|
on Investment |
| By: | Lee, Sora (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | For the year 2024, the domestic economic landscape is poised for an incremental expansion hovering around the two percent mark. This modest upward trajectory is undergirded by the rejuvenation of the IT sector, which in turn is stimulating an upward trend in both export activity and capital investment. However, this anticipated growth is tempered by subdued consumer spending and a contraction in construction investment. External risks include uncertainties surrounding global inflation, financial sector instability resulting from sustained high-interest rates in major economies, geopolitical uncertainties arising from conflicts or wars, and the pace of recovery in the semiconductor industry. Domestically, household debt issues are a major source of uncertainty. In 2024, exports are set to expand in most of 13 flagship industries, with export values set to reach USD 504.7 billion, representing 5.2 percent growth compared to 2023. This growth is notable given the current global economic environment, and only the petrochemicals and rechargeable batteries sectors are expected to record negative export growth. With regards to domestic demand, the IT industry is poised for a rebound in 2024, driven by the introduction of new ICT products and heightened demand for intermediate goods destined for export markets. Only modest growth is expected in the materials industry, however, as economic indicators for that sector just ticked upward in the second half (H2) of 2023. Overall, production in Korea's 13 flagship industries should expand in 2024, particularly in new IT industries, which are benefitting from the recovery in both exports and domestic demand. Conversely, a marginal decline in production is projected for the machinery industry. Finally, imports are set to jump in 13 flagship industries by 5.8 percent in 2024, fueled by the recovery of the domestic IT market. |
| Keywords: | 2023 year in review; 2024 economic projection; macroeconomic review; 2024 economic outlook; export outlook; production outlook; growth projection; manufacturing; semiconductors; Korea; KIET |
| JEL: | E00 E21 E22 E23 E32 E52 E60 E66 |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2023_027&r=inv |
| By: | Lilian Loubet (IDEES - Identité et Différenciation de l’Espace, de l’Environnement et des Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Géraldine del Mondo (LITIS - Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSA Rouen Normandie - Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - NU - Normandie Université); Julius Bañgate (LITIS - Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSA Rouen Normandie - Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - NU - Normandie Université); Eric Sanlaville (LITIS - Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSA Rouen Normandie - Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - NU - Normandie Université); Pierrick Tranouez (LITIS - Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSA Rouen Normandie - Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a model designed to analyse port governance. It considers that the stakeholders ability to adopt cooperative behaviors constitutes the key element to port development. Its focus is on medium-sized European ports and fifteen cases were studied. Each territory was first subject to a qualitative survey and analysis of the contents of local stakeholders discourse (over 80 interviews conducted). The material is rich, allowing for the comparison between two or even three ports, yet the delicate nature of the relations brought to light adds considerable complexity to the comparison within a larger ensemble. The paper, therefore, proposes a semi-automatic treatment which helps to mitigate this difficulty by means of a computer model based on graph theory. It involves a modelling system based on the relations between the entities of the system. In this context, the relations between stakeholders were analysed in order to create typologies and eventually envisage some standard models of governance. In order to territorialize the subject, six typical cases out of fifteen were used: Le Havre, Nantes-Saint Nazaire, Dunkirk (France), Gdynia (Poland), Klaipėda (Lituania), Hamina- Kotka (Finland). All these port environments modelled according to a single format (i.e. a graph) led to the application of a certain number of metrics which enables them to be compared. Two main metrics were presented in the framework of this paper for illustrative purposes: "Density" and "S_metric". These metrics originating in graph theory, coupled with other indicators (distribution of degrees and number of hubs per port), allowed to measure the relationships' intensity and the distribution of these intensities among the stakeholders, and to identify the main stakeholders or conversely the least influential. |
| Abstract: | Ce travail présente un modèle d'analyse de la gouvernance portuaire considérant que la capacité des acteurs à adopter des comportements coopératifs constitue l'élément moteur du développement. Il se concentre sur les ports moyens européens ; une quinzaine de cas ont été étudiés (plus de 80 entretiens réalisés). Toutefois, si ce matériau riche permet de comparer la gouvernance de deux, voire trois ports, la finesse des relations mises en lumière complexifie considérablement la comparaison au sein d'un ensemble plus important. Aussi cet article propose un traitement semi-automatique participant à pallier cette difficulté au moyen d'un modèle informatique basé sur la théorie des graphes. Il s'agit de modéliser un système en se basant sur les relations entre les entités du système. Ainsi, les relations entre acteurs ont été analysées afin de créer des typologies et d'envisager à terme des modèles types de gouvernance. Afin de territorialiser le propos, six cas emblématiques ont été retenus sur les quinze : Le Havre, Nantes-Saint Nazaire, Dunkerque (France), Gdynia (Pologne), Klaipėda (Lituanie), Hamina-Kotka (Finlande). Tous ces environnements portuaires modélisés selon un même format (i.e. un graphe) donnent lieu à l'application d'un certain nombre de métriques permettant de les comparer. Deux principales métriques ont été présentées à titre illustratif dans le cadre de cet article : la "Densité" et la "S_metric". Elles ont été couplées à d'autres indicateurs (distribution des degrés et nombre de hubs par port) qui ont permis de mesurer l'intensité des relations, la répartition de cette intensité entre les acteurs, d'identifier les acteurs majeurs ou peu influents. |
| Keywords: | governance, port governance, stakeholder, modelling, graph theory, Cooperation, gouvernance portuaire, gouvernance, parties prenantes, modélisation, théorie des graphes, Coopération territoriale |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04154472&r=inv |
| By: | Nur Aida Binti Hussin (Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia Author-2-Name: Salina Daud Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - There are limited studies on the impact of strategic maneuverability on the financial performance of construction companies, especially concerning Bumiputera contractors in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of strategic maneuverability practices on the financial performance of Bumiputera contractors in Selangor. Methodology – A questionnaire survey was distributed to 50 Bumiputera contractors in Selangor. The data was analyzed using SmartPLS 4 as part of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Findings – The analysis of the feedback from the 50 respondents revealed a strong and positive relationship between the implementation of strategic maneuverability practices and the financial performance of Bumiputera contractors. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to possess strategic maneuverability in order to navigate the ever-changing business landscape of the construction industry effectively. Novelty – The findings of this study will encourage Bumiputera contractors to adopt strategic maneuverability practices to survive and remain competitive in the challenging environment of the construction industry. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Strategic planning; strategic maneuverability; financial performance; flexible; Bumiputera contractors. |
| JEL: | L25 M20 |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr219&r=inv |
| By: | Taeyoung Doh; Choongryul Yang |
| Abstract: | We set- up a two-sector New Keynesian model with input-output linkages to study the persistently high inflation during the post-COVID-19 period. We include multiple shocks as well as several amplification channels of these shocks in a parsimonious model to quantify the relative importance of each factor. We calibrate the model to match the pre-COVID-19 data and alter parameters governing 1) the fiscal rule, 2) inflation feedback in the monetary policy rule, 3) elasticity of substitution among intermediary inputs in production, and 4) the size of a sectoral demand shift shock to explain the post-COVID-19 data. We obtain estimates of shocks in the model to fit goods inflation data during the post-COVID-19 period and use aggregate inflation to test the model’s ability to explain the recent inflationary episode. Although aggregate demand shocks and a sectoral demand shift shock have played a significant role in the initial inflation surge during 2021, the propagation of these shocks into the persistently high aggregate inflation was also helped by lower inflation feedback in the monetary policy response relative to the pre-COVID-19 period. Compared with other changes in parameters, this alteration of the monetary policy rule best fits the level and persistence of the post-COVID-19 aggregate inflation. While lowering the elasticity of substitution among intermediary inputs can match the level of inflation, it does a poorer job of explaining the persistence of inflation compared with allowing changes in the monetary policy rule. |
| Keywords: | inflation persistence; COVID-19; sectoral reallocation; inflation feedback; production friction |
| JEL: | E62 E63 |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:97656&r=inv |
| By: | Katigbak, Jovito Jose P.; Villaruel, Jemimah Joanne C. |
| Abstract: | Buoyed by favorable developments at the global and regional levels, circular economy (CE) has been emerging in the Philippines due to an increasing call for the effective mainstreaming of sustainable principles and practices across various economic sectors. Often characterized as an industrial system regenerative or regenerative by design, CE presents guidelines that enable business-, society-, and environment-friendly economic development. This is vital for the Philippines as it seeks to address waste management issues and reduce carbon emissions by advancing Sustainable Development Goal 12: Sustainable Consumption and Production. The government has enacted and implemented several laws, policies, and regulations to steer the country towards cleaner production. The private sector and external partners similarly promote CE through their respective programs, projects, and activities. Notwithstanding the current initiatives, there is a need to focus national thrust and efforts on the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) as they comprise over 99 percent of all businesses in the Philippines. This is especially true for women-led MSMEs (WMSMEs), which composed around 60 percent of business name registrations in 2019. Hence, this pilot study sought to assess the level of CE adoption among WMSMEs in Metro Manila through a survey questionnaire, which garnered 58 responses. It found a low level of awareness regarding CE principles and CE-related government programs among the respondents and a lack of demand for circular goods/services by the customers. These translate to misalignment between CE principles and their firm’s strategy and business model. The results also show that most of the WMSMEs in Metro Manila still practice linear methods, as evidenced by the non-use of renewable resources, lack of resource recovery strategies and post-sales services, and absence of ecodesign. The respondents exhibited somewhat positive performance in waste management. In addition, WMSMEs do not engage in CE-oriented partnerships and collaborations with their co-enterprises and customers. Accordingly, the Philippine government may consider a multi-level approach in mainstreaming CE among (W)MSMEs. Micro-level initiatives may include advocacies on CE, training programs for MSMEs, provision of incentives, and business support schemes. At the meso level, smart regulation and mini eco-parks may be explored. Lastly, developing a national framework and monitoring mechanism may be critical undertakings at the macro level. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | circular economy;Philippine Development;Sustainable Development Goals;SMEs;women-led MSMEs |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2023-30&r=inv |
| By: | Akbar, Nusrat; Kumar, Anjani |
| Abstract: | This study explores the welfare implications of public expenditure at the subnational level. We empirically examine the efficiency of different categories of public expenditure on agriculture and irrigation using the novel cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model and the data from 1981 to 2019 for 17 major agricultural states of India. The findings reveal the strong long-term positive effect in rural India of public sector expenditure on crop husbandry, agricultural research and education, soil and water conservation, irrigation, food storage and warehousing, animal husbandry and dairy development, and fisheries on total factor productivity (TFP), farm income, and poverty alleviation. Irrigation and electricity subsidies do not significantly affect outcome variables, while fertilizer subsidies showed a long-term negative impact on TFP, and credit subsidies had a positive effect on income and on the reduction of rural poverty. Other factors that were shown to have welfare implications included rainfall, literacy rate, and agricultural terms of trade (TOT), that is, the ratio of agriculture GDP to non-agriculture GDP. Policymakers should thus better target and rationalize government expenditure programs by removing unproductive input subsidies and reallocating those funds toward other types of public investment in Indian agriculture. |
| Keywords: | public expenditure; agriculture; irrigation; cultivation; education; conservation; food storage; animal husbandry; dairies; fisheries; subsidies; welfare; CS-ARDL model; INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2216&r=inv |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Muñoz, Mika S.; Basillote, Lovelaine B.; Alinsunurin, Jason, P.; Hernandez, Angelo C. |
| Abstract: | The Global Goal of ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all promotes equality in access to quality learning, supports economic development, improves health outcomes, empowers women and girls, and fosters global citizenship and peace. By reducing inequities in education, both in terms of access and quality, we can help to build a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable world. This study provides a detailed examination of the progress of the Philippines in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) on quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all. It sets the stage by outlining the Philippine educational policy landscape, including its legal and institutional frameworks. The analysis then progresses to a target-by-target review of SDG 4, highlighting the nation's accomplishments and ongoing challenges. Notable achievements include nearly universal primary education enrollment and increased secondary education participation. However, issues like high dropout rates and subpar learning outcomes remain. The Philippines has also seen growth in early childhood development (ECD) and pre-primary education enrollments, yet access for disadvantaged children is still limited. The country has policies to enhance access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education, but the quality of these programs and their alignment with future skills needs improvement. Inclusive education initiatives exist, such as programs for learners with disabilities and indigenous communities, but challenges in ensuring universal quality education persist. A shift in education outcomes in favor of girls is observed, with boys now more likely to drop out than girls across various educational levels and girls doing better than boys in learning. While literacy rates appear high, the need to redefine literacy measurements, considering issues like digital skills, is evident. Progress in school infrastructure development is significant, especially with the K-12 rollout, but enhancing learning environments, including using technology for learning, remains crucial. The Philippines boasts a large teaching workforce, yet there is a pressing need to elevate teacher training quality and align it with future skill requirements. The study pinpoints critical improvement areas, including addressing the root causes of learning deficits, implementing an open data policy, and refining teacher training and workload. Concluding with a call to action, the study underscores the necessity of a comprehensive strategy to tackle educational challenges holistically, with integrated planning among the three main government agencies tasked to manage the sector. It suggests developing specific targets for inclusive quality education. This comprehensive review offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for stakeholders to ensure the Philippines fulfills its commitment to quality education for all by 2030. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | education;basic education;higher education;TVET;quality education;technical and vocational education and training |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2023-16&r=inv |
| By: | Warinussy, Stepanus L.; Rante, Yohanes; Erari, Anita |
| Abstract: | At the Kaimana Regency Youth and Sports Education Office it is known that there are still many employees who have less than optimal performance. The problems studied in this study are (1) How is work motivation, transformational leadership, and employee performance, (2) How much influence does work motivation have on employee performance, (3) How much influence does transformational leadership have on employee performance, (4) Is work motivation and transformational leadership simultaneously have an influence on employee performance. The purpose of this research is to (1) find out how work motivation, transformational leadership, and employee performance, (2) analyze the influence of work motivation and transformational leadership on employee performance partially or simultaneously. Data collection methods used are documentation and questionnaires. The analytical method used is instrument test (validity test and reliability test), percentage descriptive analysis, classic assumption test, multiple regression analysis, coefficient of determination, and hypothesis testing using SPSS 15 for Windows. The research results obtained multiple linear regression equation Y = 5.854 + 0.276 X1 + 0.431 X2. The result of the coefficient of determination (Adjusted R Square) is 0.509 meaning that 50.9% of the performance variable is influenced by work motivation and transformational leadership and the remaining 49.1% is influenced by other variables outside the research. |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4tegk&r=inv |
| By: | Akcigit, Ufuk (Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) ; University of Chicago); Alp, Harun (Federal Reserve Board); Diegmann, André (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) ; Center for European Economic Research (ZEW)); Serrano-Velarde, Nicolas (Bocconi University ; IGIER ? Innocenzo & Gasparini Institute for Economic) |
| Abstract: | "We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms’ labor demand by applying novel Bartik instruments to the universe of administrative employment data on Germany. In line with theory, the IV results suggest that a 10 percent increase in labor market tightness reduces firms’ employment by 0.5 percent. When accounting for search externalities, we find that the individual-firm wage elasticity of labor demand reduces from -0.7 to -0.5 at the aggregate level. For the 2015 minimum wage introduction, the elasticities imply only modest disemployment effects mirroring empirical ex-post evaluations. Moreover, the doubling of tightness between 2012 and 2019 led to a significant slowdown in employment growth by 1.1 million jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Ostdeutschland ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswirkungen ; Beschäftigtenzahl ; Beschäftigungseffekte ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Betriebsstilllegung ; Industriepolitik ; Personalpolitik ; Privatisierung ; Produktivitätseffekte ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; staatlicher Zusammenschluss ; Treuhandanstalt ; Unternehmensentwicklung ; Unternehmensziel ; Arbeitsplatzsicherung ; 1990-2000 |
| JEL: | D24 L25 D22 J08 |
| Date: | 2024–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202401&r=inv |
| By: | Kaufmann, Carsten; Kock, Alexander; Gemünden, Hans Georg |
| Abstract: | Decision makers find creating an innovation portfolio challenging, because more innovative projects are associated with a higher degree of uncertainty. In this study, we investigate the potential benefits of applying real options reasoning (ROR) in innovation portfolio management from an attention‐based view. Using a sample of 137 innovation portfolios with multiple informants, we investigate ROR's influence on portfolio innovativeness and, ultimately, on portfolio success in a mediated model. Further, we analyze the moderating influence of an innovation portfolio's organizational context — entrepreneurial orientation and innovation climate — on ROR's application. The results support ROR's positive relationship to portfolio innovativeness and portfolio success. The analysis also supports the positive interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and ROR with respect to portfolio innovativeness. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the relationship between ROR and portfolio success, mediated by portfolio innovativeness. In addition, the study's analysis offers an explanation of previously mixed findings regarding ROR's benefits by considering the firm's strategic and cultural innovation contexts. The findings underline the relevance of strategic support for ROR's effectiveness in innovation portfolio management. Furthermore, the findings encourage managers to implement ROR, but also stress the essential contribution an entrepreneurial orientation makes when the managers do so. |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:142038&r=inv |
| By: | Daniel de Wolf (TVES - Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale - Université de Lille); Yves Smeers (CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain) |
| Abstract: | In the current context of the ban on fossil fuel vehicles (diesel and petrol) adopted by several European cities, the question arises of the development of the infrastructure for the distribution of alternative energies, namely hydrogen (for fuel cell electric vehicles) and electricity (for battery electric vehicles). First, we compare the main advantages/constraints of the two alternative propulsion modes for the user. The main advantages of hydrogen vehicles are autonomy and fast recharging. The main advantages of battery-powered vehicles are the lower price and the wide availability of the electricity grid. We then review the existing studies on the deployment of new hydrogen distribution networks and compare the deployment costs of hydrogen and electricity distribution networks. Finally, we conclude with some personal conclusions on the benefits of developing both modes and ideas for future studies on the subject. |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte actuel d'interdiction des véhicules à énergies fossiles (diesel et essence) adoptée par plusieurs villes européennes, la question se pose du développement des infrastructures de distribution des énergies alternatives, à savoir l'hydrogène (pour les véhicules électriques à pile à combustible) et l'électricité ( pour les véhicules électriques à batterie). Dans un premier temps, nous comparons les principaux avantages/contraintes des deux modes de propulsion alternatifs pour l'utilisateur. Les principaux avantages des véhicules à hydrogène sont l'autonomie et la recharge rapide. Les principaux avantages des véhicules alimentés par batterie sont leur prix inférieur et la large disponibilité du réseau électrique. Nous passons ensuite en revue les études existantes sur le déploiement de nouveaux réseaux de distribution d'hydrogène et comparons les coûts de déploiement des réseaux de distribution d'hydrogène et d'électricité. Enfin, nous concluons par quelques conclusions personnelles sur les avantages de développer à la fois des modes et des idées pour de futures études sur le sujet. |
| Keywords: | battery electric vehicles fuel cell electric vehicles advantages and limitations distribution costs, battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, advantages and limitations, distribution costs |
| Date: | 2023–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04367656&r=inv |
| By: | Niederprüm, Antonia; Junk, Petra |
| Abstract: | Der Briefmarkt in Deutschland ist, wie in den meisten Ländern, durch einen strukturellen Rückgang der Briefmengen geprägt. Zwischen 2010 und 2022 sind die Mengen um mehr als ein Viertel zurückgegangen, im Durchschnitt um 2, 6% pro Jahr. Die Wettbewerber konnten trotz des strukturellen Nachfragerückgangs sowohl bei Sendungen als auch bei Umsätzen ihren Marktanteil von 14-15% nach Menge und Umsatz halten. Die aggregierten Briefmarktdaten vermitteln nur ein oberflächliches Bild über die tatsächlichen Entwicklungen im deutschen Briefmarkt und die Vielfalt der im Markt aktiven Zustelldienstleister. In diesem Diskussionsbeitrag wird der Zustellwettbewerb im deutschen Briefmarkt aus dem Blickwinkel der Preis- und Qualitätsstrategien sowohl der Wettbewerber als auch der Deutschen Post untersucht. Es wird erörtert, wie sich der Zustellwettbewerb zusammensetzt, vor welchen Herausforderungen die Wettbewerber stehen und welche Preis- und Qualitätsstrategie die marktbeherrschende Deutsche Post verfolgt hat und in Zukunft verfolgen könnte. Basierend auf diesen Analysen und in Ergänzung mit relevanten geplanten Änderungen des Regulierungsrahmens wird ein Ausblick über die Zukunft des Zustellwettbewerbs in Deutschland gegeben. |
| Abstract: | As in many other countries, the German letter market has experienced a structural decline in letter volumes. Between 2010 and 2022, volumes decreased by over a quarter, averaging a 2.6% annual decline. Despite the decrease in demand, competitors have managed to maintain their market share of 14-15% in terms of both mailings and revenue. The letter market data only provides a superficial overview of the developments in the German letter market and the diversity of service providers. This discussion paper analyses the end-to-end competition in the German letter market from the perspective of price and quality strategies of competitors and the incumbent Deutsche Post. We discuss the composition of delivery competition, the challenges faced by competitors, and the price and quality strategy pursued by the market-dominant Deutsche Post, as well as potential future strategies. The analysis is used to provide an outlook on the future of end-to-end competition in Germany, also considering relevant planned changes to the regulatory framework. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikdps:280953&r=inv |
| By: | Grishina, Irina (Гришина, Ирина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Shkuropat, Anna (Шкуропат, Анна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kotov, Alexandr (Котов, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Filatov, Artemiy (Филатов, Артемий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The relevance of the work undertaken in RANEPA in 2022 is due to the fact that the national goals of socio-economic development of Russia for the period up to 2030, defined by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 21.07.2020 N 474, are formulated taking into account the tasks of achieving the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN. A prerequisite for their implementation is participation of the regions in the process. Localization of the SDGs in line with the new international approaches will strengthen the sustainability of regional policies and cooperation. The subject of the study is new methodology for assessing the achievement of the SDGsfor the regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for assessing the achievement of the UN SDGs by the regions of Russia to clarify the priority areas of regional policy and is based on the following tasks undertaken: analysis of the experience of developed countries in developing an approach and assessing the achievement of SDGs at the level of regions of the second territorial level (according to the OECD classification); analysis of domestic experience in assessing the achievement of SDGs at different levels (national and regional); substantiation of the composition of indicators and methodological approach to assessing the achievement of SDGs at the regional level; formation of an information base for assessing the achievement of SDGs in the regions of the Russian Federation; approbation of the methodology; development of recommendations on priorities for the implementation of Russia's regional policy, based on estimates of indicators for achieving the SDGs. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that for the first time a new composite index has been developed to assess the achievement of the SDGs in the regions of Russia, based on a system of indicators, consistent with the national goals of Russia until 2030. On its basis, experimental assessments have been obtained that allow for interregional comparisons. Research methods applied: system, factor and statistical analysis of the distribution of indicators; index method, etc. Research results can be used to: clarify priorities and develop regional policy mechanisms that ensure the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the regions of Russia, as well as the achievement of the country's national development goals until 2030 in territorial dimension. The application of the authors’ approach is recommended for information and methodological support of the state regional policy development to increase its effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | UN Sustainable Development Goals, national development goals, regions of Russia, methods of assessing the achievement of goals, composite indices, methodology, comprehensive assessment, methodology of analysis |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R13 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w20220310&r=inv |
| By: | Kulenkampff, Gabriele; Nett, Lorenz; Ockenfels, Martin; Plückebaum, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Das Telekommunikationsgesetz (2021) garantiert das Recht auf eine Grundversorgung (Sprachdienste und Breitbandzugang) mit Telekommunikationsdienstleistungen an einem festen Standort. Die derzeit geltenden Mindestanforderungen an einen Breitbandanschluss wurden von der Bundesnetzagentur im Juni 2022 erstmalig festgelegt. Die Vorgaben zur Erbringung der Grundversorgung sind grundsätzlich technologieneutral. Verschiedene Anschlussarten wie FTTC, FTTB/H und in bestimmten Fällen auch 5G sowie bestimmte Arten Satellitenanschlüsse können diese Grundversorgung technisch erbringen. Soweit ein Unternehmen zur Erbringung der Grundversorgung in einem bestimmten Gebiet oder für bestimmte Liegenschaften verpflichtet ist, hat es Anspruch auf eine jährliche Abgeltung der Nettokosten, die in der Kostenrechnung des Unternehmens für das jeweilige Jahr zu dokumentieren sind. Abgegolten werden jedoch nur jene Kosten, die für den Universaldienstbetreiber unzumutbar sind. Das Telekommunikationsgesetz und die Richtlinie zum europäischen Kodex für elektronische Kommunikation enthalten Vorgaben zur Ermittlung der unzumutbaren Nettokosten. Ausgleichszahlungen sollen aus einem Fonds erfolgen, in den die auf dem relevanten Markt tätigen Unternehmen, aber auch Unternehmen, die in Deutschland nummernunabhängige interpersonelle Telekommunikationsdienste erbringen, einzahlen. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt wurde nach unserer Kenntnis in Deutschland kein Netzbetreiber zur Erbringung einer Grundversorgung verpflichtet und entsprechend keine Berechnungen von Nettokosten vorgenommen. |
| Abstract: | The Telecommunications Act (2021) guarantees the right to a basic supply of telecommunications services at a fixed location. The currently applicable minimum requirements for a broadband connection have been set for the first time in June 2022 by the Federal Network Agency. The specifications for the provision of the universal service are basically technology-neutral. Various types of connection such as FTTC, FTTB/H and in certain cases also 5G as well as certain types of satellite connections can provide this universal service technically. If a company is obliged to provide the universal service in a certain area or for certain properties, it is entitled to annual compensation for the net costs, which must be documented in the company's cost accounting for the respective year. However, only those costs which are unreasonable / unfair for the universal service operator are compensated. The telecommunication Act and the European Electronic Communications Code contain specifications for determining the unreasonable net costs. The compensation payments shall be funded by the companies active in the relevant market, including companies which provide number-independent interpersonal telecommunications services in Germany. |
| Keywords: | Telekommunikation, Universaldienst, Kosten, Nachrichtentechnik, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikdps:280952&r=inv |
| By: | Daniel Aparicio-Pérez (Department of Finance and Accounting, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Jordi Ripollés (Institute of International Economics and Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to identify the heterogeneity in the resource-growth nexus and explore the relative importance of the potential factors that may drive it. By exploiting a panel dataset of 97 countries from 1990 to 2019, we employ the Group Fixed Effect estimator of Bonhomme and Manresa (2015) to endogenously identify groups of countries with different time-varying patterns of economic growth that, in addition, present a heterogeneous economic response to changes in natural resource wealth. Subsequently, we employ an ordered probit to characterize the identified heterogeneity, assessing the relevance of multiple institutional factors and other transmission channels. Our findings indicate that the effect of natural resources on economic growth varies significantly among groups of countries, particularly in relation to the quality of economic and political institutions, social capital, export diversification, and financial development. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; Grouped fixed effects; Heterogeneity; Institutions; Natural resources; Ordered probit. |
| JEL: | C23 O13 O43 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jau:wpaper:2024/02&r=inv |
| By: | Motta, Matt (Boston University School of Public Health); Haglin, Kathryn |
| Abstract: | Universal Basic Income (UBI) policies have the potential to promote a wide range of public health objectives – including the consumption of healthful food, reducing anxiety associated with financial stressors (e.g., bill payments), and seeing a physician when sick – by providing those who qualify with direct cash payments. One overlooked mechanism of particular importance to health researchers is the possibility that guaranteed income might increase consultation of primary and preventive care (e.g., annual doctors’ visits; regular vaccination against infectious disease) by providing people with both the time and monetary resources to do so, thereby improving general health. We remedy this shortcoming by studying the effects of an exogenous shock to Alaska’s UBI payments to all state residents: the decision in 2022 to render the dividend’s “energy relief” provisions as non-taxable (thereby increasing payments by approximately $2, 000 inflation-adjusted dollars). Quasi-experimental random effects regression modeling procedures suggest that the number of Alaskans who sought primary care post-reform (relative to beforehand) increased by 6pp, which was significantly greater than the same difference (2pp) observed across all other (non-UBI) US States (∆ = 4pp, p < 0.01). Relatedly, we detect suggestive evidence that comparatively fewer Alaskans had difficulty affording primary care during this period, although we find less consistent evidence that increased UBI payments increased flu vaccine uptake rates relative to the national average. Our results suggest that basic income policy ought to be thought about as a form of health policy, as it has the potential to advance a wide range of health objectives related to primary and preventive care. |
| Date: | 2024–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zpgn3&r=inv |
| By: | Xiwen Bai; Jesús Fernández-Villaverde; Yiliang Li; Francesco Zanetti |
| Abstract: | We study the causal effects and policy implications of global supply chain disruptions. We construct a new index of supply chain disruptions from the mandatory automatic identification system data of container ships, developing a novel spatial clustering algorithm that determines real-time congestion from the position, speed, and heading of container ships in major ports around the globe. We develop a model with search frictions between producers and retailers that links spare productive capacity with congestion in the goods market and the responses of output and prices to supply chain shocks. The co-movements of output, prices, and spare capacity yield unique identifying restrictions for supply chain disturbances that allow us to study the causal effects of such disruptions. We document how supply chain shocks drove inflation during 2021 but that, in 2022, traditional demand and supply shocks also played an important role in explaining inflation. Finally, we show how monetary policy is more effective in taming inflation after a global supply chain shock than in regular circumstances. |
| Date: | 2023–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:1033&r=inv |
| By: | Yu, Chen |
| Abstract: | This article, "Gender Inequality in the Age of AI: Predictions, Perspectives, and Policy Recommendations, " offers a comprehensive examination of the potential effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on gender inequality. It delves into the various ways AI could influence gender dynamics in the workforce, educational access, and the balance between work and caregiving responsibilities. By analyzing historical and societal norms, structural barriers, intersectionality, and the role of technology, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the root causes of gender inequality. It then presents predictions on how AI may both exacerbate and mitigate these disparities in the future. The potential benefits of AI for gender equality are weighed against the risks and challenges it poses, leading to a discussion on the necessity of ethical AI development and deployment. The article concludes with a set of policy recommendations designed to promote diversity and inclusion, establish ethical guidelines for AI systems, and invest in education. These recommendations aim to guide stakeholders towards a future where AI contributes positively to gender equality rather than reinforcing existing inequities. |
| Date: | 2024–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:5zrh9&r=inv |
| By: | Stern, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | There is growing awareness that actions by policymakers and international organizations to reduce poverty, and those to mitigate and adapt to climate change, are inextricably linked and interwoven. This paper examines relevant academic and policy literature and evidence on this relationship and explores the potential for a new form of development that simultaneously mitigates climate change, manages its impacts, and improves the wellbeing of people in poverty. First, as a key foundation, it outlines the backdrop in basic moral philosophy, noting that climate action and poverty reduction can be motivated both by a core principle based on the right to development and by the conventional consequentialism that is standard in economics. Second, it reviews assessments of the current and potential future impacts of weakly managed climate change on the wellbeing of those in poverty, paying attention to unequal effects, including by gender. Third, it examines arguments and literature on the economic impacts of climate action and policies and how those affect the wellbeing of people in poverty, highlighting the importance of market failures, technological change, systemic dynamics of transition, and distributional effects of mitigation and adaptation. Finally, the paper surveys the current state of knowledge and understanding of how climate action and poverty reduction can be integrated in policy design, indicating where further research can contribute to a transition that succeeds in both objectives. |
| Keywords: | OUP deal |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121231&r=inv |