impacts of calorie labelling on industry actions, and potential individual harms and benefits. |
| Date: | 2025–01–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pwhs5_v1 |
| By: | Garcia-Galan, Mar |
| Abstract: | Vine culture is one of the most important farming activities in countries from Southern Europe. In particular, Spain is one of the main wine producing countries in the world. Designations of origin have become important brands in the agro-food market to sell products. In the Spanish agro-food market, designations of origin have been established during the last three decades and wine products have been adapted to these protection forms. Spain can represent a good example of analysis of how PDO`s have been established and how wine products (as the main agro food product) have been adapted to these protection forms. The winemakers have been strongly engaged towards their designations of origin showing a clear commitment to this form of protection of agro-food products, promoting and strengthening their brands, aware that the consumer perceives the product's quality. The presence in the markets of PDO wine is consolidated upon time. Also, during the last three decades Spanish winemakers have faced critical situations. Besides the problems arising, the wine designations of origin maintain a solid presence in the agro-food market, giving a solid base to firms. |
| Date: | 2024–03–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cfg5w_v1 |
| By: | Ghaharian, Kasra (University of Nevada, Las Vegas); Binesh, Nasim |
| Abstract: | The proliferation of data and artificial intelligence (AI) throughout society has raised concerns about its potential misuse and threats across industries. In this paper we explore the risks and ethical considerations of AI applications in gambling, an industry that makes significant contributions to many tourism destinations and local economies around the world. We conducted a scoping review to collect the breadth of literature and to understand the current state of knowledge. Our search yielded 2, 499 potentially relevant documents, from which we deemed 16 as eligible for inclusion. A content analysis revealed convergence around six main themes: (1) Explainability, (2) Exploitation, (3) Algorithmic Flaws, (4) Consumer Rights, (5) Accountability, and (6) Human-in-the-Loop. We found that these gambling-specific themes largely overlap with broader AI principles. Most records focused on algorithmic strategies to reduce gambling-related harm (n = 12/16), thus we call for more attention to be turned to commercially driven AI applications. We provide a theoretical evaluation that illustrates the challenges involved for stakeholders tasked with governing AI risks and associated ethical considerations. As a globally reaching product, gambling regulators and operators need to be cognizant, not just of philosophical principles, but also of the rich tapestry of global ethical traditions. |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gpyub_v1 |
| By: | Benson, Alex J (Western University); Woodley, Hayden Jerney Randolph (University of Western Ontario); Jensen, Lynden Dale; Hardy, James |
| Abstract: | We applied the social evaluation framework to investigate the traits desired in an “ideal” follower, which were compared to the traits desired in an “ideal” leader. Across three studies and five samples, both differences and similarities in role-specific preferences mapped onto the Vertical-Horizontal dimensions of the social evaluation framework in ways that aligned with the demands of each role. Traits higher on the Horizontal-morality facet (e.g., cooperative, dutiful) and lower on the Vertical-assertiveness facet (e.g., confident, ambitious) differentiated ideal follower preferences from ideal leader preferences. Focusing on the traits most strongly desired in relation to each role, traits that supported social coordination and collective goal attainment (i.e., work ethic, cooperativeness) were prioritized in relation to ideal followers, whereas intelligence was prioritized for ideal leaders. Trustworthiness was equally valued across both roles. Moreover, we differentiated between necessary and luxury traits by adjusting the budget individuals could allocate towards the desired traits. Investments in necessary versus luxury traits further supported the social evaluation framework and highlighted the need to account for the facet-level distinctions within the Vertical (assertiveness, ability) and Horizontal (morality, friendliness) dimensions. Further, these findings were found to be robust across manipulations (e.g., the target’s gender and hierarchical level). |
| Date: | 2024–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6v8d9_v1 |
| By: | Jibang Wu; Chenghao Yang; Simon Mahns; Chaoqi Wang; Hao Zhu; Fei Fang; Haifeng Xu |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an agentic framework that employs large language models (LLMs) to automate the generation of persuasive and grounded marketing content, using real estate listing descriptions as our focal application domain. Our method is designed to align the generated content with user preferences while highlighting useful factual attributes. This agent consists of three key modules: (1) Grounding Module, mimicking expert human behavior to predict marketable features; (2) Personalization Module, aligning content with user preferences; (3) Marketing Module, ensuring factual accuracy and the inclusion of localized features. We conduct systematic human-subject experiments in the domain of real estate marketing, with a focus group of potential house buyers. The results demonstrate that marketing descriptions generated by our approach are preferred over those written by human experts by a clear margin. Our findings suggest a promising LLM-based agentic framework to automate large-scale targeted marketing while ensuring responsible generation using only facts. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.16810 |
| By: | Bennett, Michael Timothy |
| Abstract: | Are biological self-organising systems more `intelligent' than artificial intelligence? If so, why? We frame intelligence as adaptability, and explore this question using a mathematical formalism of causal learning. We compare systems by how they delegate control, illustrating how this applies with examples of computational, biological, human organisational and economic systems. We formally show the scale-free, dynamic, bottom-up architecture of biological self-organisation allows for more efficient adaptation than the static top-down architecture typical of computers, because adaptation can take place at lower levels of abstraction. Artificial intelligence rests on a static, human-engineered `stack'. It only adapts at high levels of abstraction. To put it provocatively, a static computational stack is like an inflexible bureaucracy. Biology is more `intelligent' because it delegates adaptation down the stack. We call this multilayer-causal-learning. It inherits a flaw of biological systems. Cells become cancerous when isolated from the collective informational structure, reverting to primitive transcriptional behaviour. We show states analogous to cancer occur when collectives are too tightly constrained. To adapt to adverse conditions control should be delegated to the greatest extent, like the doctrine of mission-command. Our result shows how to design more robust systems and lays a mathematical foundation for future empirical research. |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:e6fky_v1 |
| By: | Onsomu, Lydia Kemunto; Ngeno, Haron |
| Abstract: | Investment in the first 1, 000 days of life is important for human capital development. The basic needs and services in these days of life are maternal healthcare; child healthcare; mobilization of mothers to seek early antenatal care; increasing hospital deliveries; enhancing exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life; increasing knowledge on the proper weaning diet; immunization; and early diagnosis and treatment of common childhood illnesses. However, there is a dearth evidence on the importance of investing in the early years of life. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of investing in the first 1, 000 days of life for improved human capital accumulation. The study utilized the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2022 data. Using the Cox regression hazard model, the study found out that twins have a higher risk of mortality than single births and firstborns were less likely to die before their fifth birthday than the children born after them. The findings also indicate that an increase in the household size by 1 individual reduces the likelihood of death for children aged less than 1 year and for children aged between 13 and 60 months. Children from female-headed households reported a lower likelihood of mortality. Perhaps this is because of assurance of breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life when the child is living with the mother, increasing the probability of knowledge on the proper weaning diet and improved uptake of immunization by the mother. The likelihood of mortality for children whose mothers reported health comorbidities was higher than for those who reported good health. Children younger than 1 year of mothers who were assisted during delivery were less likely to die than those whose parents were assisted during delivery. In relation to the place of delivery, children who were delivered at a government health facility were less likely to die than those who were born at home. Based on these findings, the study recommends provision of civic education to pregnant and new mothers on the risks facing their new-borns and the importance of following the laid out public health protocols of the first 1, 000 days of life to ensure the childrens survival.. |
| Date: | 2024–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:4983c674-44d4-446b-a858-12714c1ad267 |
| By: | Arcusa, Stephanie; Hagood, Emily |
| Abstract: | What should be the definition and implementation of durable carbon storage? As carbon markets are expanding to include various forms of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), the time is right to revisit this topic in relation to standard development. Particularly, we look for mechanisms that could be implemented across CDR methods so that certification guarantees sequestration on climate-relevant timescales while preserving the collective sequestration effort. Collecting data from 29 international standard developing organizations and one large carbon removal purchaser, we review the different definitions and mechanisms proposed to implement durability and manage reversals. We find the most often used stipulated contractual definition of durable storage by standard developing organizations is 100 years but ranges from 10 to beyond 100 years. Six different durability mechanisms are employed for various goals, which may not be intended for or aligned with climate mitigation purposes. Even with four different types of reversal management mechanisms, we see that most organizations are choosing mechanisms that are supportive of preserving the collective sequestration effort. However, our analysis also shows no single durability mechanism will work across the full range of CDR methods nor for the goal of keeping carbon sequestered on climate-relevant timescales. Our results highlight that complications arise when including short-term sequestration into a climate-relevant certification system and when attempting to safely end the responsibility of monitoring. Definitions of durable storage are being pushed beyond what can be managed contractually. These complications make innovation necessary and could be addressed using a combination of existing and improved mechanisms tailored to specific implementations. |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6bth5_v1 |
| By: | Ndayikeza, Michel Armel; Nyamweru, Jean Claude; Ndoricimpa, Arcade |
| Abstract: | This study examines the use of mobile money services in Burundi and compares it with other East African countries to identify areas for improvement. The focus is on the supply side, with the aim of offering practical recommendations for policy makers to enhance the usage of mobile money. We use secondary data to compare mobile money usage and transaction fees across East African Community (EAC) countries. Additionally, the analysis draws on semi-structured interviews with key informants from the National Agency of Regulation and Control of Telecommunications, the Central Bank of Burundi, the Ministry of Finance, and other institutions crucial to the development of mobile money. The information collected during these interviews is organized into four thematic areas: institutional environment and regulation, interoperability, government's role, and the impact on smallholder farmers. The findings indicate that mobile money usage in Burundi is relatively low, standing at 11%, in comparison to other EAC countries. Although higher than South Sudan's usage rate of 1%, it falls far behind Tanzania (45%), Uganda (54%), and Kenya (69%). The cost of sending US$ 10 varies between 0.2% and 10.8% across EAC countries, with the lowest fees observed in Kenya and the highest in Tanzania. Interviews with experts highlighted the need for supply-side actors to recognize the country's low mobile money usage rate and fully realize the potential benefits of this technology. The study contributes to the limited literature on mobile money and digital finance in Burundi and offers some policy recommendations to address the issue. |
| Date: | 2024–08–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:ff95cc46-5259-4cf8-8fbc-798a94d01ede |
| By: | Chari, Abigail |
| Abstract: | Approximately three hundred thousand mothers and sixty-seven percent of children die from preventable and treatable diseases globally despite rapid developments in medicines over the years. Pregnant women, neonates and children under five are particularly vulnerable to malaria and bear the burden of malaria infections. Understanding the preventive efforts against malaria is therefore crucial. This paper investigates the association between malaria prophylaxis stock-outs and birth and maternal health outcomes in Zimbabwe. Combining the administrative data on stock-outs of malaria prophylaxis and 2015 nationally representative Demographic Health Survey data, we examine malaria prophylaxis stock-outs and birth and maternal health outcomes. Malaria prophylaxis stock-outs are prevalent and increasing over time in Zimbabwe. We also note regional disparities in malaria prophylaxis stock-outs, where stock-outs are more prevalent in some districts than others. Using pooled OLS, malaria prophylaxis stock-outs are significantly associated with birth weight. Drug stock-outs are, therefore, associated with compromised birth health outcomes while significantly associated with only haemoglobin levels for urban women. Malaria prophylaxis stock-outs significantly push neonates with average birth weights towards the lower end of normal birth weight, hence increasing developmental disabilities in these neonates. In addition, drug stock-outs are insignificantly associated with childunderweight, stunting and wasting. We recommend that policymakers invest in pharmaceutical information systems and stock ordering systems to prioritise the prevention of malaria and improve maternal and birth outcomes as proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals. This improves drug availability in areas where they are most needed. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:c4630c5b-febf-4f11-9a53-aaf080412590 |
| By: | Lioba Heimbach; Jason Milionis |
| Abstract: | Ethereum has adopted a rollup-centric roadmap to scale by making rollups (layer 2 scaling solutions) the primary method for handling transactions. The first significant step towards this goal was EIP-4844, which introduced blob transactions that are designed to meet the data availability needs of layer 2 protocols. This work constitutes the first rigorous and comprehensive empirical analysis of transaction- and mempool-level data since the institution of blobs on Ethereum on March 13, 2024. We perform a longitudinal study of the early days of the blob fee market analyzing the landscape and the behaviors of its participants. We identify and measure the inefficiencies arising out of suboptimal block packing, showing that at times it has resulted in up to 70% relative fee loss. We hone in and give further insight into two (congested) peak demand periods for blobs. Finally, we document a market design issue relating to subset bidding due to the inflexibility of the transaction structure on packing data as blobs and suggest possible ways to fix it. The latter market structure issue also applies more generally for any discrete objects included within transactions. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.12966 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Human Migrations & Resettlements Conflict and Development-Conflict and Fragile States Conflict and Development-Post Conflict Reconstruction Social Protections and Labor-Social Protections & Assistance Social Protections and Labor-Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42104 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance-Governance Indicators Environment-Air Quality & Clean Air Urban Development-Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42599 |
| By: | Lioniel, Mafang; Dumas, Tsambou Andre; Bertin, Malou Jonas; Gnilane, Diouf Marie Ndeye |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of work-linked vocational training in Senegal. In order to do so, we focussed on four specific objectives. First, we identified the main factors that promote or limit access to work-linked vocational training by the youth. Second, we evaluated the impact of work-linked vocational training on the income of youth in the labour market. Third, we evaluated the impact of vocational training on access to regular and stable employment. Fourth, we evaluated the impact of vocational training on labour productivity. To achieve these objectives, we used an endogenous switching regression (ESR) model and an endogenous switching probit model. We examined the robustness of the results using propensity score matching. These methodologies take into account observed and unobserved factors, thus enabling us to handle selection and endogeneity problems that may be related to vocational training. They were used to evaluate data derived from the Employment Policy Improvement Survey (EAPE) that was carried out in 2018 in Senegal. The results suggest that the sampled groups of youth that participated in vocational training display characteristics that differ from those of the sampled groups of youth that did not participate in vocational training. The sampled groups of youths who benefitted from training had a probability 19.27 percentage points higher, on average, of accessing a permanent job, and 24.18 percentage points higher of accessing temporary employment. These youth also had a probability 57.8 percentage points higher of accessing stable employment than youth that did not benefit from vocational training. |
| Date: | 2024–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:b03e15e3-0484-405e-b37d-ae08ebd28160 |
| By: | Froolik, Alderd J. (Quest Sales & Marketing Automations BV) |
| Abstract: | This research study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of AI powered email automation in enhancing customer retention, increasing sales, and improving customer satisfaction. Email automation has emerged as a powerful marketing tool, allowing businesses to automate and personalize their email communication with customers. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of implementing email automation on the real live Shopify webshop PeponiXL.nl which is opening up webshops in different countries (Portugal, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France and Germany). The boundary for this expansion is the language barrier for each country the webshop is expanding to. Due to the lack of multilingual personnel, the rising costs, and the declining margins the study will focus on possibilities of a Large Language Model (ChatGPT) to overcome these issues. The hypotheses are that ChatGPT will not only speed up the replies of emails but also provide answers within the guidelines of the webshop and maintaining the branding in each country, developing global awareness and brand at scale without putting additional stress on the workforce. |
| Date: | 2024–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uzsaf_v1 |
| By: | Mohamed Zakaria Kamh; Waleed Tayseer Alhaddad; Doug Bowman |
| Keywords: | Energy-Electric Power Finance and Financial Sector Development-Payment Systems & Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41921 |
| By: | Sameera Altuwaijri; Prabhat Jha; George Alleyne; Paul Isenman; Seemeen Saadat; Gisela Garcia; Jeremy Veillard |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42143 |
| By: | Vitalis, Kyriacos (University of Cyprus); Stefanidis, Dimosthenis; Pallis, George; Dikaiakos, Marios; Nicolaou, Nicos; Nicolaides, Christos (University of Cyprus) |
| Abstract: | We leverage a rich online social network and entrepreneurial performance dataset to identify the effect of entrepreneurs’ social network activity on their professional success. We focus our analysis on ~79K founders of organizations listed in Crunchbase with an active personal Twitter account. We employ Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple linear regression, where the dependent variable is the founder’s career success indicator as extracted from Crunchbase, and the predictor variables are the social network presence and activity indicators as extracted from Twitter. We find that the founder’s average annual number of tweets is negatively associated with different success indicators, demonstrating a significant adverse impact of mere tweeting on success. To address endogeneity concerns, we implement panel data analysis with Fixed Effects (FE) and Instrumental Variables (IV) by the means of Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression, the results of which are largely consistent with those of OLS main analysis. |
| Date: | 2024–09–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x6vda_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Economics & Finance Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Policy and Management Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Service Management and Delivery |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42597 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy-Electric Power Energy-Energy Technology & Transmission Energy-Fuels |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42341 |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how expecting to receive an inheritance impacts household savings decisions. Life-cycle consumption models indicate that the expectation of inheriting should reduce current savings plans for forward-thinking consumers. We investigate how inheritance expectations shape savings behavior within the household, considering factors such as liquidity constraints and education. To do so, we use household fixed effects to account for time-invariant factors and exploit within-household variation over time by using panel data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (2003-2019), which provides individual-level information and overcomes endogeneity concerns commonly present in cross-sectional studies. Our findings reveal that households adjust their current savings in anticipation of receiving future inheritances. Specifically, men decrease their current savings by an average of 5.4 percent if they expect to receive an inheritance in the future. Additionally, we find more pronounced changes in savings among households with higher levels of education and incomes, which are less likely to face liquidity constraints. These findings inform inheritance fiscal policies, such as inheritance taxes, revealing that households consider the expectation of inheriting in the future for current saving decisions. |
| Keywords: | intra-household allocation, savings, inheritance expectations, panel data, JPSC |
| JEL: | D14 D15 D84 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17695 |
| By: | Zichen Chen; Jiaao Chen; Jianda Chen; Misha Sra |
| Abstract: | Current financial LLM agent benchmarks are inadequate. They prioritize task performance while ignoring fundamental safety risks. Threats like hallucinations, temporal misalignment, and adversarial vulnerabilities pose systemic risks in high-stakes financial environments, yet existing evaluation frameworks fail to capture these risks. We take a firm position: traditional benchmarks are insufficient to ensure the reliability of LLM agents in finance. To address this, we analyze existing financial LLM agent benchmarks, finding safety gaps and introducing ten risk-aware evaluation metrics. Through an empirical evaluation of both API-based and open-weight LLM agents, we reveal hidden vulnerabilities that remain undetected by conventional assessments. To move the field forward, we propose the Safety-Aware Evaluation Agent (SAEA), grounded in a three-level evaluation framework that assesses agents at the model level (intrinsic capabilities), workflow level (multi-step process reliability), and system level (integration robustness). Our findings highlight the urgent need to redefine LLM agent evaluation standards by shifting the focus from raw performance to safety, robustness, and real world resilience. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.15865 |