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on Investment |
| By: | Jackson, Emerson Abraham |
| Abstract: | This paper delves into the vital role of women in economic governance for achieving sustained and equitable growth in Africa. Historically, African women have played significant roles in economic activities and governance structures, particularly in pre-colonial societies, where they were integral to agricultural production, trade, and local governance. However, colonial and post-colonial periods saw a decline in their influence due to imported patriarchal norms. The paper examines how modern initiatives, such as the African Union's Agenda 2063 and the African Continental Free Trade Area, have aimed to promote economic integration and resilience but still face challenges like corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and socio-political instability. It highlights the importance of gender-inclusive governance, supported by research indicating that including women in leadership leads to better financial performance and more sustainable policy outcomes. Case studies from Rwanda, where women hold 61% of parliamentary seats, and Nigeria, where women like Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala have made significant economic reforms, illustrate the positive impact of female leadership. The paper also addresses barriers to women's participation, including cultural norms, patriarchal systems, and legal constraints, and suggests policy reforms to enhance gender equality in governance. Philosophical perspectives on equity and justice, particularly those of John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum, are used to argue for the inclusion of women in governance structures. Strategies for enhancing women's roles through education and capacity-building initiatives are discussed, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches to gender equality. The paper concludes by asserting that empowering women in economic governance is not only a matter of fairness but is essential for achieving long-term economic stability and reducing disparities across Africa. |
| Keywords: | Women and Economic Governance; Inclusive and Sustainable Growth; African Continent |
| JEL: | D63 J16 O15 P16 |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121705 |
| By: | Guillaume Carlier (CEREMADE - CEntre de REcherches en MAthématiques de la DEcision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Xavier Dupuis (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Charles Rochet (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); John Thanassoulis (WBS - Warwick Business School - University of Warwick [Coventry], CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | We provide an algorithm for solving multidimensional screening problems which are intractable analytically. The algorithm is a primal-dual algorithm which al- ternates between optimising the primal problem of the surplus extracted by the principal and the dual problem of the optimal assignment to deliver to the agents for a given surplus. We illustrate the algorithm by solving (i) the generic monopolist price discrimination problem and (ii) an optimal tax problem covering income and savings taxes when citizens differ in multiple dimensions. |
| Keywords: | Multidimensional screening, Algorithm, Numerical methods, Price discrimination, Optimal tax |
| Date: | 2024–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04598698 |
| By: | Ying Zeng |
| Abstract: | In semi-log regression models with heterogeneous treatment effects, the average treatment effect (ATE) in log points and its exponential transformation minus one underestimate the ATE in percentage points. I propose new estimation and inference methods for the ATE in percentage points, with inference utilizing the Fenton-Wilkinson approximation. These methods are particularly relevant for staggered difference-in-differences designs, where treatment effects often vary across groups and periods. I prove the methods' large-sample properties and demonstrate their finite-sample performance through simulations, revealing substantial discrepancies between conventional and proposed measures. Two empirical applications further underscore the practical importance of these methods. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.06624 |
| By: | Kit Baum (Boston College); Hans Lööf (Royal Institute of Technology); Andreas Stephan (Linnaeus University); Klaus Zimmermann (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | In this case study, we examine the wage earnings of fully employed previous refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer–employee data from 1990 onward, about 100, 000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum are compared with a matched sample of native-born workers using coarsened exact matching. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011–2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. The RIF-quantile approach provides better insights for the analysis of these wage differentials than the standard regression model employed in earlier versions of the study. |
| Date: | 2024–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:usug24:10 |
| By: | Bernard Fallery (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Florence Rodhain (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Saloua Zgoulli-Swalhi (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School) |
| Abstract: | In higher education, will we work with AI or despite AI? Twenty proposals on the possible educational and strategic implications of SIAg are debated here by a panel of 40 experts using the DELPHI method. We present in this work-in-Progress (1) the construction of the panel of experts and the proposals submitted, (2) the quantitative results on the first two rond and (3) the prospective scenarios discussed in the third round. |
| Abstract: | Dans l'enseignement supérieur , travaillerons-nous avec l'IA ou malgré l'IA ? Vingt propositions sur les implications pédagogiques et stratégiques possibles des SIAg sont ici débattues par un panel de 40 experts en utilisant la méthode DELPHI. Nous présentons dans ce work-in-progress : (1) la construction du panel d'experts et des propositions soumises, (2) les résultats quantitatifs sur les deux premiers tours et (3) les scénarios prospectifs discutés dans le troisième tour. |
| Keywords: | Generative artificial intelligence systems, Delpli method, Higher Education, educational implications, strategic implications, Systèmes d'Intelligence Artificielle générative, méthode Delpli, enseignement supérieur, implications pédagogiques, implications stratégiques |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04680468 |
| By: | Thomas Blavet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques, DREES - Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques [Paris] - Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé [Paris, France]); Yann Caenen (DREES - Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques [Paris] - Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé [Paris, France]); Hélène Guedj (DREES - Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques [Paris] - Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé [Paris, France]); Delphine Roy (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques, DREES - Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques [Paris] - Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé [Paris, France]) |
| Abstract: | En 2021, 47 000 enfants âgés de moins de 6 ans bénéficient de l'allocation d'éducation de l'enfant handicapé (AEEH) en France métropolitaine. Du fait des délais de repérage des troubles et de reconnaissance administrative, les moins de 3 ans sont en proportion moins nombreux parmi eux. Du côté des parents, les mères sont plus souvent inactives et la part de mères isolées est bien plus élevée, dès la petite enfance. Avant l'âge de 3 ans, les enfants bénéficiaires de l'AEEH sont beaucoup plus souvent gardés à titre principal par leurs parents que les autres enfants (78 % contre 56 %) : ils le sont moins souvent de façon exclusive, mais sur des temps plus longs que les autres enfants d'âge comparable. Concernant l'inclusion en structure collective ou individuelle, l'accueil en crèche au moins une fois dans la semaine est aussi répandu, mais il est deux fois moins fréquent chez une assistante maternelle. Dans les deux cas, les temps d'accueil sont en moyenne beaucoup plus réduits. Les parents d'enfant bénéficiaire de l'AEEH qui assurent la garde principale de leur enfant – que cela corresponde ou non à leur premier choix – se déclarent moins souvent satisfaits des conditions de garde que les autres parents dans la même situation (70 % contre 82 %). Ces écarts pourraient suggérer que la garde parentale est moins bien vécue ou refléter des attentes déçues en matière d'inclusion dans les autres modes d'accueil. À 3 ans, la scolarisation des enfants bénéficiaires de l'AEEH est moins fréquente (78 % contre 98 %). Au-delà, elle est généralisée mais les enfants y passent en moyenne moins de temps que la durée d'enseignement hebdomadaire de 24 heures. Des constats semblables sont observés, mais avec des écarts moins marqués, pour les enfants repérés en situation de handicap au sens large mais sans reconnaissance administrative. |
| Keywords: | Proche aidant, Handicap, AEEH |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04677818 |
| By: | Musakwa, M.T; Odhiambo, N.M |
| Abstract: | The causal relationship between urbanisation, energy consumption, and economic growth was examined for South Africa using annual data from 1990 -2021. The growing need for economies to bounce back after the COVID-19 pandemic and catch up with national economic plans and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) motivated a relook at the important factors that influence economic growth. This study used two measures of energy consumption, namely electricity consumption and total energy consumption. Employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to cointegration and error correction model (ECM)- based Granger-causality test, the study found unidirectional causal flow from energy consumption to urbanisation in the short run regardless of the energy consumption measure used, and the same causal flow in the long run when total energy consumption was used. The study found a unidirectional causality from urbanisation to economic growth. A bidirectional causality between economic growth and electricity, while no causality was confirmed when total energy consumption was used. The findings from this study confirm the importance of energy consumption and urbanisation in driving economic growth. Policy recommendations are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Public debt Malawi; government debt; debt management; sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:31546 |
| By: | Ramji, Aditya; Fulton, Lew; Sperling, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The United States (US), under the Biden Administration, has set a goal of reaching a 50% sales share for zero-emission vehicles by 2030. The administration is pursuing a combination of aggressive fuel economy and greenhouse gas performance standards along with tax credits for consumers who purchase electric vehicles (EVs). Given the anticipated high costs of the EV transition and limited public funds, policy mechanisms that generate extra-budgetary funding are enticing. Feebates—where a fee charged on some purchases is used to offer a rebate for others—can serve as a self-sustaining tool. Feebates have been attempted at the state and federal level in the US but did not pass legislatures due to a lack of political support for levying a fee on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. However, as governments face increasing fiscal constraints, there is greater support for self- funding EV incentive programs. Feebate policies can provide certainty for both producers and consumers to facilitate a steady transition to sustainable transportation. This paper assesses the potential utility of feebates for shaping the US light-duty vehicle market. The analysis demonstrates that: (1) revenue-neutral incentive systems are possible and (2) revenue-neutrality can be achieved with relatively low fees on ICE vehicles to support economic equity among buyers. From an industry perspective, market certainty can be created by incorporating fuel economy targets into a fee schedule as pivot points and allocating fees to finance rebates. This would likely influence industry investment decisions in ways that increase EV production and model availability. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, sustainable incentives, market mechanisms, electrification, ZEV transitions, United States |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6qx2x5zz |
| By: | Shazia Nasir (Greenwich University, Pakistan); Sharifah Muzlia (MARA Technological University, Malaysia); Hamimah Hashim (MARA Technological University, Malaysia); Fatin Aliana (MARA Technological University, Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This interpretive phenomenological qualitative research study explored the psychological and emotional experiences of parents with children having specific learning disabilities in Pakistan. Focus group discussions with five parents were conducted on Zoom. After the data collection from each of the participants was assessed, a cross-case analysis of the data was completed to develop a list of the themes common among the participants. The sub-themes and the themes originated from the codes are: (1) Parents’ Challenges, with the sub-themes of Parenting Style, Emotional Responses and Sufferings; and (2) Support from Academia with the sub-themes of Relationship with the teachers, Financial Stress and Modifications in Assessments/ Examinations. The themes originated after the focus group discussion with the five parents contain the struggle of the parents of LD children in preparing them to do better academically and socially. The findings revealed that parents of children with learning disabilities have a very challenging and demanding role. Their struggles and challenges are more exhausting emotionally, physically, and financially. Parents struggle to identify academic problems faced by children due to lack of awareness, which adds to their struggle as well as the children. Parents are the primary caretakers and guardians and are responsible for the upbringing of their children. It is not easy being a parent, but the situation gets difficult when children are identified with learning disabilities. |
| Keywords: | learning disabilities, parents, emotional trauma, financial stress |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0405 |
| By: | Stefania D'Amico; Corey Feldman |
| Abstract: | Using textual analysis of the largest dealers’ newsletters to their clients, we construct a measure of uncertainty about the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet policy (BSP). This measure of uncertainty tends to spike during the introduction of novel aspects of BSP or at its turning points, with the largest spike occurring during the “Taper Tantrum” period. We find that positive shocks to BSP uncertainty increase longer-term Treasury yields, private borrowing costs, private MBS duration, and reduce mortgage refinance volumes. As a result, an increase in BSP uncertainty has contractionary effects similar to those of a monetary-policy tightening shock. Further, post-2008, these effects seem quite different from those of broader monetary policy uncertainty and fiscal policy uncertainty. Overall, our findings suggest that explicit forward guidance about the Fed’s balance-sheet path might be warranted. |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics; Interest rates |
| JEL: | E40 E50 |
| Date: | 2024–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:98724 |
| By: | Tom Coupé (University of Canterbury) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I analyse ChatGPT’s opinion on economic issues by repeatedly prompting ChatGPT with questions from different surveys that have been used to assess the opinion of the economics profession. I find that ChatGPT 3.5 is a one-handed economist with strong opinions, while ChatGPT4o is much more of an ‘average’ economist. I further find little evidence that the widespread use of ChatGPT4o could reduce the gap between what the general public thinks about economic issues and the economics’ profession views on those issues, that ChatGPT4o is about equally likely to prefer professors’ financial advice and the financial advice from popular books, and that ChatGPT4o is more likely to agree with less/nonmainstream views about the economics profession than the economics profession. |
| Keywords: | ChatGPT, Economic Opinion, Economists' Consensus, Public Policy, Artificial Intelligence |
| JEL: | C83 A11 D80 D83 |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:24/13 |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (Columbia University, USA) |
| Abstract: | The age of digitalization has led to a rising big data insights trend. Our constant use of digital tools to master our world and our all communication via modern technologies has increased data transfer to be stored and analyzed. As never before, we are now able to derive inferences from big data. The most profitable corporations in the world are currently big data analyzing entities. In an effort to redistribute some of the gains of big data inferences to those who create the information and share their information output on a constant basis, several solutions have been proposed. Granting property rights to information retrieved online is one of the most promising solutions to cope with the fact that corporate capital is gained from our all information sharing online on a constant basis. When considering the establishment of private property rights of one’s own data, the advantage lies in the controllability of information sharing and the monetization of information shared online. At the same time, inequality may be imbued in the idea to ‘sell’ private property data to big data analyzing entities. First, private property rights in data created online could lead to a divide between those who create more interesting and meaningful information by actively using the internet rather than passively consuming it. And people may differ in the degree of useful connections and meaningful conversations with them. Divides between US internet users versus European ones, which already now are skewed towards the US being more active internet users in comparison to Europeans being more passive ones, will rise. The education and income gap may also exacerbate if those with more skilled mindsets or those who can afford more sophisticated technology will be able to produce qualitatively and quantitatively richer data sources. Second, enabling to sell big data would incentivize a productive, active and meaningful use of the internet, which would set positive incentives to develop human capital in general. At the same time, however, there is the problem of abuse in markets. The reason why certain goods are not traded in markets is the fear over abuse and exploitation of minors or specially gifted. Like the restrictions of being able to sell one’s organs in markets as for the fear that people may then start harvesting and exploiting dependents with limited mental capacity; similar restrictions may apply to the sales of internet data. Parents or custodians should not be incentivized to capitalize on their dependents’ data. Third, data brokerage may become a lucrative business if one can sell data online. However, data brokerage platforms may favor certain digitalization hubs in the world which have the legal capacity and technological sophistication to implement high-tech market capitalization from data efficiently and effectively. This logistic peculiarity may hold risks of unjust enrichment of some advanced nations over other less digitalized areas of the world, which may drive the existing economic power divide in the international arena even further in the future. Potential remedies of alternative remedies are to tax big data gains and redistribute some of the gains to those equally whose data serves as building block for big data insights. |
| Keywords: | big data, data storage, digitalization, Digital Markets Act, inequality, internet, knowledge, law, economics, privacy, private property rights, redistribution, sustainability, taxation, wealth transfer |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0415 |
| By: | Melissa Arnold Lyon; Matthew A. Kraft; Matthew P. Steinberg |
| Abstract: | The U.S. has witnessed a resurgence of labor activism, with teachers at the forefront. We examine how teacher strikes affect compensation, working conditions, and productivity with an original dataset of 772 teacher strikes generating 48 million student days idle between 2007 and 2023. Using an event study framework, we find that, on average, strikes increase compensation by 8% and lower pupil-teacher ratios by 0.5 students, driven by new state revenues. We find little evidence of sizable impacts on student achievement up to five years post-strike, though strikes lasting 10 or more days decrease math achievement in the short-term. |
| JEL: | I22 J30 J45 J52 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32862 |