|
on Investment |
| By: | Erik Brynjolfsson; J. Frank Li; Javier Miranda; Robert Seamans; Andrew Wang |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how minimum wage policy affects firms’ adoption of automation technologies. Using both state-level measures of robot exposure and novel plant-level data on industrial robot imports linked to U.S. Census microdata from 1992–2021, we show that increases in minimum wages raise the likelihood of robot adoption in manufacturing. Our preferred identification exploits discontinuities at state borders, comparing otherwise similar firms exposed to different wage floors. Across specifications, a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage increases robot adoption by roughly 8 percent relative to the mean. |
| Keywords: | automation, minimum wage, manufacturing, robots |
| JEL: | J38 O33 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:26-42 |
| By: | Ons Sammari (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Agnès Helme-Guizon (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Soffien Bataoui (UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon); Catherine Pelachaud (ISIR ACIDE - Action, Cognition, Interaction et Décisions Encorporées - ISIR - Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Collaboration is fundamental to social marketing, yet its study remains fragmented between two largely disconnected perspectives. A functional, objective perspective examines collaboration through governance structures, coordination protocols, task sequences, and resource allocation. A subjective perspective, still emergent, acknowledges that collaborators develop perceptions, emotions, relational dynamics, and symbolic meanings throughout the collaborative process. These two bodies of literature rarely speak to each other, leaving researchers without a unified framework capable of capturing collaboration both as an organized activity and as a lived, meaningful experience. This research proposes experience marketing as the integrative lens to bridge this divide. Drawing on the rich tradition of experience research in marketing—which has long demonstrated that phenomena such as consumption, branding, and service encounters are simultaneously functional realities and subjective, multidimensional experiences—we introduce "digital collaboration experience" as a unifying concept. It is defined as the holistic, subjective, and dynamic lived phenomenon emerging as individuals engage cognitively, emotionally, relationally, behaviorally, and symbolically in technology-mediated collaborative activities directed toward a shared objective. An extensive literature review crossing the fields of collaboration and experience marketing, combined with a qualitative study comprising 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews and 7 direct non-participant observations of digitally mediated collaboration sessions, produced a comprehensive conceptual framework. Findings reveal five interrelated dimensions—cognitive, affective, relational, behavioral, and symbolic—alongside facilitating factors, barriers, and cascading outcomes. A conceptual delimitation exercise, mobilizing Dumez's (2011) conceptual triangle and Gerring's (1999) evaluative criteria, establishes the distinctiveness of digital collaboration experience relative to adjacent constructs (co-creation experience, online community experience, user experience). This work contributes to social marketing by demonstrating that experience marketing provides the theoretical apparatus needed to reconcile functional and subjective accounts of collaboration within a single, empirically grounded framework. It offers researchers and practitioners diagnostic lenses for understanding why structurally sound partnerships may nevertheless fail—when experiential dimensions such as emotional exhaustion, relational opacity, or symbolic misalignment remain unaddressed. |
| Keywords: | Digitally mediated collaboration experience, conceptual research, qualitative research |
| Date: | 2026–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05692298 |
| By: | Maravall Buckwalter, Laura; Panza, Laura |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the socio-economic, political, and cultural impacts of European colonialism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), focusing on the ways colonial systems reshaped governance, trade, and development in the region. It highlights the introduction of export-oriented economies, resource extraction, and agricultural policies that prioritised metropolitan interests over local needs, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities. The study explores how colonial legacies influenced public goods provision, schooling, and trade networks, leading to persistent disparities in wealth, education, and infrastructure. While colonial rule disrupted traditional societal structures, it also spurred nationalist movements and modest advancements in primary education in some regions. Using a combination of historical and economic analysis, this paper illustrates the enduring effects of colonialism on the region’s institutional and developmental trajectories. |
| Keywords: | Colonialism |
| JEL: | N35 N37 N45 N47 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19736 |
| By: | Tatjana Dahlhaus; Barbara Sadaba |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effects of climate change on income inequality in the United States. To do so, we characterize climate change in the US and introduce the climate-inequality vector autoregression (VAR). Constructing a data set of daily temperatures for the contiguous US from 1920–2019, we document that climate change is more than a phenomenon that increases mean temperatures since the whole temperature distribution has shifted asymmetrically, with temperatures in lower percentiles increasing at a faster rate than those in higher percentiles for most US states. Using the climate-inequality VAR, we estimate the effects of climate change on income inequality by identifying shocks to temperature distribution characteristics (such as mean and percentiles) via a combination of zero and sign restrictions. We find that the effects of climate change on income inequality not only vary across temperature distribution characteristics but also vary widely across US states. We find both negative and positive impacts on within-state inequality across the US. There is no strong link between a state’s climate or per capita income and the within-state effects on income inequality once we consider effects due to changes across the several temperature percentiles. |
| Keywords: | Models and tools, Econometric, statistical and computational methods, Structural challenges, Climate change |
| JEL: | C11 C32 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:26-16 |
| By: | Bamieh, Omar (Universidad Andres Bello); Cintolesi, Andrea (Bank of Italy); Pagliero, Mario (Collegio Carlo Alberto) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the earnings returns to occupational licensing by exploiting regression discontinuities at the Italian bar exam. Law graduates who became lawyers after barely passing the exam earned 20, 000 euros (50%) more per year than they would have in alternative occupations. This premium is not driven by monopoly rents from entry barriers. Instead, it reflects a compensating differential for the greater earnings risk inherent in the legal profession relative to the outside options available to law graduates. |
| Keywords: | labor market regulation, occupational licensing, field of study, lawyers |
| JEL: | J08 J44 L84 L50 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18816 |
| By: | Xiong, Jian (School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China); Yin, Wei (School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China); Li, Guangzi (Institute of Finance and Banking, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China); Zhou, Peng (Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the underexplored role of China’s policy bank loans as a countercyclical tool for stabilizing economic fluctuations, complementing conventional fiscal and monetary policies. Utilizing panel data on Chinese listed companies from 2005 to 2023, we demonstrate that policy bank loans effectively mitigate the adverse impacts of economic downturns and ensure corporate value stability during periods of contraction. The research further identifies that the countercyclical effect of these loans is influenced by both internal factors, including political and economic stability and tax revenue growth, as well as external factors such as global financial uncertainty. Additionally, the study highlights the complementary role of policy bank loans alongside conventional stabilization interventions, strengthening the combined capacity to enhance macroeconomic stability. |
| Keywords: | Policy banks; Countercyclical; Listed firms; Economic stability |
| JEL: | G21 G32 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2026/11 |
| By: | Daniel Alejandro Revilla Cabrera (Universidad Privada Boliviana (UPB)) |
| Abstract: | Este artículo aborda el problema de los datos faltan-tes en la medición de pobreza multidimensional, con especial atención a su impacto sobre la validez axiomática del método Alkire-Foster, empleado regularmente para medir este concep-to amplio de pobreza. Se sostiene que la ausencia de datos no es un problema puramente técnico y proclive a generar sesgos, sino que también puede comprometer la identificación de pri-vaciones y vulnerar alguno de los axiomas fundamentales del método: monotonicidad, descomposición por subgrupos y descomposición dimensional. A partir de una revisión crítica de la literatura, se comparan cuatro enfoques de imputación: análisis de casos completos, imputación múltiple por ecuacio-nes encadenadas (MICE), técnicas de descomposición matricial (como Soft-Impute) y redes neuronales bayesianas. Se discuten sus fortalezas y limitaciones en relación con la preservación de las propiedades axiomáticas mencionadas. Además, se presen-tan argumentos a favor de una metodología híbrida que com-bine algoritmos imputativos con criterios de validación nor-mativa para garantizar coherencia ética y solidez inferencial. El artículo concluye que la elección de métodos de imputación en contextos sociales debe considerar no solo la eficiencia estadís-tica, sino también la compatibilidad estructural con el modelo teórico que subyace el ejercicio de medición de la pobreza. Se proponen líneas futuras para el desarrollo de marcos integrado-res que articulen métodos de imputación, el respeto de axiomas y el uso en política pública. |
| Keywords: | Datos faltantes, pobreza multidimensional, Alkire-Foster, imputación múltiple, ética del dato, redes neu-ronales bayesianas. |
| JEL: | I32 C81 C38 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:wpaper:0125 |
| By: | Carmen Rojas (Central Reserve Bank of Peru); Bruno Gonzaga (Central Reserve Bank of Peru) |
| Abstract: | Building on the Competitor-Based Real Exchange Rate (CBRER) proposed by Gonzaga and Rojas (2026), this paper develops an External Trade Competitiveness Index (ETCI) that provides a more accurate measure of Peruvian export competitiveness. Unlike the Multilateral Real Exchange Rate (TCRM) –a traditional REER measure–– published by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, the ETCI is constructed from product- and destination-level export unit values and explicitly accounts for competition in third markets. The framework is further improved through a systematic treatment of unit value bias. A two-stage identification procedure first detects structural product heterogeneity using fixed-effects models and then assesses whether changes in tariffsubheading composition generate economically meaningful distortions in aggregate unit values. Affected products are subsequently corrected using two strategies recommended by the International Monetary Fund: increasing product granularity and trimming extreme observations. The corrected ETCI indicates a cumulative gain in export competitiveness of 3.7 percents between 2000 and 2024, in sharp contrast with the 6.7 percents cumulative loss implied by the conventional REER. Compared with previous versions, the proposed refinements moderate the measured competitiveness gains while preserving their overall economic interpretation. Finally, validation and robustness exercises show that the ETCI captures both the structural and cyclical dimensions of export competitiveness and remains robust under alternative weighting schemes. |
| Keywords: | export competitiveness; third-market competition; unit values; real exchange rate; competitorbased indices |
| JEL: | F14 F31 C43 C23 |
| Date: | 2026–08–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp18-2026 |
| By: | Qian, Yuting (Yale University); Gavulic, Kyle (Yale University); Chen, Xi (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | A documented diagnosis only benefits patients who know about it. Using nationally representative Health and Retirement Study data linked to Medicare claims (1998–2020), we quantify the gap between clinically documented dementia diagnoses and patients' own reports. Among self-respondents with probable dementia and a claims-based diagnosis, 67 percent do not report having been diagnosed—more than double the average underreporting rate for arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, and depression among the same population—and underreporting is highest in the early disease stage, precisely when decision-making capacity is greatest. Underreporting is more prevalent among individuals who live alone, are dually eligible, have less education, and are non-Hispanic Black, and less prevalent among Medicare Advantage enrollees and patients seen by dementia specialists, consistent with roles for stigma, social vulnerability, and provider disclosure incentives. Underreporting predicts lower post-diagnosis care engagement and a lower likelihood of establishing a will or trust, suggesting information frictions undermine the returns to early detection. |
| Keywords: | dementia, underreporting, diagnostic disclosure, Medicare, aging, cognitive decline, end-of-life planning |
| JEL: | I11 I12 I14 J14 D83 I18 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18819 |
| By: | Koch, Reinald; Rehrl, Christoph; Spengel, Christoph |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, the European Union has built a comprehensive supranational framework to combat corporate tax avoidance. This article provides the first integrated assessment of the EU's post-2015 anti-avoidance architecture, combining evidence on profit shifting by European multinationals, the effectiveness and side-effects of individual regulatory instruments, and the cumulative costs of tax complexity. While these measures have reduced specific profit-shifting channels, their marginal revenue impact appears limited relative to the rise in tax complexity, compliance costs, and distortions to investment, risk-taking, and innovation. The uneven global implementation of recent instruments - notably the Global Minimum Tax and public country by-country reporting - has created a competitive asymmetry in which European multinationals bear regulatory burdens that their non-European competitors largely do not. The article concludes with policy recommendations to recalibrate the framework, eliminating rules whose marginal costs outweigh their marginal benefits while restoring the balance between enforcement and competitiveness that the EU's standard of "fair and efficient taxation" demands. |
| Keywords: | Anti-tax avoidance, profit shifting, ATAD, Global Minimum Tax (Pillar Two), tax policy, corporate tax competitiveness |
| JEL: | H26 H25 F23 H87 K34 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:341997 |
| By: | Mader, Anna; Musshoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Increased access to finance is widely viewed as a key driver to increase adaptive capacity in response to climate change. However, apart from limited studies on borrowing behavior, little is known about how exposure to extreme heat impacts microfinance clients’ financial behavior. This study addresses this gap by investigating the short-run effects of unusual heat on microfinance clients’ saving and withdrawal behavior. In a case study, it combines geo-located temperature data with a unique dataset of around 50, 000 clients of a leading Microfinance Institution (MFI) in Benin. Applying two-way fixed effects, seemingly unrelated regression, and ordinary least square models, the study finds that exposure to extreme heat is heterogeneously associated with microfinance clients’ financial behavior. Specifically, non-agricultural clients show suggestive evidence for the accumulation of precautionary savings after extreme heat days in the precedent quarter, while agricultural clients statistically significantly reduce their savings following exposure to extreme heat in the precedent quarter. Microfinance clients increase their withdrawals when exposed to extreme heat within the precedent quarter, but the association is not robust to agricultural clients’ withdrawals in response to an increase in annual extreme heat days. Addressing the heterogeneous financial responses across different clients to extreme heat consequently requires explicit policy attention. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of extreme weather events on individual economic outcomes, how financial behavior relates to weather risk, and how microfinance clients respond to shocks. |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404654 |
| By: | Braghieri, Luca; Eichmeyer, Sarah |
| Abstract: | Can teaching the history of authoritarian regimes built on extreme ideology lastingly reduce support for those ideologies? We leverage a natural experiment in Germany where the senior high school history curriculum exogenously alternated covering, across cohorts, the communist German Democratic Republic and fascist Nazi Germany. Data collected a decade post-graduation reveals that studying the GDR rather than the Nazi regime increases knowledge about the GDR and reduces support for extreme left-wing ideology. The treatment does not increase support for extreme right-wing ideology on average, but does so in more right-leaning regions, highlighting substitutabilities of the production function of extreme ideology. |
| Keywords: | Education; Political ideology; History; Schooling curricula |
| JEL: | P00 I21 I28 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19575 |
| By: | Jones, Jason Allen |
| Abstract: | Culturally responsive school leadership (CRSL) scholarship has focused almost entirely on principals and instructional leaders, leaving school business and operations leadership untheorized despite its considerable power over what schools can fund and offer. This paper argues that operations leadership is an overlooked site of CRSL-relevant power because the budget, the field’s primary artifact, operates through an assumption of technical neutrality that QuantCrit identifies as political rather than objective. Drawing on Khalifa et al. (2016) and Gillborn et al. (2018), and illustrated through contrasting public and internal budget scenarios from the author’s professional practice, the paper develops what it terms culturally responsive fiscal leadership: an orientation that treats budget construction and presentation as leadership behavior in its own right. This conceptual paper extends CRSL’s community advocacy strand into school finance and calls for operations leaders to be recognized and trained as equity actors. |
| Date: | 2026–07–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r2m43_v1 |
| By: | Drydakis, Nick (Anglia Ruskin University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how universities address modern slavery within their governance structures and practices, with reference to the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015. The study develops and applies the Modern Slavery Reflexive Assessment Scale, a sixty-item instrument grounded in the Pluralistic Framework for the Study of Economic Exploitation. Data were collected in 2025 from eighteen UK universities through structured assessments completed by institutional officers. The findings indicate that longer-standing institutional engagement and stronger sustainability performance are consistently associated with higher levels of reflexive practice, suggesting that continuity and embedded governance cultures support movement beyond symbolic compliance. Progress is most evident in policy development, governance arrangements, and sustainability integration. Engagement with intersectional and decolonial perspectives is limited, while survivor-centred practices, participatory monitoring, iterative learning, and systematic impact evaluation remain underdeveloped. The findings also provide the basis for developing the Reflexive Anti-Slavery Governance Model for Higher Education. |
| Keywords: | modern slavery, higher education governance, universities, UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, sustainability and universities, intersectional and decolonial perspectives, economic exploitation |
| JEL: | I23 I28 J47 J78 K31 K38 M14 O35 Q01 Z18 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18780 |
| By: | Schmid, Günther; Leschke, Janine |
| Abstract: | Im internationalen Vergleich werden duale Berufsbildungssysteme oft als erfolgreicher angesehen als schulische Systeme, wenn es darum geht, einen nachhaltigen Übergang von der Schule ins Berufsleben zu gewährleisten. Diese Einschätzung trifft besonders auf die Schweiz zu, während das deutsche duale System seit der Covid-19-Pandemie zunehmend in die Kritik geraten ist. Der komparative Fokus liegt selten auf Dänemark mit seiner vielversprechenden Mischung aus beiden Prinzipien. Daher erscheint ein Vergleich der beiden Länder interessant. Die Studie beginnt mit der Entwicklung eines theoretischen Rahmens für die Gestaltung nachhaltiger Übergänge von der Schule in den Beruf: Normativ betont dieser Ansatz berufliche Souveränität gegenüber bloßer Arbeitsmarkttauglichkeit, während er analytisch faire Risikoteilung und ausgewogene Machtverteilung als Grundsätze guter Regierungsführung hervorhebt. Anschließend werden die Akteure, Regelungen, Übergangswege, aktuellen Entwicklungen und Probleme der beiden Länder betrachtet und durch deskriptive Statistiken ergänzt. Deutschland kann von Dänemark lernen: insbesondere im Hinblick auf die frühzeitige Berufsorientierung in der Schule; Einkommenssicherheit während des Übergangs, die zur Risikobereitschaft bei der Berufswahl ermutigt; kontinuierliche Aktualisierung und Modularisierung der Lehrpläne; enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Schulen, Betrieben, Sozialpartnern und Kommunen. Aber auch die Schwächen des dänischen Systems, insbesondere die Erosion der Attraktivität beruflicher Bildung, bieten Anlass, vom Nachbarland zu lernen. Reformoptionen für Deutschland schließen die Studie ab. |
| Keywords: | berufliche Bildung, Ausbildungssystem, Übergänge, Governance, Theorie, Übergangsarbeitsmärkte, Risikoteilung, vergleichende Analyse |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbeme:342458 |
| By: | Keil, Maria |
| Abstract: | The logistics industry, as well as various trade and industrial sectors, are facing the challenge of dealing with an economically significant shortage of truck drivers. Currently, approximately 7% of truck driver positions in Germany and Europe are vacant (IRU 2024). At the same time, statistics show an increase in transport performance in ton-kilometers and a shift towards vehicles in higher weight classes (DLR 2023). The age structure is a key aspect that could contribute to this shortage of truck drivers, particularly in a long-term perspective. In Germany, the proportion of truck drivers aged 55 or older is 36%, while at the European level this is 33%. In contrast, the proportion of truck drivers aged 25 or younger in Germany and Europe is only 3% and 5%, respectively (IRU 2024). This difference points to future challenges in human resources management for logistics: A significant proportion of truck drivers will retire due to age, but a corresponding increase in the number of younger truck drivers cannot be expected. Furthermore, truck drivers are exposed to a high daily workload. Hege et al. 2019 as well as Hill and Boyle 2007 demonstrate that an analysis is necessary to promote the occupational health and safety of this specific group, strengthen their intrinsic motivation, and enhance their performance. Truck drivers are exposed to various hazards. An empirical study showed that insomnia, a stress-induced reduction in attention, and the resulting irritability are significant risk factors for traffic accidents (Shams et al. 2021). Therefore, a promising area of research is dedicated to the well-being of truck drivers and employees. According to relevant research, employee well-being has a significant impact on work efficiency in general (Corbett 2024) and road safety specifically. To gain deeper scientific insights into this area, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. Interdisciplinary research challenges disciplinary boundaries and exclusive focuses and offers new perspectives for understanding complex phenomena that cannot be fully grasped by a single discipline alone. Expanding disciplinary perspectives to include complex empirical questions is necessary to investigate real-world situations, gain new insights, and develop problem-oriented solutions. Challenges such as cross-disciplinary motivation, the development of a common language, the formulation of shared theories, and the creation of practical applications must be overcome. If these hurdles are overcome, interdisciplinary research can significantly contribute to a better understanding of complex management phenomena. Not only does it support a holistic perspective on theoretical questions, it also enables the development of novel methodological approaches. Collaboration between different disciplines is crucial for expanding scientific knowledge and developing practice-relevant solutions to current management challenges (Reinecke et al. 2024). This dissertation highlights the need for research in this field and addresses complex issues related to it. Due to this complexity, interdisciplinary approaches were chosen. The study addresses the relevance of personnel heterogeneity and individual resources for job performance, as well as the previously under-researched relationships between truck driver characteristics and their performance and safety. A synchronized data collection approach for truck drivers, which considers individual characteristics and their impact on health, performance, and safety, is presented below. Practical applications in human resource management and distribution are outlined. Finally, the underlying theories and methodological approaches are explained. The human factor is the central research topic in each of the individual complexes of this dissertation. This provides the relevant framework and highlights the shift from the Industry 4.0 concept with a technological focus to the "Industry 5.0" paradigm with a complementary human-centric approach. The aim is to analyze the effects of human factors and utilize them in operational areas for the productive design of work processes, thereby jointly improving work quality in terms of health and productivity. In this sense, this dissertation offers insights into future human-centric logistics management concepts. |
| Date: | 2026–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:160671 |
| By: | Gabriel Lara Ibarra; Minh C. Nguyen; Daylan Salmeron Gomez; Cameron Haddad |
| Abstract: | This note presents the 11th edition of the World Bank’s Multidimensional Poverty Measure (MPM) database, drawing on the latest country data from the Global Monitoring Database (GMD) as of April 2026. The MPM offers a broader view of poverty by examining deprivations along three dimensions of well-being: monetary poverty (measured using the international poverty line at $3.00 per person per day in 2021 PPP), education, and access to basic infrastructure services. This latest edition covers 100 economies for circa 2023, and notably includes India and Nigeria, which drastically increases the population coverage of the MPM globally. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbgpmt:51 |
| By: | Tham, Wing Wah; Baslandze, Salomé; Sojli, Elvira; Liu, Leo |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interaction between process and product innovations and their distinct role in firm growth dynamics. We differentiate empirically and theoretically two types of process innovations: foundational processes that advance production technology and cost-reducing processes that enhance existing production efficiency. We develop an innovation model of product varieties with quality heterogeneity to illustrate how these innovations impact firm growth differently and highlight how process innovation induces product innovation. By analyzing millions of patent texts from 1900 to 2020, we classify innovations into product, cost-reducing process, and foundational process innovations. We find that foundational processes lead to sustained firm growth, especially through their effect on subsequent product creation. R&D-intensive firms focused on ``deep-tech'' innovations have an advantage in creating foundational processes, resulting in superior product quality. Using patents linked to FDA-approved drugs, we show that firms with a comparative advantage in creating foundational processes, due to greater knowledge and technological stock, tend to produce higher-value products. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Patents; Firm growth; Process innovation |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19858 |
| By: | Andrey Simonov; Daniil Mikhailov; Ruben Enikolopov; Ruben Durante |
| Abstract: | News aggregators are among the primary gatekeepers of online news, shaping both consumption and production through the algorithms that rank stories and sources. We provide the first large-scale estimates of this algorithmic power using the example of Yandex News, Russia's largest aggregator. Combining archived front pages with 12.3 million published articles and outlet-level traffic data, we estimate that occupying the entire top-5 news block for a day raises an outlet's traffic by roughly 380, 000 visitors. After a 2016 law made aggregators liable for cited content, Yandex halved its references to independent outlets, yet consumers did not penalize the manipulation: its referrals converted readers at the same rate, and its market share did not fall. Removed outlets shifted toward longer articles and stopped optimizing headlines for the algorithm, showing that aggregator algorithms shape not only news consumption but also production. |
| Keywords: | news aggregators, platform power, algorithmic gatekeeping, media capture, news consumption and production, search engines, political economy of media, recommender systems |
| JEL: | L82 L86 D72 L51 D83 L15 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12859 |
| By: | Cai, Yetian; Weng, Weizhe |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the unintended environmental consequences of managed agricultural trade by studying the 2014 U.S.–Mexico Sugar Suspension Agreement. The agreement incentivized sugarcane expansion and fertilizer runoff in sugarcane producing regions. Using panel data on surface water quality from monitoring stations across Louisiana and neighboring state – Mississippi, from 2008/09 to 2019/20, we apply a spatial difference-in-differences framework to estimate the policy’s impact on downstream nutrient pollution. Treatment status is defined based on historical sugarcane cultivation within upstream catchments of monitoring sites, exploiting the hydrological connectivity between sugarcane-growing areas and downstream water quality monitoring stations to isolate the causal effect of the trade shock from confounding watershed characteristics. Results show that after 2014, nitrate-nitrogen concentrations increased by about 1.171 mg/L in waters downstream of sugarcane areas relative to unaffected sites following trade shock. This represents a 79.5 percent increase compared to the pre-treatment average, with the effect emerging within one to two years of the policy and persisting for nearly three years. Robustness checks with alternative model specification and restricted sample yield consistent results. These findings highlight that managed trade policies can generate significant and lasting environmental externalities, with implications for the joint design of trade and environmental regulation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404458 |
| By: | Röhl, Klaus-Heiner; Schmitz, Edgar |
| Abstract: | Die Unternehmen der Metall- und Elektroindustrie sind durch staatliche Bürokratie hoch belastet. Im Rahmen des IW-Zukunftspanels wurden im Herbst 2025 gut 1.080 Unternehmen zu ihrer Wahrnehmung der Bürokratiebelastung und ihrer Entwicklung, den Gründen für die Zunahme von Bürokratie und Regulierung sowie den Schwierigkeiten, Bürokratie wirksam abzubauen, befragt. 180 der teilnehmenden Unternehmen entstammten den Zweigen der Metall- und Elektroindustrie. 85 Prozent der Metall- und Elektrounternehmen beklagen eine Zunahme der Bürokratiebelastung innerhalb der vergangenen drei Jahre, drei von zehn Unternehmen mussten zur Bewältigung des Anstiegs zusätzliches Personal einstellen. Als Hauptgründe für die Zunahme werden die wachsende Anzahl der Gesetze und die zunehmende Komplexität der enthaltenen Regelungen angesehen. Kritisch wird auch die Rolle der Verwaltungen bewertet. Fast zwei Drittel der Unternehmen beklagen, dass Verwaltungsbeschäftigte Ermessensspielräume nicht angemessen ausschöpfen, und sechs von zehn Unternehmen bezeichnen das Bearbeitungstempo als zu langsam. Als Maßnahmen gegen die Gesetzesflut empfehlen die befragten Unternehmen eine wirksame Begrenzung der "Produktion" neuer Gesetze und eine Überprüfung des Bestands auf Sinn und Wirksamkeit bei der Erreichung der angestrebten Ziele. 55 Prozent der Unternehmen geben an, dass ein spürbarer bis großer Anteil der Gesetze durch Selbstverpflichtungen ersetzt werden könnte. Als hilfreich werden auch eine Überprüfung der in den letzten Jahren stark zunehmenden EU-Gesetzgebung und ein konsequenter Verzicht auf eine nationale Übererfüllung von EU-Regelungen in Deutschland genannt. Insgesamt könnte ein Mindset-Wechsel hin zu einer stärker vertrauensbasierten Regulierung ein gangbarer Weg sein, um auf detaillierte bürokratische Bestimmungen zumindest partiell verzichten zu können. |
| Abstract: | Like businesses in general, companies in the metal and electrical industry are subject to substantial government bureaucracy. As part of the 'IW-Zukunftspanel', a regular representative business survey, more than 1, 080 companies were surveyed in autumn 2025 on their perceptions of the bureaucratic burden and its evolution. Among the topics of the survey, the reasons for the perceived increase in bureaucracy and regulation and the difficulties in effectively reducing bureaucracy were included. 180 of the participating companies were from metal and electrical manufacturing branches, which include the automotive and mechanical industries. 85 per cent of metal and electrical companies report an increase in the bureaucratic burden over the past three years; three in ten companies have had to hire additional staff to cope with this rise. The growing number of laws and the increasing complexity of the regulations are seen as the main reasons for this rise. The role of public administrative entities is also assessed in a critical way. Almost two-thirds of the companies complain that administrative staff do not make adequate use of their discretionary powers, and six out of ten companies describe the speed of administrative procedures as too slow. As measures to tackle the legislative burden, the companies recommend effectively limiting the 'production' of new laws in the legislative process and reviewing existing legislation to assess its relevance and effectiveness in achieving the intended objectives. 55 per cent of companies state that a noticeable part of laws could be replaced by voluntary commitments. A review of EU legislation - which has increased significantly in recent years - and a stop of 'gold plating' because of Germany going beyond the requirements of EU regulations are also cited as helpful measures. Overall, a mindset shift towards a trust-based regulatory approach could be a viable way of at least partially reducing detailed bureaucratic provisions. |
| JEL: | D73 E61 L59 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:342426 |
| By: | Tong Liu; Jacob Mays |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the rapid growth of data centers, we develop a model to evaluate bringyour-own-capacity (BYOC) mandates and flexibility accreditation in capacity markets for new large loads with shared supply-chain constraints. With efficient pricing, BYOC mainly reallocates procurement between grid-built and self-built capacity and therefore has little welfare effect, while flexibility delivers a modest gain by reducing the effective capacity requirement. Under administrative price caps, mandates can improve static welfare by forcing data centers to internalize the full cost of capacity. The welfare ranking of the two instruments depends on supply-chain stress. At low or moderate stress, only the flexibility instrument raises welfare. Under severe stress with capped prices, the welfare gain from the BYOC obligation can exceed the gross flexibility benefit. The two instruments differ in their effects on a neighboring market: a unilateral BYOC mandate can crowd out its capacity investment, while flexibility produces essentially no spillover at our calibrated benchmark. Finally, applying current capacity non-performance penalties to flexible loads may lead to financial incentives that are too weak to induce truthful flexibility reporting. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.06528 |
| By: | Minocha, Sumedha |
| Abstract: | The first 1000 days of life is a well-known critical period in which nutrition is paramount. Yet, many women remain undernourished during this period, despite rising standards of living globally. Food transfer programs play a critical role in bridging this gap, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of many of these programs, limiting evidence-based policymaking in this sphere. This paper examined a natural experiment comparing two large-scale interventions delivered through village-based community centers: (i) nutritious rations offered as ready-to-cook food packets once every two months (ii) the same rations program bundled with daily nutritious cooked meals. I used quasi-experimental methods to construct comparable village- pairs and collected primary data from ~ 930 pregnant women in rural Maharashtra in India. Relative to women who were offered rations only, those offered the bundled program experienced significant increases in daily nutrient intake, an additional 264 calories and 8 grams of energy and protein, leaving the protein-energy ratio unchanged. As compared to women’s first trimester weight that were offered rations only, the bundled program led to additional weight gain of 2.03 kg in third trimester. Also, there are no spillover effects on the overall nutrient intake of women’s existing children under age six, but there is a shift in the composition. Overall, these findings demonstrate that integrating daily cooked meals into existing ration programs can substantially improve maternal dietary intake and gestational weight, while generating benign intra-household spillovers on children. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404578 |
| By: | Al Amin, Md Al; Smith, Travis |
| Abstract: | This study models the impact of adjusting Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) eligibility thresholds on child diet quality across the United States. CEP enables qualified educational institutions and districts to offer complimentary breakfast and lunch to all students, with eligibility criteria assessed via the Identified Student Percentage (ISP), a metric indicating categorical eligibility through programs such as SNAP and TANF. Historically, schools have generally required an ISP of at least 40% to qualify for CEP; however, in 2023, the USDA reduced this minimum threshold to 25%, thereby expanding the population of schools eligible to offer universal free school meals. We compile a school-level administrative panel that details CEP eligibility and participation from academic years 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 and associate these records with school characteristics obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics. To translate changes in CEP eligibility into predicted diet quality, we utilize data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’s dietary recall records spanning 2013 to 2018. An individual fixed-effects model is employed to estimate children’s Healthy Eating Index scores, considering the proportion of daily caloric intake derived from school food and away-from-home food, with home food serving as the baseline category. We subsequently simulate modifications in school food consumption under various CEP threshold scenarios and forecast the corresponding alterations in diet quality. The analysis recognizes the schools and student populations most affected by threshold adjustments and offers policy-relevant insights into how expanding or limiting universal free school meal access could influence child nutrition. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404568 |
| By: | Fulvia Marotta; Giorgio Rossetto; Lennard Schlattmann |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the macroeconomic effects of green and brown government spend-ing using public procurement data, focusing on how spending composition reshapes the energy sector. Classifying around 171, 000 contracts by product codes, we con-struct a quarterly panel of green and brown procurement for ten Eurozone economies (2011–2023). We identify spending shocks using the institutional timing of contract award announcements, which is plausibly orthogonal to the business cycle, and es-timate impulse responses with panel local projections. Green and brown procure-ment have near mirror-image effects on the energy sector: green procurement lowers energy prices, reduces energy-sector output, and cuts oil import dependence, while brown procurement raises energy prices and depresses innovation, especially green patenting. These differences extend to aggregate output: the cumulative GDP multi-plier of green procurement is about 0.7 on impact and exceeds 1 within one and two years, whereas the brown multiplier remains statistically indistinguishable from zero over the first two years. |
| Keywords: | Green public procurement; Energy transition; Fiscal multipliers |
| JEL: | E62 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:866 |
| By: | Geis-Thöne, Wido |
| Abstract: | Während in den letzten Jahren viel über das Elterngeld diskutiert wurde, fristet die Elternzeit in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung ein Schattendasein. Dies geht teilweise darauf zurück, dass über ihre Inanspruchnahme sehr wenig bekannt ist. Daher wurden die Mikrodaten des Mikrozensus 2022 zu diesem Thema ausgewertet. Dazu ist anzumerken, dass man für eine Auswertung zur Elternzeit ohne Beschäftigung unterschiedliche Angaben im Mikrozensus nutzen kann, womit man zu sehr ähnlichen, aber nicht deckungsgleichen Ergebnissen kommt. Hingegen erscheint für die ebenfalls mögliche Elternzeit mit gleichzeitiger Teilzeittätigkeit nur ein Auswertungsweg sinnvoll. Wählt man diesen, kommt man zu dem Ergebnis, dass im Jahr 2022 im ersten Lebensjahr des Kindes im Schnitt 58, 0 Prozent der Mütter in Elternzeit ohne Beschäftigung und 5, 2 Prozent in Elternzeit mit Teilzeitbeschäftigung waren. 11, 6 Prozent waren regulär in abhängiger Beschäftigung tätig, 1, 8 Prozent selbstständig und 23, 4 Prozent (außerhalb der Elternzeit) nicht erwerbstätig. Im zweiten Lebensjahr waren 25, 5 Prozent der Mütter in Elternzeit ohne Beschäftigung und 7, 4 Prozent in Elternzeit mit Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Im dritten Lebensjahr waren es 9, 4 Prozent und 4, 0 Prozent. Bei den Vätern lagen die Anteile der Elternzeit ohne Beschäftigung bei 5, 3 Prozent und der Elternzeit mit Teilzeitbeschäftigung bei 3, 2 Prozent im ersten Lebensjahr des Kindes. Im zweiten Lebensjahr waren es 2, 0 Prozent und 2, 1 Prozent. Danach befanden sich nur noch sehr wenige Männer in Elternzeit. Allerdings ist zu beachten, dass die Dauer der Elternzeit bei den Männern zumeist weit unter einem Jahr liegt. Geht man von der durchschnittlichen Bezugsdauer des Elterngeldes aus, die bei den Männern mit der Elternzeit meist deckungsgleich sein dürfte, dürfte der Gesamtanteil der Männer, die nach der Geburt der Kinder jemals eine Elternzeit nutzen, in der Größenordnung der Väterbeteiligung am Elterngeld von 46, 3 Prozent im Jahr 2022 liegen. Bei den Frauen wäre ein derartiges Vorgehen nicht zielführend, da die Elternzeit die maximale Bezugsdauer des Elterngeldes in vielen Fällen wesentlich überschreiten dürfte. Auch ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass es Eltern gibt, die zwar Elterngeld beziehen, aber keine Elternzeit in Anspruch nehmen können, etwa da sie selbstständig sind. Differenziert man nach dem Bildungsstand der Eltern, zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede. So nutzen Männer mit Hochschulabschluss mit 7, 7 Prozent ohne Beschäftigung und 4, 0 Prozent mit Teilzeitbeschäftigung im ersten Lebensjahr des Kindes sowie mit 2, 4 Prozent ohne Beschäftigung und 3, 7 Prozent mit Teilzeitbeschäftigung im zweiten Lebensjahr des Kindes die Elternzeit im Jahr 2022 weit häufiger als niedriger qualifizierte Väter. Hingegen befanden sich Akademikerinnen im zweiten und dritten Lebensjahr des Kindes deutlich seltener in Elternzeit als die beruflich qualifizierten Frauen. Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass die Inanspruchnahme der Elternzeit von den Lebenslagen der Familien nicht unabhängig ist und weiterführende Forschung in diesem Bereich wichtig wäre, um den institutionellen Rahmen der Elternzeit möglichst zielgerichtet weiterzuentwickeln. |
| Abstract: | Whilst there has been much discussion about parental allowance (Elterngeld) in recent years, parental leave (Elternzeit) has been largely overlooked in the public eye. This is partly because very little is known about how it is taken up. Therefore, a microdata analysis of the 2022 Microcensus on this topic was carried out. It has to be noted that different items from the Microcensus can be used to analyse parental leave without employment, leading to very similar but not identical results. In contrast, for parental leave working parttime - which is also a possibility - only one method of analysis appears appropriate. If this method is chosen, the result is that in 2022, during the child's first year of life, an average of 58.0 per cent of mothers were on parental leave without employment and 5.2 per cent were on parental leave working part-time. 11.6 per cent were in regular dependent employment, 1.8 per cent were self-employed and 23.4 per cent were not in employment (outside of parental leave). In the child's second year, 25.5 per cent of mothers were on parental leave without employment and 7.4 per cent were on parental leave working part-time. In the third year, the figures were 9.4 per cent and 4.0 per cent. Among fathers, the proportion taking parental leave without employment stood at 5.3 per cent and the proportion taking parental leave working part-time at 3.2 per cent during the child's first year of life; in the second year, these figures were 2.0 per cent and 2.1 per cent respectively. After that, very few men remained on parental leave. It should be noted, however, that the duration of parental leave for men is usually well under a year. Based on the average duration of parental allowance payments, which is likely to coincide with parental leave for men in most cases, the total proportion of men who have ever taken parental leave following the birth of their children is likely to be in the region of the 46.3 per cent share of fathers receiving Elterngeld in 2022. For women, such an approach would not be effective, as parental leave is likely to significantly exceed the maximum period for which parental allowance is payable in many cases. It should also be noted that there are parents who, although they receive parental allowance, are unable to take parental leave, for example because they are self-employed. When broken down by parents' educational attainment, clear differences emerge. For instance, men with a university degree make use of parental leave far more often than less-qualified fathers. In the child's first year, 7.7 per cent of them were on parental leave without employment and 4.0 per cent on parental leave working part-time, and in the child's second year 2.4 per cent of them were on parental leave without employment and 3.7 per cent on parental leave working part-time. In contrast, female graduates were significantly less likely to be on parental leave during the child's second and third years than women with vocational qualifications. Overall, it is evident that the take-up of parental leave is not independent of families' circumstances. Further research in this area would be important in order to develop the institutional framework for parental leave as effectively as possible. |
| JEL: | J13 J22 K31 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:342427 |
| By: | Kim, Bheom Seok; Lewis, Kendyl; Davis, George; Gupta, Anubhab; Okrent, Abigail |
| Abstract: | Food price inflation affects household welfare not only through higher prices, but also through the pathways by which price changes translate into real purchasing power losses across the household expenditure structure. Using quarterly Consumer Expenditure Survey data from 2004 to 2023, we estimate an EASI demand system and quantify the distributional welfare effects of food price inflation across fou income groups defined by Federal Poverty Line thresholds. Although aggregate welfare losses appear nearly uniform across income groups, this similarity conceals opposing distributional gradients within the food sector. FAH price increases impose regressive welfare losses, while FAFH price increases place larger relative burdens on higher income households. This regressive FAH burden intensified during the post 2020 inflation episode. The Slutsky decomposition shows that these opposing patterns operate through distinct mechanisms: FAH inflation is closely tied to income effect erosion that disproportionately reduces real purchasing power among lower income households, whereas cross income variation in FAFHprice responsiveness reflects structural differences in substitution capacity rather than purchasing power effects. These findings demonstrate that aggregate food welfare measures can obscure meaningful distributional inequality and point to a potential policy gap for households in the 130 to 185 percent FPLrange, whomayfacesubstantial food price burdens while receiving limited protection from existing food assistance programs. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404604 |
| By: | Arnaud Estoup (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Philip E. Hulme (Lincoln University [Nouvelle-Zélande]); Kathryn A. Hodgins (Monash University [Melbourne]); Mathieu Gautier (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Eric Lombaert (ISA - Institut Sophia Agrobiotech - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Manpreet K. Dhami (New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science); Angela Mc Gaughran (University of Waikato [Hamilton]); Ruth A. Hufbauer (CSU - Colorado State University [Fort Collins]) |
| Abstract: | Highlights : . Invasion success is increasingly viewed as an eco-evolutionary response to anthropogenic disturbance. . The anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade hypothesis considers selection in human-modified habitats within the native range as a potential driver of invasion, shifting attention from post-introduction to pre-introduction evolution. . Human-modified habitats can now be characterised as disturbance continua using scalable predictors, enabling more robust cross-system tests. . Population genomics can identify invasion sources, reconstruct introduction pathways, detect genotype–environment associations, and test whether adaptation arose in native, human-modified habitats or after introduction. . Genomic offset analyses can link genomic variation to expected environmental mismatches, helping to forecast invasion risk. . Time-resolved genomic data and experimental validation provide powerful complements to comparative genomic analyses, strengthening causal inference beyond correlation. Abstract: The anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade (AIAI) hypothesis posits that selection in human-modified habitats within native ranges can adapt populations to invade similarly altered environments elsewhere. Although widely invoked, empirical tests of this hypothesis remain limited because disentangling native-range adaptation from post-introduction evolution is challenging. Here, we clarify how anthropogenic disturbance creates repeatable selective regimes and demonstrate how targeted sampling, population genomics, and genotype–environment associations can disentangle native-range adaptation from post-introduction evolution. Incorporating genomic offset, genetic architecture, nongenetic changes, experiments, and temporal data further strengthens inference. These insights and approaches establish the AIAI hypothesis as a mechanism that explicitly links human disturbance with the evolutionary dynamics of invasive species, providing novel insights into the prediction and management of biological invasions. |
| Keywords: | population genomics, adaptation, biological invasions, human-modified habitats, invasomics |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05696917 |
| By: | Gill, David (Purdue University); Rosokha, Yaroslav (Purdue University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we identify level-k reasoning in repeated games that operates at the level of a supergame strategy. First, we develop a model of level-k reasoning that incorporates choices over strategies as well as beliefs about the strategies chosen by others. Then, jointly using elicited strategies and beliefs about strategies from the indefinitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, and applying a new notion of balance-optimal error tolerance, we classify a substantial fraction of subjects as level-1 or level-2. Moreover, we show that when level-k reasoning operates at the level of a repeated-game strategy, cognitive ability and experience predict higher level reasoning. |
| Keywords: | level-k, repeated game, Prisoner's Dilemma, strategy, beliefs, cognitive ability, experience, elicitation, bounded rationality, experiment, game theory |
| JEL: | C73 D83 D91 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18832 |
| By: | Althanns, Markus; van Buggenum, Hugo; Gersbach, Hans |
| Abstract: | We study how the enforceability of credit contracts matters for the welfare effect of private-money creation and the transmission of long-run inflation. For this purpose, we write a model of directed and competitive search where sellers borrow against their future search-market income. Intermediaries transform the arising claims into private money, which buyers use alongside fiat money for search-market transactions. Inflation stimulates borrowing by curbing real interest rates. Under strong enforcement, sellers can commit ex ante to more search to enhance their future income and thus their borrowing capacity; trade therefore accelerates. Under weak enforcement, commitment is not feasible, so that the inflation-driven increase in borrowing distorts ex-post search incentives and thus decelerates trade. We calibrate the strong- and weak-enforcement economies to U.S. data. The extent of private-money creation is close to optimal in the strong-enforcement calibration, whereas private-money creation impairs welfare in the weak-enforcement calibration. |
| Keywords: | Money creation; Credit; Financial intermediation; Directed and competitive search; Contract enforcement |
| JEL: | E40 E50 G21 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19607 |
| By: | Marie Noeline Sinapin (LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | This study provides an examination of citizen participation processes and human mediation embedded in tourism strategies in Alsace, through the lens of sustainable development and territorial humanism. The research aims to explore how these mechanisms contribute to social inclusion, community cohesion, and collective well-being in tourist areas. The methodology is based on a mixed qualitative approach. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with institutional stakeholders, including tourism offices and local authorities, as well as members of associations and residents involved in participatory initiatives. It also included an analysis of strategic documents produced by Alsace Destination Tourisme and regional sustainable development plans. In addition, field observation was conducted across three pilot sites—a rural area, an urban area, and a cross-border area—using an analytical matrix based on Goldman's thematic model (2005). The data were thematically analyzed using NVivo to identify the factors fostering inclusion, dialogue, and social impact. The findings show that citizen engagement, when supported by mediation processes and inclusive communication, has a measurable impact on social cohesion. It leads to better local integration of tourism projects and reduces conflicts between residents and tourists. It also supports a wider range of tourism offerings, such as soft mobility, solidarity-based itineraries, and responsible accommodation, which emerge from co-construction with local communities. Moreover, it strengthens the sense of identity and territorial belonging, which is considered a key factor in long-term sustainability. However, the analysis also highlights several constraints, including uneven levels of participation between rural and urban areas. Overall, the integration of humanistic needs into Alsatian tourism appears to be an effective lever for sustainable development, provided that human mediation is institutionalized and the social outcomes of projects are systematically assessed. This research opens up new perspectives for designing a more ethical and inclusive model of tourism governance, based on shared responsibility among public, private, and citizen stakeholders. |
| Abstract: | Cette étude offre un examen des processus de participation citoyenne et de médiation humaine incorporés dans les stratégies touristiques en Alsace, sous l'angle du développement durable et de l'humanisme territorial. La recherche vise à examiner comment ces mécanismes contribuent à l'inclusion sociale, à la cohésion communautaire et au bien-être collectif dans les zones touristiques. La méthode s'appuie sur une approche qualitative et mixte. Rassemblement d'informations : réalisation d'entretiens semi structurés avec des intervenants institutionnels (offices de tourisme, autorités locales), des membres d'associations et des résidents engagés dans des initiatives participatives. Étude des documents stratégiques d'Alsace Destination Tourisme et des plans régionaux de développement durable. Observation pratique réalisée sur trois lieux pilotes (zone rurale, zone urbaine et zone transfrontalière), en utilisant une matrice d'analyse basée sur le modèle thématique de Goldman (2005). Nous avons utilisé le logiciel NVivo pour analyser thématiquement les données et déterminer les éléments favorisant l'inclusion, la conversation et l'impact social. Les résultats indiquent que l'engagement citoyen, à condition d'être soutenu par des processus de médiation et de communication inclusive, a un impact quantifiable sur la cohésion sociale : Une meilleure intégration locale des projets touristiques et une diminution des conflits entre résidents et touristes. Une variété d'offres touristiques (mobilité douce, circuits solidaires, hébergements responsables) issue de la co-construction avec les communautés locales. Un accent accru sur le sentiment d'identité et de rattachement territorial, considéré comme un élément de pérennité. Toutefois, l'analyse souligne aussi des contraintes : disparités de participation entre les régions rurales et urbaines. L'intégration des besoins humanistes dans le tourisme alsacien apparaît comme un levier efficace de développement durable, à condition d'institutionnaliser la médiation humaine et d'évaluer systématiquement les retombées sociales des projets. Cette recherche ouvre des perspectives pour la conception d'une gouvernance touristique plus éthique et inclusive, fondée sur la co-responsabilité entre acteurs publics, privés et citoyens. L'intégration des besoins humanistes dans le tourisme alsacien apparaît comme un levier efficace de développement durable, à condition d'institutionnaliser la médiation humaine et d'évaluer systématiquement les retombées sociales des projets. Cette recherche ouvre des perspectives pour la conception d'une gouvernance touristique plus éthique et inclusive, fondée sur la co-responsabilité entre acteurs publics, privés et citoyens. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Tourism, Social Cohesion, Human Mediation, Citizen Participation, Médiation humaine, Cohésion sociale, Participation citoyenne, Tourisme durable |
| Date: | 2026–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05657120 |
| By: | Bates, Ryan (University of Nottingham); Noyes, Andrew |
| Abstract: | Technicians play a centrally important role in research and teaching. However, the historical low status of technical staff in institutional hierarchies presents them with a range of challenges, and has arguably hampered research and innovation. In response to this situation, the Technician Commitment was established in the UK in 2017. It encouraged signatory universities and research institutions to commit to tackling key challenges across four ‘pillars’ - visibility, recognition, career development, and sustainability. The programme has now expanded internationally, growing from 37 to 112 signatories. In this paper, we interrogate the best available administrative datasets in order to assess the impact of the Technician Commitment. The Higher Education Statistics Agency’s staff record spanning 2012/13 to 2022/23 is used to evaluate whether any system-level changes accruing from the wide-scale uptake of the Technician Commitment can be identified. Using a provisional theory of change logic model, and operationalising the four pillars into workable evaluation measures, one key change is identified. There has been an increase in the number of technicians in senior roles in signatory institutions, which is a necessary for the leadership of strategic planning and for implementation. We discuss whether this is what would have been expected at this time in the Commitment’s maturation and given the theory of change. We also compare these findings with earlier UK national system-change programmes - the Athena Swan and Race Equality charters - and their evaluations, discussing the challenges of enacting systemic change in the complex higher education sector. |
| Date: | 2026–07–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:vh5ur_v1 |
| By: | Yannick Hoga; Niklas V. Lehmann |
| Abstract: | We study the evaluation of forecasts regarding the timing and occurrence of uncertain future events, such as volcanic eruptions, the start of a war or the beginning of a recession. We show theoretically that a typical approach -- evaluating the forecasts after the event occurred -- incentivizes dishonest predictions if forecasters discount future rewards in favor of more immediate benefits. An empirical application to forecasting tournament data finds strong empirical evidence that forecasters adjust predictions in response to these incentives, implying that existing forecasts of such events are likely systematically overstating the probability of early occurrence. We conclude that rewarding such forecasts in an incentive-compatible way is inherently challenging. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2607.13759 |
| By: | Mattia Bevilacqua; Jon Danielsson; Lerby Ergun; Andreas Uthemann; Jean-Pierre Zigrand |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of Fed crisis interventions on market fears — the perceived risk of large asset price drops. To do so, we develop a methodological framework that allows us to evaluate the causal effect of unexpected Fed actions on changes in market fears. We extract daily fear term structures from options markets with event horizons ranging from two weeks to ten years. We then use high-frequency price movements around crisis announcements for a wide range of financial assets, including FX, equity, and fixed income markets, to isolate the shock component of Fed interventions. We can measure the heterogeneous effects of various crisis tools by classifying Fed announcement shocks into five different policy groups. Applying this to the market turmoil of 2020, we find that the Fed impacts market fear via risk and information effects. The risk channel dominates at short to medium terms and works via asset purchases, whereas the information channel dominates at longer terms and operates via interest rate policies. |
| Keywords: | Financial markets and funds management, Market functioning, Financial system, Financial stability and systemic risk, Models and tools, Econometric, statistical and computational methods |
| JEL: | E52 E58 G12 G13 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:26-17 |
| By: | Hermes, Henning; Krauss, Marina; Lergetporer, Philipp; Peter, Frauke; Wiederhold, Simon |
| Abstract: | This field experiment investigates the causal impact of mothers’ perceptions of gender norms on their employment attitudes and labor-supply expectations. We provide mothers of young children in Germany with information about the prevailing gender norm regarding maternal employment in their city. At baseline, over 70% of mothers incorrectly perceive this gender norm as too conservative. Our randomized treatment improves the accuracy of these perceptions, significantly reducing the share of mothers who misperceive gender norms as overly conservative. The treatment also shifts mothers’ own labor-market attitudes towards being more liberal—and we show that specifically the shifted attitude is a strong predictor of mothers’ future labor-market participation. Consistently, treated mothers are significantly more likely to plan an increase in their working hours one year ahead. |
| JEL: | J16 J18 J22 C93 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19800 |
| By: | de Zwarte, Ingrid; Moret, Helmi; de Zwart, Pim |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamics between hunger and warfare during the Indonesian War of Independence (1945-49). We compiled a dataset comprising over 8, 000 prices for staple foods (rice, maize, cassava) covering the entire Indonesian archipelago from 1939-49, allowing us to estimate the effects of the main Dutch military campaigns on food prices. We then use a second dataset on wartime wages to estimate nutritional standards. Our study shows that the war’s impact on food prices was significantly greater than previously assumed, both in and outside Java. We argue that Operation Product was partly motivated by high rice prices, and we demonstrate that these were significantly reduced across Java and Sumatra after the end of the military campaign. Our findings further suggest that local food crises, and possibly famine conditions, occurred across different parts of the archipelago, strongly supporting the notion that food and hunger were central issues during the Independence War. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19797 |
| By: | Bartsch, Sebastian Clemens |
| Abstract: | Driven by rapid technological progress, algorithmic systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) are no longer used exclusively as supportive tools for decision-making but are increasingly embedded in daily tasks, resulting in a growing dependence of users and societies on them. Today, AI systems are applied in diverse domains such as finance, criminology, and credit allocation. Despite their widespread adoption, AI systems often exhibit serious misbehaviors that raise concerns about the ethical use of AI systems. Instances of systematic discrimination and harm to users highlight the urgent need for fairness, transparency, and accountability in the design and development of AI systems. Given the unacceptable and ethically indefensible nature of such situations, research and society are calling for greater fairness, transparency, and accountability in the design and development of AI systems. While the first two demands for more fairness and transparency have already been the subject of intensive research, the demand for more accountability has so far received little attention in information systems (IS) research. Against this backdrop, this dissertation investigates accountability in the AI context and examines how it can foster the design and development of more ethical AI systems by reducing the likelihood of harmful and discriminatory outcomes. For this examination, this dissertation adopts a practical-oriented approach and concentrates on perceived algorithmic accountability. Perceived algorithmic accountability refers to the awareness that an actor must explain and justify their actions and decisions related to an algorithmic system in front of a forum. Since numerous actors are involved throughout the lifecycle of AI systems, this dissertation focuses specifically on developers. This focus was chosen since developers are often associated with bearing accountability for AI systems, as they possess the technical knowledge to design and develop such systems. This capability enables them to understand and comprehend the actions and decisions of their AI systems, thereby allowing them to explain and justify the design and development of their AI systems. To achieve a comprehensive examination of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability, this dissertation investigates both the drivers and consequences of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability. Five studies employing diverse research methods reveal that organizational , project , and individual-related factors lead developers to perceive themselves as accountable for their AI systems. The findings further demonstrate that perceived algorithmic accountability yields both positive and negative consequences. On the positive side, it promotes code quality, more cautious and risk-averse design of AI systems, and demands for greater transparency and clearer communication within AI development processes. However, and on the negative side, heightened algorithmic accountability perceptions may also hinder innovation of AI systems by encouraging overly risk-averse AI design decisions. Through these findings on the drivers and consequences of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability, this dissertation makes valuable contributions to IS research, organizations, and policymakers. First, the comprehensive examination of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability allows IS research to better understand how developers behave within AI development processes and why they react to situations in these processes. This understanding is crucial for IS research in order to respond to developers’ resulting behavior before taking actions and decisions. Second, this dissertation is especially valuable for organizations, as it helps them understand why developers perceive themselves as accountable for their AI systems and perform actions and decisions. This insight is essential for organizations to assess the implications of perceived algorithmic accountability among their developers and to implement measures at an early stage to increase or reduce such perceptions. Thus, this dissertation makes an important practical contribution to making algorithmic accountability perceptions more controllable and influenceable. Finally, the findings of this dissertation provide policymakers with insights into the associated effects of algorithmic accountability perceptions, enabling them to make informed decisions when integrating algorithmic accountability into new or existing regulations. The identification of the associated effects of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability equips policymakers with the opportunity to incorporate perceived algorithmic accountability into legislation in a deliberate and balanced manner without disproportionately burdening organizations and societies with the imposition of algorithmic accountability. In conclusion, this dissertation provides a basis for a better understanding of developers’ perceived algorithmic accountability. As exemplified in this dissertation, perceived algorithmic accountability contributes to AI systems being designed and developed more responsibly, which is important to reduce, or ideally eliminate, systematic discrimination and harm to users and societies and to enable the ethical and responsible use of AI systems. |
| Date: | 2026–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:160648 |
| By: | Borusyak, Kirill; Hull, Peter; Jaravel, Xavier |
| Abstract: | A recent econometric literature shows two distinct paths for identification with shift-share instruments, leveraging either many exogenous shifts or exogenous shares. We present the core logic of both paths and practical takeaways via simple checklists. A variety of empirical settings illustrate key points. |
| Keywords: | Shift-share instrument |
| JEL: | C01 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19783 |
| By: | Mitchener, Kris; Wandschneider, Kirsten |
| Abstract: | The Great Depression is the canonical case of a widespread currency war, with more than 70 countries devaluing their currencies relative to gold between 1929 and 1936. What were the currency war’s effects on trade flows? We use newly-compiled, high-frequency bilateral trade data and gravity models that account for when and whether trade partners had devalued to identify the effects of the currency war on global trade. Our empirical estimates show that a country’s trade was reduced by more than 21% following devaluation. This negative and statistically significant decline in trade suggests that the currency war destroyed the trade-enhancing benefits of the global monetary standard, ending regime coordination and increasing trade costs. |
| JEL: | F14 F33 F42 N10 N70 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19839 |
| By: | Gill, David (Purdue University); Prowse, Victoria (Purdue University); Reddinger, J. Lucas (Purdue University) |
| Abstract: | Teamwork requires more than the general skills that team members bring. In successful teams, members invest in team-specific skill or capital that accumulates within the team and raises the return to coordinated production. We provide the first systematic analysis of dynamic investment in such team skill. Adopting a dynamic game approach, we develop a novel theoretical framework where investment in team skill creates persistent benefits but is risky because the benefits depend on successful team coordination. We then take this framework to the laboratory to study empirically the factors that influence dynamic investment in team skill. We find underinvestment compared to the efficient benchmark. However, investment responds strongly to incentives, in line with specific theory-predicted patterns. Pre-registered traits (theory of mind and propensity to coordinate) predict investment and team-level efficiency. We conclude that careful design of team incentives and selection of team members can facilitate the development of team skill. |
| Keywords: | teams, team-specific capital, team-specific skill, investment, skill, coordination, theory of mind, dynamic game, repeated game, basin of attraction, subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium, Stag Hunt game, experiment, signaling, machine learning |
| JEL: | C73 C92 D91 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18833 |