|
on Investment |
| By: | Kishore, P.; Roy, D.; Birthal, P.S.; Srivastava, S.K. |
| Abstract: | Policy supported technology-led intensification of agriculture has led to significant increases in agricultural productivity and food supplies in India. However, of late its negative externalities to natural resources, especially groundwater in semi-arid north-western region comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan have become visible. Recognizing this, Punjab and Haryana brought out almost an identical groundwater regulation in 2009 which aligned sowing of water-guzzling paddy crop towards onset of the monsoon to prevent falling groundwater level. This paper reveals reveal that overextraction of groundwater continued even the regulation being in force. This perverse outcome could be due policy offsets such as highly subsidized electric power for irrigation, excessive procurement of paddy at minimum support price, stagnation in investment in major and medium irrigation schemes, and lack of incentives for crop diversification and adoption of water-saving technologies. It suggests a holistic approach for groundwater management, encompassing policies, technologies, incentives, institutions, and regulations. I am sure that policymakers will take due cognizance of this while designing a framework for groundwater governance. |
| Keywords: | Dairy Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:344994 |
| By: | Brutti, Zelda (European Commission - JRC); Freo, Marzia (European Commission - JRC); Serlenga, Laura (University of Bari) |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a cornerstone policy of the European Union, increasingly focused on promoting environmentally sustainable practices. In 2014, the CAP introduced Greening payments and a crop diversification requirement to enhance soil resilience and mitigate ecosystem degradation. Despite its economic significance, the policy's effectiveness across the EU remains largely limited. This study evaluates the impact of the Greening crop diversification requirement on crop diversity itself and on a set of subsequent outcomes, including agricultural land allocation, the economic performance of farms and indirect environmental outcomes. Using farm-level data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (2012-2017), causal relationships are identified, through a design that combines propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, by comparing farms needing to adapt to the new requirements to those who were already compliant. Additionally, a regression discontinuity design estimates local average treatment effects for 2017, thereby exploiting the diversification requirementâs threshold-based design. Both strategies corroborate the conclusion that Greening measures have significantly increased crop diversity across the EU; moreover, results for the remaining farm-level outcomes are consistent with adaptation responses to the new environmental requirements. Overall, the results highlight the policyâs effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture throughout the EU. |
| Keywords: | Crop diversification, Greening payments, Common Agricultural Policy, FADN |
| JEL: | Q18 Q51 Q12 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202503 |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Genio, Frances Genevieve F.; Crismo, Jan Joy Louise G. |
| Abstract: | Joint programming, also known as convergence, in social protection and economic inclusion interventions has emerged as a critical strategy for addressing persistent poverty in the Philippines. Despite the government's ambitious goal of reducing poverty from 18.1 percent in 2021 to 9 percent by 2028, significant challenges remain in coordinating and integrating social protection efforts. This study examines the implementation of joint programming across the laws, policies, and programs that target Filipinos living in poverty. Using a qualitative data-focused approach, the research assesses the current state of joint programming, identifies key stakeholders, evaluates implementation challenges, and analyzes the effectiveness of existing coordination mechanisms. Through document analysis, key informant interviews with government officials and field staff, and focus group discussions with program beneficiaries, this study aims to provide actionable recommendations for enhancing joint programming efforts. The findings are expected to contribute to refining social protection and economic inclusion strategies in the Philippines, ultimately supporting the government's poverty reduction goals and improving the lives of vulnerable populations. Comments on this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | joint programming;convergence;social protection;economic inclusion;poverty reduction |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-02 |
| By: | Chevalier-Roignant, Benoît; Villeneuve, Stéphane; Delpech, Fabien; Grapotte, May-Line |
| Abstract: | There are many business situations in which investments by a supplier and a producer (“coinvest-ments") are both necessary for either of them to grasp a business opportunity. For instance, better quality tanks are needed to manufacture reliable hydrogen-powered vehicles. One of these two firms, typically the one facing a lower cost, may be more willing to invest, but the cautionary attitude of the other delays the coinvestment. We model supply-chain interactions in a classical tractable way to derive the firms’ net present values (NPVs) upon coinvestment and determine their Nash equilibrium investment (timing) strategies. Firms coinvest when the real options of the weaker firm is ‘deep in the money.’ These business situations are likely to be affected by evolving market circumstances, in particular due to changes in the demand dynamics or endogenous decision (by, say, the supplier) to conduct research and development (R&D). We investigate related model extensions, which confirm the robustness of our key result. |
| Date: | 2025–04–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130510 |
| By: | Aurora García-Gallego (LEE and Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Tibor Neugebauer (Department of Finance, Luxembourg School of Finance, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the impact of free-form chat on asset pricing and trading in a lab setting. In a mispricing-prone market, participants facing team-performance incentives communicated in chat groups. We compare three chat treatments: "friends", where participants personally knew their chat partners, and "random teams" with/out price prediction, where groups were assigned anonymously. While free-form chat does not reduce mispricing, it seems to influence transaction volume. A textual analysis using dictionaries focused on strategic coordination, risk management, market understanding, and information sharing shows that groups focusing on the former two tend to perform better. We review the contributions of Gary Charness to the area of communication in experiments. |
| Keywords: | experimental asset market, communication, textual analysis |
| JEL: | C92 D83 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jau:wpaper:2025/03 |
| By: | Daniel Mangrum; Crystal Wang |
| Abstract: | In our companion post, we highlighted how the pandemic and subsequent policy actions disrupted trends in the growth of student loan balances, the pace of repayment, and the classification of delinquent loans. In this post, we discuss how these changes affected the credit scores of student loan borrowers and how the return of negative reporting of past due balances will impact the credit standing of student loan borrowers. We estimate that more than nine million student loan borrowers will face significant drops in credit score once delinquencies appear on credit reports in the first half of 2025. |
| Keywords: | student loans; household debt |
| JEL: | G51 I22 |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:99734 |
| By: | Schneemann, Christian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Mönnig, Anke (GWS); Maier, Tobias (BIBB); Weber, Enzo (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Zenk, Johanna (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Zika, Gerd (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "This report analyses the effects of possible US-tariff increases and possible counter-tariffs by the affected trading partners on the labour market and economy in Germany. The calculations used in this research report are based on across-the-board tariff increases of 25 percent. This order of magnitude is assumed as there is uncertainty at the time of reporting as to whether announcements will continue to change or tariff rates will still be adjusted in negotiations. To this end, a scenario analysis is conducted in which two alternative scenarios with higher tariffs are compared to a reference scenario without a tariff increase. The first alternative scenario (‘Scenario 1’) assumes a 25 percent tariff increase in addition to the existing tariffs for Chinese, Mexican, Canadian and European imports into the USA. The countries considered account for almost three quarters of German exports. The revenue generated by these tariffs is assumed to flow back into the US economy. In the second scenario (‘Scenario 2’), the European Union (EU), China, Canada and Mexico are expected to take countermeasures by increasing tariffs on US imports by 25 per cent each. These countermeasures are considered in addition to the US tariff increases. The resulting revenues are also assumed to flow back into the respective economy. The effects are generally negative. This applies not only to Germany, but also to other countries (Mexico, China, Canada, the rest of the EU) and to global trade as a whole. Assuming that there are no further tariff changes, nominal global trade will be 6.5 per cent lower in Scenario 2 than in the reference scenario one year after the 25 per cent tariff increase comes into force. Compared to a scenario without tariff increases, German gross domestic product (GDP) would be lower than in the reference scenario in both Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. This is partly due to a significant fall in German exports and partly to second and third-round effects. In Scenario 2, GDP would be 1.2 per cent lower one year after the tariff increase comes into force. The assumed tariffs from both alternative scenarios are also likely to have negative effects on the labour market in Germany. The negative effects will increase over time. As a result of the assumed tariff increases, the demand for labour could be lower by 90, 000 people after one years. The economic sectors and occupations most affected by the tariffs are primarily to be found in the manufacturing industry, but also in the business-related service sectors. The occupations most affected in production such as technical occupations in machine-building and automotive industry or occupations in metal-making and -working, and in metal construction can be explained by the high number of employees in manufacture of machinery, equipment and motor vehicles. At the same time, demand for business-related services, trade, accommodation and food services is declining, which is having a negative impact on the occupations typically found in these sectors, such as purchasing, sales and trading occupations as well as occupations in tourism, hotels and restaurants. The occupations business management and organisation, traffic and logistics as well as drivers and operators of vehicles and transport equipment are among the most affected occupations due to the generally weaker economic situation. Germany's export losses could possibly be offset by higher exports to other countries. However, an additional calculation shows that this would require considerable effort. A 50 per cent reduction in import tariffs for major trading partners could reduce Germany's export losses, but not fully compensate for them. Nevertheless, actively strengthening and promoting free trade agreements can stabilise trade." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2025–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202509 |
| By: | Bahri, Muchlas Hakho (Pendidikan) |
| Abstract: | Jual beli adalah suatu perjanjian tukar menukar benda atau barang yang mempunyai nilai secara sukarela diantara kedua belah pihak , dimana pihak yang satu menerima benda - benda dan pihak lain menerima sesuai dengan perjanjian atau ketentuan yang telah dibenarkan secara syara ' dan disepakati . Sesuai dengan ketetapan hukum maksudnya ialah memenuhi persyaratan , rukun - rukun dan hal - hal lain yang ada kaitanya dengan jual beli , sehingga bila syarat - syarat dan rukunnya tidak terpenuhi berarti tidak sesuai dengan kehendak syara ' . ! Jual beli merupakan akad yang sangat umum digunakan oleh masyarakat , karena dalam setiap pemenuhan kebutuhan - kebutuhannya , masyarakat tidak bisa utuhan - keb berpaling untuk meninggalkan akad ini . Dari akad jual beli ini masyarakat dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehari - hari seperti kebutuhan pokok ( primer ) . kebutuhan tambahan ( sekunder ) dan kebutuhan tersier Kehidupan bermuamalah memberikan gambaran mengenai kebijakan perekonomian . Banyak dalam kehidupan sehari - hari masyarakat memenuhi kehidupannya dengan cara berbisnis . Dalam ilmu ekonomi , bisnis adalah suatu organisasi yang menjual barang atau jasa kepada konsumen atau bisnis lainnya untuk mendapatkan laba. Suatu akad jual beli di katakan sebagai jual beli yang sah apabila jual beli itu disyariatkan , memenuhi rukun dan syarat sah yang di tentukan , bukan milik orang lain , tidak tergantung pada hak khiyar . Sebaliknya jual beli di katan batal apabila salah satu rukun atau seluruh rukunnya tidak terpenuhi , atau jual beli itu pada dasarnya tidak disyariatkan , seperti jual beli yang di lakukan anak kecil , orang gila , atau barang yang di jual itu barang - barang yang di haramkan oleh syara ' , seperti bangkai , darah , babi , dan khamar . Akan tetapi , dewasa ini , masyarakat melakukan transaksi jual beli dengan menghalalkan segala cara hanya untuk meraup keuntungan yang besar tanpa memperhatikan apakah transaksi jual beli yang diakukannya sudah sesuai apa yang telah disyariatkan atau tidak |
| Date: | 2023–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jfkw2_v1 |
| By: | Wu, Jialin; Liu, Hongbo; ZHENG, Chen |
| Abstract: | This study explores the potential of tryvertising in accommodations using an experimental research design. By building a moderated mediation model, this research offers theoretical underpinnings to comprehend how and when tryvertising works in peer-to-peer accommodations. The results demonstrate that tryvertising is more effective in Airbnb than in a hotel context, and more effective in an entire property than a private room in Airbnb. Different accommodation settings represent different levels of territoriality, with higher territoriality leading to higher psychological ownership, and hence higher purchase intentions towards tryvertised products. Such effects are moderated by impermanence which is a threat to psychological ownership. This research suggests avenues marketers/hosts can optimize tryvertising effectiveness in peer-to-peer accommodations, by increasing guests’ perceived territoriality and psychological ownership. |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qy2t9_v1 |
| By: | Dawit Kelemework Mekonnen; Abate, Gashaw T.; Yimam, Seid; Benfica, Rui; Spielman, David J.; Place, Frank |
| Abstract: | Several factors contribute to the limited use of improved seed varieties in Ethiopia. Among those, on the supply side, is the restricted availability of seeds in the volume, quality, and timeliness required by farmers, partly due to inadequate public and private investment in the sector. Beginning in 2011, the Government of Ethiopia introduced a novel experiment—the direct seed marketing approach—to reduce some of the centralized, state-run attributes of the country’s seed market and rationalize the use of public resources. Direct seed marketing was designed to incentivize private and public seed producers to sell directly to farmers rather than through the state apparatus. This study is the first quantitative evaluation of the impact of direct seed marketing on indicators of a healthy seed system: access to quality seeds and farm-level productivity. Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach suitable to handling variation in treatment timing, the study finds that direct seed marketing led to an increase of 15 percentage points in the proportion of farmers purchasing maize seed, an increase of 45 percent in the quantity of maize seed purchased per hectare, and an increase of 18 percent in maize yield. However, there are differences across crops, with the effects of dir ect seed marketing on wheat seed purchases and yields being statistically insignificant. These crop-specific differences in performance are likely explained by differences in the reproductive biology of maize (particularly maize hybrids) and wheat, which tend to incentivize commercial activity in hybrid maize seed markets more than in self-pollinating wheat or open-pollinated maize markets. These differences suggest a need for nuanced policy responses, institutional arrangements, and market development strategies to accelerate the adoption of improved varieties. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11078 |
| By: | Stanley, Dustyn |
| Abstract: | We present evidence that the fine structure constant (α) behaves as the inverse of a fundamental suppression function governing force scaling at high energy. This discovery provides a novel perspective on why fundamental interactions scale as observed and suggests that quantum suppression effects play a more integral role in determining coupling behaviors than previously assumed. We derive the inverse relationship, analyze its empirical accuracy, and explore its implications for electroweak running, renormalization, and high-energy physics. Testable predictions for upcoming collider experiments and astrophysical observations are proposed. |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3kpj2_v1 |
| By: | Prayudhi Azwar (Bank Indonesia); Cicilia Anggadewi Harun (Bank Indonesia); Annes Nisrina Khoirunnisa (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | Employing System Thinking (ST) and Bayesian Networks (BN), this research has developed framework for a digital transformation of a central bank. The transformation is influenced by three key elements: technology-driven transformation, human capital digital capabilities, and digitalized policymaking capacities. The role of transformative digital leader is the initial critical factor in the causal loop diagram (CLD). Institutional digital leadership is set as the end state of digital transformation, which reflects the lev el of digital maturity. The strength analysis in the BN confirms that the most significant influence on the maturity level of the digital transformation is the digitalized policy making capacities. The combination of digitalized policy-making capacities, human capital digital capabilities, and technology-driven transformation serves as the key factors of central banks transformation towards digital maturity, respectively. The results also show the necessity of addressing operational and cyber risks, formulating robust regulations, and enhancing technological resilience to ensure sustainability and effectivity of the integrated digital central bank transformation. |
| Keywords: | Digital central bank, digital transformation, system thinking, bayesian network, public policy, human capital capabilities, digitalized policy making capacities |
| JEL: | E58 L20 O15 Z18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp152024 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39916 |
| By: | Yashodhan Ghorpade; Muhammad Saad Imtiaz |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between violent conflict and the willingness of potential migrants to accept lower skilled work (occupational downgrading). The paper develops a theoretical model of migration decisions and tests it using an innovative survey module administered to high-skilled youth in Myanmar. Consistent with the predictions of the model, the findings show that insecurity induced by conflict reduces the additional wage premium that individuals would typically demand for taking on lower skilled work, indicating greater amenability to occupational downgrading. These effects are particularly pronounced for disadvantaged groups, such as women, ethnic minorities, and those with weaker labor market networks or English language skills. The results are driven by respondents from areas under territorial contestation, and those interviewed after the sudden activation of a conscription law during the survey. This further confirms how security considerations may override the preference for skill-appropriate job matching, suggesting that conflict may worsen labor market outcomes and reduce potential gains from migration, especially for disadvantaged groups. |
| Date: | 2025–02–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11075 |
| By: | Brolhato, Sara; Xavier Cirera; Antonio Soares Martins Neto |
| Abstract: | Businesses of the state (BOS) have regained the public debate in midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially as a source of resilience to shocks and a mechanism for technology development and diffusion. However, little is known about the impacts on the economy. This paper uses a novel dataset that allows exploring the importance of BOS in Brazil, including registered state-owned or mixed enterprises and with indirect state participation in competitive sectors. The paper looks at their impact through two connected perspectives: employment and business dynamism. First, the analysis tests whether BOS pay a wage premium to their employees. Then, it estimates the impacts of privatization on workers’ outcomes and firms’ total employment. The findings indicate that BOS firms pay a substantial wage premium in Brazil and that privatization events lead to a significant decline in workers’ wages. Yet, the analysis does not find robust evidence that privatization results in a decline in total employment. The findings show that BOS tend to use more technical workers, a proxy for innovation, and are larger and grow faster in terms of employment than private companies. Finally, the paper analyzes what the presence of BOS means for the business dynamism of sectors. It finds that a higher presence of BOS in a given sector is negatively correlated with young firms’ participation and exit rates, and job destruction rates. Meanwhile, BOS participation is positively correlated with market concentration, but also job creation rates. The results suggest that BOS have significant impacts on markets, and that assessment of the state’s footprint needs to consider the effects of public investments in private companies, directly and indirectly. |
| Date: | 2025–03–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11082 |
| By: | Ben Brunckhorst; Ruth Hill; Ghazala Mansuri; Trang Nguyen; Miki Doan |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction-Equity and Development Poverty Reduction-Poverty Reduction Strategies Environment-Climate Change Impacts Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39952 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Inflation Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39923 |
| By: | Eduardo Levy Yeyati; Virginia Robano; Emiliano Pereiro; Camila Porto; Víctor Koleszar |
| Abstract: | La Inteligencia Artificial Generativa (IA) tiene el potencial de ayudar a los educadores a abordar desafíos persistentes -como la resolución de problemas complejos y la tutoría personalizada- preservando los elementos humanos esenciales de juicio y empatía. Centrándose en las aulas latinoamericanas, este estudio explora cómo los chatbots impulsados por IA pueden complementar a los profesores de educación primaria y secundaria. A partir de evidencia cuantitativa y cualitativa, identificamos estrategias para minimizar las brechas de género, fortalecer la preparación de los docentes y maximizar la participación de los estudiantes. El estudio propone políticas viables, como la formación específica de los docentes, estrategias de adopción de IA con enfoque de género y modelos de enseñanza híbridos escalables, así como un plan para evaluar la eficacia de los chatbots. Al incorporar una perspectiva de género y una estrategia de adopción de la IA por fases, nuestro estudio no sólo esboza las mejores prácticas para el despliegue de la IA, sino que también ofrece una visión empírica de cómo los chatbots afectan a la participación en el aprendizaje, la preparación de los profesores y la equidad de los estudiantes. Nuestro marco sirve de guía para los decisores políticos que pretendan integrar las herramientas de IA de forma que apoyen -y no sustituyan- a los educadores, abordando al mismo tiempo las disparidades en el acceso y el uso. |
| Keywords: | inteligencia artificial, educación, ChatGPT, complementariedad, LLM, tutor automatizado, chatbot, aula, enseñanza |
| JEL: | C9 I21 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udt:wpgobi:202503 |
| By: | Ye, Meng; Heiss, Andrew (Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | China’s 2016 Overseas NGO (ONGO) Law is part of a larger global trend of increased legal restrictions on international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). A growing body of research analyzes the broad effects of this crackdown on INGOs, finding a divergence in formal de jure laws and the de facto implementation of those laws. The causes and mechanisms of this divergence remain less explored. Why do authoritarian governments allow—and often collaborate—with some INGOs while harshly regulating or expelling others? What determines the openness of the practical legal operating environment for INGOs? In this paper, we use the case of China to explore how political demands to both restrict and embrace INGOs have shaped the international nonprofit sector in the five years since the ONGO Law came into effect. We argue that in an effort to bolster regime stability, governments use civil society laws as policy tools to influence INGO behavior. We find that INGO issue areas, missions, and pre-existing relationships with local government officials influence the degree of operating space available for INGOs. We test this argument with a mixed methods research design, combining Bayesian analysis of administrative data from all formally registered INGOs with a comparative case study of two environmental INGOs. Our findings offer insights into the practical effects of INGO restrictions and the dynamics of closing civic space worldwide. |
| Date: | 2025–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fzc9y_v1 |
| By: | Khuderchuluun Batsukh; Nicolas Groshenny; Naveed Javed |
| Abstract: | We highlight the importance of high and low states of household debt for the transmission of monetary policy in Australia during the period from 1994Q1 to 2019Q3. Using a state-dependent local projection model, we demonstrate that the impact of a monetary policy shock varies depending on the level of household debt. In particular, in low household debt conditions, output, investment, house prices, household debt-to-GDP, and debt-to-asset increase significantly to an expansionary monetary shock, while the responses of these variables are largely muted when the households are in a high-debt state. We infer from our results that the “home equity loan channel†may be active when household indebtedness is moderate, but inactive when it is high. We conjuncture that this channel likely played a crucial role in the transmission of monetary policy in Australia, and potentially accounted for the diminished effects of monetary policy under high household debt conditions. |
| Keywords: | household debt, monetary policy, home equity loans |
| JEL: | E21 E32 E52 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2025-13 |
| By: | Waasi, Nur |
| Abstract: | Macroeconomics is a branch of economics which is concerned with the overall performance of the economy (Samuelson & Nordhaus). Ilmu yang mempelajari mekanisme bekerjanya perekonomian secara keseluruhan (agregatif). |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x5sz4_v1 |
| By: | Monique Reid; Dieter von Fintel; Anis Foresto |
| Abstract: | With the adoption of inflation targeting in South Africa in 2000, the Bureau for Economic Research (BER) began to collect inflation expectations survey data on behalf of the South African Reserve Bank. This respected survey is rich by international standards and has contributed valuable insights to policy, academic and private sector analyses. International trends towards greater reliance on microdata within macroeconomics are, however, placing slightly different demands on the survey, and access to complementary datasets has offered new opportunities to enhance it. In this pilot study, we link the inflation expectations survey data of firms to a spatial tax panel dataset. We investigate whether the survey sample adequately represents the structure of the South African economy and offer a series of survey weights to be added to the micro dataset. The results show that the BER has maintained an adequate level of representativity over the life of the survey, but we recommend that sample weights be estimated periodically to ensure that representativity is ensured institutionally. The sample weights can also support targeted recruitment in future. Finally, through careful documentation we hope to enable other researchers to pursue questions that benefit from linking the inflation expectations data with other datasets. |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbz:wpaper:11068 |
| By: | , 段贤香 |
| Abstract: | The financial crisis is because money flows are blocked or interrupted, and gives two formulas. One formula is to calculate the speed of money flow, and another formula is the money demand and supply formula of the "nodes". The paper also presents methods for analyzing complex science, which economics is. The paper proposes several methods to analyze complex systems, such as "program" and "fractal". |
| Date: | 2023–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4azjc_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population-Immunizations |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40374 |
| By: | Claudia N. Berg; Bettarelli, Luca; Furceri, Davide; Ganslmeier, Michael; Arti Grover; Megan Elizabeth Lang; Marc Tobias Schiffbauer |
| Abstract: | Are firms adapting to climate change? This paper studies this question by combining geocoded World Bank Enterprise Survey data with spatially granular weather data to estimate temperature response functions for nearly 160, 000 firms in 134 countries over a 15-year period. Our results show that market imperfections in low- and middle-income countries constrain firms’ ability to adapt. Small and medium-size firms in low- and low-middle income countries are most vulnerable, with revenues declining by 12 percent in years with temperatures 0.5◦C above historical averages. The impact is equally strong for manufacturing and services firms and result from declines in labor productivity and wages. Heat-sensitive sectors and less resilient firms are more severely affected, reinforcing the causal interpretation. Unique firm-level information on policy constraints including limited financing, burdensome regulations, and unsafe conditions suggest that such factors raise adaptation costs, undermining economic resilience to climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11081 |