|
on Investment |
| By: | Han, Jung Min (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | The overall composite Business Survey Index for the manufacturing sector in the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2024 remained below the baseline (100). Most feeder indices declined compared to the previous quarter or remained at a similar level. Business conditions dipped slightly (from 86 to 84), while sales (87) remained unchanged from the previous quarter. Domestic demand (86) and exports (90) remained below the baseline (100), also recording similar levels to the previous quarter. Facility investment (95) and employment (95) continued to decline for the second consecutive quarter, while the score for inventory (97) also fell below 100. Ordinary profit (85) remained unchanged. BSI forecasts for Q1 2025 indicate that manufacturers anticipate an even more unfavorable business environment. Projections suggest that the index score for business conditions (87) and sales (88) will sit below 100 for the third consecutive quarter. The outlook for domestic demand (88) and exports (91) are also likely to stay below 100 for the third consecutive quarter, while facility investment (95) and employment (95) are also poised to decline, in this case for the second consecutive quarter. |
| Keywords: | BSI; Business Survey Index; manufacturing BSI; South Korea; Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade; KIET |
| JEL: | E22 E23 E24 E32 E66 |
| Date: | 2025–02–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2025_006 |
| By: | Rim Bahroun; Nadine Levratto; Mounir Amdaoud |
| Abstract: | Integrated into public policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurship, thePÉPITE plan (Student Hubs for Innovation, Transfer, and Entrepreneurship) plays a keyrole in promoting an entrepreneurial culture in higher education. Through the NationalStudent-Entrepreneur Status (SNEE), it provides tailored support for business creation.However, existing data reveal significant disparities among different PÉPITE hubs interms of trajectories and impact.This study seeks to document this heterogeneity througha semantic analysis of the documents produced by PÉPITE, from the competition phaseto reporting, using the SpaCy natural language processing model. Our findings highlighta strong homogeneity in the content of reports, reflecting a high degree of alignmentwith institutional expectations. However, they also suggest that greater consideration oflocal specificities and increased flexibility could enhance the program’s effectiveness andstrengthen its impact on student entrepreneurial engagement. |
| Keywords: | Student entrepreneurship, PÉPITE, Semantic analysis, Natural language processing |
| JEL: | I23 M13 O32 J24 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2025-20 |
| By: | Céline Stinus (C2S - Cognition, Santé, Société - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé) - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Nassim Elimari (C2S - Cognition, Santé, Société - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé) - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Sophie Berjot (C2S - Cognition, Santé, Société - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé) - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | The urgency of climate change has prompted psychologists to explore the determinants of ethical consumption, highlighting the crucial role of feeling connected to others and to the natural world.This article serves as a pivotal bridge between psychology and consumer law, examining how characteristics of modern societies hinder our intrinsic inclination towards profound connections with nature and humans, thereby perpetuating cycles of overconsumption. Additionally, we delve into the addictive aspects of consumption through the perspective of ego vulnerabilities, while emphasizing the potential of connectedness to others and nature as a catalyst for lasting changes in consumption behaviors. Finally, this article outlines intervention strategies aimed at cultivating deeper sense of connectedness with nature and fellow humans, facilitating a paradigm shift towards ethical consumption across both social and environmental dimensions. Specifically, it explores mindfulness practices oriented towards others and nature, environmental education initiatives for children, and intergenerational programs. These strategies are meticulously examined to provide insight into their potential effectiveness in fostering sustainable consumption behaviors. |
| Abstract: | L'urgence climatique a incité les psychologues à étudier les facteurs influençant la consommation éthique, en mettant en lumière le rôle central du sentiment de connexion avec autrui et la nature. Cet article établit un lien fondamental entre la psychologie et le droit de la consommation, en analysant comment les caractéristiques des sociétés modernes entravent notre tendance naturelle à tisser des liens profonds, contribuant ainsi à des cycles de surconsommation. L'étude explore également les dimensions addictives de la consommation à travers les fragilités de l'ego, tout en soulignant le potentiel de la connexion avec les autres et la nature pour promouvoir des comportements de consommation durables. En conclusion, l'article propose des stratégies d'intervention visant à renforcer ce sentiment de connexion, en encourageant un changement de paradigme vers une consommation éthique, à la fois socialement et environnementalement responsable. Parmi les approches abordées, on trouve des pratiques de pleine conscience centrées sur la nature et les relations sociales, des initiatives d'éducation environnementale pour les enfants, ainsi que des programmes intergénérationnels. Ces stratégies sont minutieusement analysées pour évaluer leur capacité à favoriser des comportements de consommation durables. |
| Keywords: | Connectedness to nature, Connectedness to humanity, Socio-responsible consumption, Eco-responsible consumption, Connexion à la nature, Connexion à l'humanité, Consommation socio-responsable, Consommation éco-responsable |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04994737 |
| By: | Coskun Dalgic, Sena (FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, IAB, CEPR); Gartner, Hermann (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Taskin, Ahmet Ali (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "We use the removal of public bank guarantees in Germany as a quasi-natural experiment to estimate the gender bargaining power gap. Using comprehensive wage data from the universe of banking employees, combined with bank-level financial information, we find that women have approximately two-thirds of the bargaining power of men. Our model-based analysis suggests that this gender bargaining gap alone accounts for 13 to 25 percent of the observed gender wage gap in the sector. These findings highlight an important driver of gender inequality: Changes in firm profitability can reduce the gender wage gap, even without improvements in structural gender equality. This effect has significant implications for high-rent, high-inequality industries such as finance, where rent-sharing mechanisms favor male employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| JEL: | G21 G28 J16 J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2025–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202506 |
| By: | Nao Yoshizawa (Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan]); Jonathan Cognard (Labex ITTEM - Laboratoire d'excellence Innovations et transitions territoriales en montagne - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Lucas Berard-Chenu (UA - Université d'Angers, Esthua Faculté de Tourisme, Culture et Hospitalité, UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut conjoint des Universités de Ningbo et d’Angers - UA - Université d'Angers - ZWU - Zhejiang Wanli University); Philippe Bourdeau (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble-UGA - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, Labex ITTEM - Laboratoire d'excellence Innovations et transitions territoriales en montagne - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, IUGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Institut d'urbanisme et de géographie alpine - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Off-piste skiing is an adventurous niche segment of ski tourism that is gaining in popularity. However, its demand dynamics remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate daily off-piste skiing demand patterns by developing a regression model for La Grave, located in the French Alps, where all visitors engage in off-piste skiing. We found that the amount of fresh snow positively influenced skier visits and forecasted avalanche risk did not affect skier visits. Vacation periods did not positively influence skier visits, whereas the post-COVID period has had a negative effect. We also discuss the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies in the area. La Grave depends heavily on off-piste skiing. Because one of the purposes of this activity is to ski on fresh natural snow, it cannot rely on snow management practices such as grooming and snowmaking, which are widespread adaptations in conventional ski areas. The winter business model in La Grave is expected to face further challenges in the future because of climate change. In addition, both a new development plan and opposition movements have emerged. La Grave appears to be undergoing a transition away from a model heavily dependent on off-piste skiing. |
| Keywords: | backcountry skiing, Climate change adaptation, freeriding, ski area management, tourism demand modeling |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05009425 |
| By: | Robatian, Mohammad Reza |
| Keywords: | SAP S/4HANA, ERP-Systeme, digitale Transformation, KMU, Geschäftsmodell |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fomarb:315653 |
| By: | Linnea Nelli (Dipartimento di Politica Economica, DISCE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy); Maria Enrica Virgillito (Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy - Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen, Germany); Marco Vivarelli (Dipartimento di Politica Economica, DISCE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy – UNU-MERIT, Maastricht, The Netherlands – IZA, Bonn, Germany - Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen, Germany) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to understand whether what has been labelled as “twin transition”, at first as a policy flagship, endogenously emerges as a new technological trajectory stemming by the convergence of the green and digital technologies. Embracing an evolutionary approach to technology, we first identify the set of relevant technologies defined as “green”, analyse their evolution in terms of dominant blocks within the green technologies and concurrences with digital technologies, drawing on 560, 720 granted patents by the US Patent Office from 1976 to 2024. Three dominant blocks emerge as relevant in defining the direction of innovative efforts, namely energy, transport and production processes. We assess the technological concentration and underlying complexity of the dominant blocks and construct counterfactual scenarios. We hardly find evidence of patterns of actual endogenous convergence of green and digital technologies in the period under analysis. On the whole, for the time being, the “twin transition” appears to be just a policy flagship, rather than an actual endogenous technological trajectory driving structural change. |
| Keywords: | Twin transition, policy flagship, technological trajectories |
| JEL: | O33 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie5:dipe0048 |
| By: | Hong, Sungwoo (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | Despite Latin America’s potential as a trading partner, Korea’s exports to Latin America have continuously decreased over the past 10 years, while imports from Latin America have been increasing. The fact that Korea’s exports to these countries have decreased since the conclusion of FTAs with Chile, Peru, and Colombia suggests that it is time to identify the cause of Korea’s decline in exports to Latin America and seek opportunities to expand exports. One reason for the decline in Korea’s exports to Latin America is the decline in Korean companies' investment in Latin America. The correlation coefficient between Korea’s investment in Latin America and exports is quite high, indicating that the decline in investment since the mid-2010s has had a direct impact on the decline in exports to Latin America. As a short-term trade policy goal to consider, I propose establishing and activating a channel for cooperation between Korea and Latin America. It is possible to establish new dialogue channels and revive existing ones, centered on countries where consultative bodies such as the Resources Cooperation Committee, Senior Policy Council, and Joint Economic Committee have already been established, making this a more cost-effective approach compared to other initiatives. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | Korea; trade; policy; Latin America: future |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2025_007 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor-Labor Standards Social Protections and Labor-Labor Standards Social Protections and Labor-Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39844 |
| By: | Matthew Higgins; Thomas Klitgaard |
| Abstract: | “Peak oil”—the notion that the depletion of accessible petroleum deposits would soon lead to declining global oil output and an upward trend in prices—was widely debated in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Proponents of the peak supply thesis turned out to be wrong, given the introduction of fracking and other new extraction methods. Now the notion of peak oil is back, but in reverse form, with global demand set to flatten and then fade amid growing use of EVs and other low-carbon technologies. The arrival of “peak demand” would turn global oil markets into a zero-sum game: Supply growth in one region or field would simply push down prices, driving out higher-cost producers elsewhere. A key question is how U.S. producers would adapt to the new market environment. |
| Keywords: | oil; crude oil; petroleum; fuel prices; OPEC; peak oil demand; consumption; electric vehicles; supply; fracking; global market; extraction |
| JEL: | E3 |
| Date: | 2025–04–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:99834 |
| By: | Hany Abdel-Latif; Khushboo Khandelwal; Ms. Longmei Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper explores export and import dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), both regionally and across various country groups. The findings underscore the significant associations that domestic demand and exports have with import changes, albeit the magnitude of these associations varies across countries. Variations in consumption and investment are highly correlated with changes in imports across the region and in nearly all country groups. Changes in exports are also associated with increased import growth, with this link being most notable in resource-intensive countries. Furthermore, an appreciation of the real effective exchange rate is correlated with reduced import growth in East African countries, while resource-intensive countries experience a less pronounced correlation. Exports, on the other hand, show a strong sensitivity to global economic cycles, reflecting the region's reliance on commodities. Finally, the correlation between exchange rates and exports exhibits considerable heterogeneity across countries. |
| Keywords: | Import demand; Export determinants; Sub-Saharan Africa; AfCFTA |
| Date: | 2025–02–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/045 |
| By: | Tovar Jalles, JoaÞo; Pessino, Carola; Calderón, Ana Cristina |
| Abstract: | Widening income disparities, higher corruption and larger informality in many emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) including Latin America, all with pressing and mounting fiscal problems, have rekindled interest in the empirical analysis of the key factors determining the occurrence of fiscal consolidations. Using discrete choice models, this paper examines the drivers of fiscal consolidation episodes in a sample of 148 EMDE between 1980 and 2019 with a focus on Latin America. Consolidations are more likely during good economic times. Inequality does not seem to drive consolidations in Latin America, while more informality increases the probability of their occurrence, corruption decreases it. In turn, when examining the drivers of successful consolidations, larger income inequality seems to act as a boost for successful consolidations, while informality hinders the likelihood of success. In fact, while the size of the public investment multiplier in Latin America is larger than in other country groups, when informality is high the multiplier effect gets reduced to a much lower and insignificant magnitude. Results are robust to several sensitivity and robustness tests. |
| Keywords: | fiscal adjustments;filtering;Panel Data;binary choice models;local projection;fiscalmultipliers;nonlinearities;corruption;shadow economy |
| JEL: | C23 E21 E62 H50 H62 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14020 |
| By: | Pengl, Yannick I.; Muller-Crepon, Carl; Valli, Roberto; Cederman, Lars-Erik; Girardin, Luc |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the gradual expansion of the European railway network to investigate how this key technological driver of modernization affected ethnic separatism between 1816 and 1945. Combining new historical data on ethnic settlement areas, conflict, and railway construction, we test how railroads affected separatist conflict and successful secession as well as independence claims among peripheral ethnic groups. Difference-in-differences, event study, and instrumental variable models show that, on average, railway-based modernization increased separatist mobilization and secession. These effects concentrate in countries with small core groups, weak state capacity, and low levels of economic development as well as in large ethnic minority regions. Exploring causal mechanisms, we show how railway networks can facilitate mobilization by increasing the internal connectivity of ethnic regions and hamper it by boosting state reach. Overall, our findings call for a more nuanced understanding of the effects of European modernization on nation building. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2025–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127734 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture-Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems Environment-Climate Change Impacts |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39565 |
| By: | Kolev-Schaefer, Galina; Zink, Benita; Matthes, Jürgen; Sultan, Samina |
| Abstract: | Die von US-Präsident Trump angekündigten Strafzölle auf Importe aus Kanada, Mexiko und China schädigen vor allem die betroffenen Nachbarstaaten der USA. Doch auch Deutschland ist negativ betroffen. Im Jahr 2026 dürfte die deutsche Wirtschaftsleistung um rund 0, 4 Prozent niedriger ausfallen als ohne die neuen Zölle. Über die Jahre 2025 und 2026 beliefen sich die Kosten auf insgesamt rund 25 Milliarden Euro. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:313543 |
| By: | Lire, Ersado; Amer Hasan; Koen Martijn Geven; Ashi Kohli Kathuria; Juan Baron; May Bend; S. Amer Ahmed |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Gender-Gender and Education Social Development-Children and Youth Education-Economics of Education |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39629 |
| By: | Méndez, Nathal (Universidad de los andes, Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo); Ramírez, Luisa (Universidad de los andes, Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo); Romero, Daniela Mariette (Universidad de los andes, Escuela de Gobierno Alberto Lleras Camargo) |
| Abstract: | El liderazgo colectivo representa una transformación radical en la concepción actual del liderazgo. Se aleja de los modelos tradicionales, jerárquicos y centrados en el líder visible, y propone lógicas de relacionamiento más horizontales, colaborativas y sistémicas. El liderazgo colectivo, entendido como un proceso dinámico y relacional, desarrollado por grupos, equipos y/o colectivos, se configura a través de la interacción entre las capacidades individuales, las redes sistémicas y el contexto, siendo más que la suma de sus partes. El estudio realizado presenta una aproximación conceptual e identifica elementos esenciales, habilitadores, beneficios y desafíos del liderazgo colectivo. Los hallazgos sugieren que se requieren cambios sistémicos a nivel social, organizacional e individual para impulsar su práctica en los entornos actuales. Desde lo organizacional, es fundamental revisar estructuras, normas y valores que permitan el desarrollo de enfoques más colaborativos, horizontales e incluyentes. Desde lo individual, se deben fortalecer competencias críticas para el trabajo colectivo, así como la consciencia de los líderes individuales. A nivel social, es necesario romper con el modelo de liderazgo heroico y fomentar un liderazgo democrático e inclusivo desde la educación y la familia. |
| Keywords: | liderazgo colectivo; elementos esenciales; habilitantes; competencias; beneficios y desafíos |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000547:021350 |
| By: | Pawan Patil; Natalya Stankevich; Nina Tsydenova; Zoie Diana |
| Keywords: | Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Regulation Urban Development-Municipal and Civil Engineering Environment-Environmental Engineering |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39839 |
| By: | Gurpriya Sadana (Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), Delhi, India); Jaydeep Mukherjee (Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry) |
| Abstract: | The study examines the relationship between exports and FDI inflows at the subnational /state level for the Indian economy from 2011-2020. The study employs panel random effect regression and found that GSDP, infrastructure index, financial deve lopment index and state policy variable representing distinct export promotion policies pursued by the states are significant determinants of exports at the state level. However, a substitutable relationship has been established between FDI inflows and exports at the state level, suggesting that FDI is market-seeking and does not contribute to improved export performance by the states. |
| Keywords: | Subnational Exports, Spatial factors, Panel Data, India |
| JEL: | F10 O53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ift:wpaper:2470 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Water Resources-Water Economics Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Economics |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39518 |
| By: | Refk Selmi (Éklore-Ed School Of Management) |
| Abstract: | With the global economy only 7.2% circular, strong collaboration among diverse stakeholders becomes increasingly required to tackle plastic pollution. Aware of the role of businesses as key stakeholders in designing new forms of resource use, this study seeks to answer how publicly announced circular economy (CE) policies affect the businesses' engagement against plastic waste. For this purpose, an event study methodology is used to evaluate differences in abnormal returns of large, mid and small-cap securities across 23 developed markets and 24 emerging markets -considered aligned with the overall objective of managing plastic waste and promoting circularity. The findings reveal that all companies react positively to CE policy announcements though with varying extent. Specifically, the plastic transition index appears more responsive to the CE Action Plans incorporating the product's whole life cycle into the waste management system (in particular, Australia, Danemark, France, Germany, South Africa). It is also shown that the European Union's initiatives introducing both legislative and non-legislative measures targeting areas have led to a decline in systematic risk for the plastic transition index. Overall, the results highlight that public awareness and support are pivotal factors in changing businesses' behaviour and thus can be crucial for the success of CE and waste policies. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy policy announcements, Plastic transition Index, Abnormal returns, Systematic risk, Event-study methodology |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04994846 |
| By: | Leone, Fabrizio; Macchiavello, Rocco; Reed, Tristan |
| Abstract: | Prices for several intermediate inputs, including cement, are higher in developIng economies—particularly in Africa. Combining recent data from the International Comparison Program with a global directory of cement firms we estimate an industry equilibrium model to distinguish between drivers of international price dispersion: demand, costs, conduct, and entry. Developing economies feature both higher marginal costs and higher markups. African markets are not characterized by less competitive conduct and, if anything, feature lower barriers to entry. The small size of many national markets, however, limits entry and competition and explains most of the higher markups and prices. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | international price dispersion; market power; market-size; cement; Africa |
| JEL: | D24 L13 L61 O14 |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123004 |
| By: | Evans, Olaniyi |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between fiscal stimulus and human capital in Nigeria between 1981-2015 using Bayesian estimation (BVAR model) with a KoKo Minnesota/Litterman prior distribution. Fiscal stimulus is proxied by education expenditure and human capital by school enrolment rates. The findings show that higher fiscal stimulus is associated with higher levels of human capital in Nigeria. It is, however, interesting to note that fiscal stimulus is having an insignificant positive impact on human capital. Education expenditure in the country is not robust enough to support the necessary quanta of human capital with its puny investment in education. It is, therefore, imperative for Nigeria to adopt a strategy which promotes provision of adequate funds for human capital development. |
| Keywords: | Human capital, fiscal stimulus, Bayesian VAR |
| JEL: | I25 I3 I32 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123997 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Forecasting |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39524 |
| By: | Jaison R. Abel; Richard Deitz |
| Abstract: | A college degree was once viewed as a surefire ticket to a good job and a clear pathway for upward mobility. However, concerns about the rising cost of college and the struggles of recent college graduates to find good jobs have led many Americans to lose confidence in higher education. This shift in sentiment has become even more widespread since the pandemic, as opportunities and wages have grown for those without a degree as labor markets strengthened. Indeed, many have been left wondering whether college is still worth it. In a two-part blog series, we offer an economic perspective on the value of a college degree, updating our previous research and analysis. This first post examines the costs, benefits, and return for the typical college graduate. We estimate the return to college at 12.5 percent, a rate well above the threshold for a sound investment. Our second post looks beyond the typical graduate and finds a college degree might not be worth it for at least a quarter of college graduates. |
| Keywords: | college degree; human capital; college wage premium; returns to education; higher education |
| JEL: | J24 I2 |
| Date: | 2025–04–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:99863 |
| By: | Geis-Thöne, Wido |
| Abstract: | Vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels wird es immer wichtiger, dass möglichst alle jungen Menschen in Deutschland zur Fachkraft ausgebildet werden. Ausgangspunkt hierfür ist ein erfolgreicher Besuch der allgemeinbildenden Schulen, wobei insbesondere der nicht-gymnasiale Bereich der Sekundarstufe I noch mehr Beachtung verdient. Allerdings ist dieser in den Bundesländern so unterschiedlich strukturiert, dass sich kaum pauschale Aussagen zu Handlungsbedarfen und -möglichkeiten treffen lassen. Dies betrifft bereits die Schulabschlüsse, die verschiedene Bezeichnungen tragen. Für die niedrigste Stufe finden sich dabei mit "Hauptschulabschluss", "Berufs- oder Berufsbildungsreife" und "Erster (allgemeinbildender) Schulabschluss" vorwiegend drei und für die mittlere Stufe mit "Mittlerer Schulabschluss / Mittlere Reife" und "Realschulabschluss" zwei Begriffstypen, von denen einige Länder, wie Bayern mit der Bezeichnung "Abschluss der Mittelschule" für den Hauptschulabschluss, auch noch abweichen. Zudem nehmen die Länder bei diesen Schulabschlüssen teilweise weitere Differenzierungen vor. Dabei stellt die zweite Form beim Mittleren Schulabschluss aus struktureller Sicht grundsätzlich nur ein Prädikat für besonders gute Leistungen dar. Hingegen sind für den erweitertem Hauptschulabschluss in einigen Ländern ein um ein Jahr längerer Schulbesuch und eine zusätzliche Abschlussprüfung vorgesehen, womit dieser klar als eigenständig zu werten ist. Für den Erwerb des einfachen Hauptschulabschlusses ist in vielen Bundesländern das Erreichen des Klassenziels der neunten Jahrgangsstufe ohne besondere Prüfung ausreichend, was problematisch sein kann, wenn die Leistungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler nicht ganz einheitlich bewertet werden. Während das Gymnasium in allen Bundesländern als eigenständige Schulform in der Sekundarstufe I existiert, sind die weiteren Bildungswege in den Ländern sehr unterschiedlich ausgestaltet. Hier gibt es von einer bis vier weitere Schulformen, wobei die besonders weit verbreiteten Gesamtschulen auch eine Ausbildung auf gymnasialem Niveau anbieten. Wie viel Unterricht die Schülerinnen und Schüler dort erhalten, ist ebenfalls unterschiedlich. So liegt die Spanne des Gesamtumfangs der verpflichtenden wöchentlichen Schulstunden in Deutsch- und Mathematik bis zum Ende von Jahrgangsstufe 10 zwischen 22 und 30 Stunden. Eine Vereinheitlichung dieser Schulsysteme erscheint nach aktuellem Stand kaum vorstellbar, da die Zuständigkeit der Länder für das Bildungssystem ein wichtiger Grundbaustein des föderalen Systems der Bundesrepublik darstellt. Sinnvoll wären jedoch deutschlandweit einheitliche Vergleichsarbeiten am Ende der Sekundarstufe I mit einer getrennten Bescheinigung der Ergebnisse, die vor allem bei Bewerbungen in anderen Bundesländern das tatsächliche Leistungsniveau der Absolventen leichter vergleichbar machen könnte. |
| Abstract: | Against the backdrop of demographic change, it is becoming increasingly important that as many young people in Germany as possible are trained as skilled workers. The starting point for this is successful attendance at general education schools. In particular, the non-grammar school sector at lower secondary level deserves more attention. However, this is structured so differently in the federal states that it is almost impossible to make generalised statements about the need for and opportunities for action. This already applies to the school-leaving qualifications, which have different designations. The three terms 'Hauptschulabschluss', 'Berufsreife / Berufsbildungsreife' and 'Erster (allgemeinbildender) Schulabschluss' are predominantly used for the lower level, while the two terms 'Mittlerer Schulabschluss / Mittlere Reife' and 'Realschulabschluss' are used for the intermediate level. Some states deviate from this, such as Bavaria with the term 'Abschluss der Mittelschule' for the lower secondary school-leaving certificate. In addition, the federal states sometimes make further differentiations for these school-leaving qualifications. From a structural point of view, the second forms of the intermediate secondary school-leaving certificate are only awards for particularly good performance, whereas in some federal states, the extended lower secondary school-leaving certificates require one year longer school attendance and an additional final examination, which means that they are clearly to be regarded as independent. In many federal states, it is sufficient to achieve the required standard of the ninth form without a special examination to obtain the simple lower secondary school-leaving certificate, which can be problematic if the pupils' performance is not assessed in a completely standardised manner. While the 'Gymnasium' exists in all federal states as an independent type of school at lower secondary level, the further educational pathways are organised very differently. There are between one and four other types of school. Almost everywhere there are comprehensive schools that also offer education at grammar school level. The amount of compulsory education pupils receive at lower secondary level also varies. For example, the total number of compulsory weekly lessons in German and maths up to the end of year 10 ranges between 22 and 30. A standardisation of these school systems is hardly conceivable, as the responsibility of the federal states for the education system is an important cornerstone of the federal system in Germany. However, it would make sense to carry out standardised comparative tests throughout Germany at the end of lower secondary level with separate certification of the results. These certificates could make it easier to compare the actual performance level of school leavers, especially when applying for apprenticeships in other federal states. |
| JEL: | I21 I28 J13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:315490 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment-Climate Change and Environment Environment-Climate Change Impacts |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39782 |
| By: | Tumisang Loate; Vincent Dadam |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of commodity price shocks in a commodity-exporting small open economy, and the role of fiscal policy in transmitting these shocks to the rest of the economy. Using South African data, we first estimate an empirical model using a Bayesian vector autoregression model. We then develop a New Keynesian small open economy with labour market hysteresis and commodity price shocks. We find that a commodity price shock typically has an expansionary effect as real GDP and employment increase, which translates into higher tax revenue. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal policy, Commodity trading, Price shocks |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-22 |
| By: | Shahzad, Qaisar; Aruga, Kentaka |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes Pakistan's energy policies from 1990 to 2024, tracking their evolution from focusing on energy generation to an integrated approach emphasizing renewable energy and efficiency. Through a systematic literature review, the study evaluates policy effectiveness and identifies key implementation barriers. Early policies, such as the National Energy Conservation Policy (1992) and the Energy Policy (1994), prioritized generation capacity to meet energy security needs but paid limited attention to renewable sources or energy efficiency improvements. The policy landscape began to shift in the 2000s with the introduction of incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives. Despite this progress, challenges related to short-term planning, inconsistent implementation, and an over-reliance on fossil fuels persist. Recent policies, such as the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy (2019) and the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Plan (2020-25), provide a comprehensive framework for promoting sustainable energy practices. However, persistent institutional, financial, and regulatory barriers limit their effectiveness. The paper recommends that Pakistan's energy strategy focus on long-term planning, strengthened fiscal incentives, and enhanced institutional support to align with global energy security and climate resilience standards. These recommendations aim to foster a sustainable energy future, advancing national energy security and environmental goals. |
| Keywords: | Energy Policy, Energy Efficiency, Environment, fossil fuel. |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124077 |
| By: | Ajzenman, Nicolás; Elacqua, Gregory; Kutscher, Macarena; Méndez, Carolina; Suarez Enciso, Sonia |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the act of giving advice to others can serve as a tool for self-persuasion in high-stakes decisions. We tested this hypothesis in Perus nationwide teacher selection process, involving over 74, 000 candidates. By prompting teachers to advise peers on selecting schools for maximum educational impact, we observe a significant shift in their own choices: an increased probability of choosing and being assigned to hard-to-staff schools, institutions serving disadvantaged areas that are typically understaffed. In line with recent literature on behavioral sciences, our findings demonstrate that advising others can influence ones own consequential decisions. This insight offers a cost-effective approach to mitigating teacher sorting and reducing educational inequality. It also corroborates the validity of the giving advice effect in a high-stakes, real-world context using a large sample. |
| JEL: | D91 I23 I25 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14017 |
| By: | Yasuo Hirose; Munechika Katayama; Kozo Ueda; Kota Watanabe |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the differences in inflation dynamics between the US and Japan. Using a structural model of sectoral inflation, we quantify the roles of production networks, price stickiness, and structural shocks in driving these variations. Our partial equilibrium framework captures sectoral inflation as a tractable form, enabling us to estimate the model and analytically explore the channels through which pass-through to inflation operates. The model can generate inflation persistence across sectors through production networks, further reinforced by price stickiness within each sector. The full-information Bayesian estimation results reveal that impulse response functions to sectoral shocks are similar between the two countries but that differences in inflation dynamics arise from two factors: the different sources of specific sectoral inflation, particularly in an energy-related sector, and contrasting price-setting behaviors. US firms tend to change prices in the same direction as import price shocks, leading to higher pass-through, whereas Japanese firms are inclined to set prices to absorb import price shocks. Policy experiments based on the estimated model demonstrate that a 10% increase in tariffs results in a 0.6–1.2% rise in US producer price inflation. |
| Keywords: | inflation dynamics, production networks, input-output linkages, price stickiness |
| JEL: | E3 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2025-22 |