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on International Trade |
| By: | Hlungwani, Khanimamba |
| Abstract: | The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995. Since then, trade liberalisation has been on the agenda, resulting in diverse trade agreements and a subsequent decline in import tariffs. With the decrease in import tariffs, trade is expected to increase. However, despite this trend as well as a great increase in global trade since the 1990s, certain developing countries still struggle to participate in global trade. South Africa and the European Union (EU) trade agreements have existed since 2000. This is through the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)â-later replaced by the Southern African Development Community-European Union Economic Partnership Agreement (SADC-EU EPA) in 2016. The expected result of such agreements is an improvement in trade relations and flows between the partners. Thus, it can be expected that South Africa would export more orientated products to the EU. South Africa became a net beef exporter in 2014. Trade flows for beef between South Africa and the EU, however, reveal the opposite of what was expected. Beef exports from South Africa to the EU have declined since the early 2000s. Trade patterns demonstrate that South Africa increasingly traded with countries with which it had no formal trade agreements, such as in the Middle East and East Asia. South African beef exports to the EU rapidly declined despite trade liberalisation between the two trading partners and South Africa becoming a net beef exporter. Thus, this research investigates South Africa's market access challenges in the EU. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:7b03dffc-b7a7-4c29-9ee4-c5f19da6651d |
| By: | Ngoc-Sang Pham (EM Normandie); Thanh Tam Nguyen-Huu |
| Abstract: | We investigate the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the transitional dynamics of host countries by using an optimal growth model. FDI may be beneficial for the host country because local people can work for multinational firms to get a favorable salary. However, if the host country only focuses on FDI, it may face a middle-income trap. We show that if the host country invests in research and development, its economy may have sustained growth. Moreover, in this case, FDI helps the host country only at the first stages of its development process. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.12010 |
| By: | Han Qiu; Hyun Song Shin; Leanne Si Ying Zhang |
| Abstract: | The latest firm-level network data reveal that global value chains have lengthened, although without the accompanying network densification that might indicate that supplier relationships are diversifying. Lengthening of supply chains is especially significant for supplier-customer linkages from China to the United States, where firms from other jurisdictions, notably in Asia, have interposed themselves in the supply chain. Nevertheless, these recent developments have not so far reversed the long-running trend toward greater regional integration of trade in recent decades, especially in Asia. |
| Date: | 2023–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:bisblt:78 |
| By: | Ana Aguilar; Julian Caballero; Jon Frost; Alejandro Parada |
| Abstract: | After decades of deepening economic integration, trade conflicts and geopolitical tensions have recently disrupted global trade patterns (IMF (2023a, 2023b), Qiu et al (2024)). Tariffs and non-tariff measures on goods and investment, and threats of further measures, have increased economic and trade policy uncertainty (Graph 1.A). While the focus is on tensions between the United States and China, restrictions on imports and investment have risen globally, particularly after the Covid-19 pandemic (Graph 1.B). |
| Date: | 2024–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:bisblt:94 |
| By: | Saxena, Raka; Birthal, Pratap S.; Agrawal, R. C.; Sharma, Purushottam; Paul, Balaji S.; Pant, Devesh K.; Joshi, Neha |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:349211 |
| By: | Sandambi, Nerhum |
| Abstract: | The study analyses foreign trade between Portugal and the OECD countries in the period 1980-2020. The objective, of course, is to analyse foreign trade and understand the main factors that influence foreign trade. The analysis is estimated using a gravity model, analysed using ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects and the Hausman Taylor estimator. According to the results, there is a negative impact of the real GDP of the country of origin, Portugal being in the sample, and a positive impact on the economies of the destination countries, thus being relevant for explaining trade. These results are related to the fact that most OECD countries have a significantly larger economic size than Portugal. Physical distance produced results that show a negative impact on the volume of trade transacted, so when trade is made with the countries furthest away from Portugal (with Australia, for example), the volume of trade drops to -5.60 ‘coeteris paribus’. On the other hand, the real effective exchange rate (reer) has a positive impact of 1.6. We also used some binary variables to analyse whether trade is made with a country that belongs to an economic integration zone itself, so trade made with a country in the European Union produces negative impacts, unlike the results of the binary variable MERCOSSUR, which characterises whether countries belong to this economic bloc, where there are positive impacts on trade volume when trade is made with Brazil or Argentina, for example. |
| Date: | 2025–01–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x7bes |
| By: | Rafael Queiroz Pinheiro; Alexandre Jose Germano De Abreu |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the process of deindustrialization in Latin America and the impact of China on this process. After discussing the main theoretical explanations for premature deindustrialization and presenting some empirical data on the process of deindustrialization in Latin America, this paper undertakes a novel panel data analysis to provide greater clarification on the role of China in the early deindustrialization process of Latin American countries. The findings suggest that the import of manufactured goods from China does not have a significant effect on manufacturing employment and is in fact associated with an increase, not a decrease, in the share of manufacturing value added. On the other hand, exports to China are negatively associated in this sample with the share of both manufacturing employment and manufacturing value added. This supports the view that trade with China may be a part of the explanation for deindustrialization, not through competition from Chinese manufacturers but rather through the impact on the competitiveness of primary exports and exchange rate appreciation, and that that one of the most relevant factors for deindustrialization in Latin America is related to the Dutch disease. |
| Keywords: | Industrialization; Deindustrialization; International Trade; South-South Cooperation; Economic complexity. |
| JEL: | F16 F14 O14 O54 O53 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03672025 |
| By: | Danziger, Eliav (Simon Fraser University); Danziger, Leif (Ben Gurion University) |
| Abstract: | We study how demand uncertainty affects risk-neutral firms' number of export destinations when uncertainty is resolved after firms choose their export destinations and output. We show that firms' ability to allocate their output across destinations in response to destination-specific shock realizations provides even risk-neutral firms an incentive to export. Without appealing to firm-country heterogeneity or increasing marginal cost, our framework can explain why firms export to some but not all ex-ante indistinguishable destinations. We also show how, for a given firm productivity, the optimal number of export destinations depends on the correlation of shocks across the home and foreign countries. |
| Keywords: | international trade, demand uncertainty, risk-neutral firms, optimal number of export destinations |
| JEL: | F12 F61 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17619 |
| By: | Philipp M. Richter; Joschka Wanner |
| Abstract: | In this EconPol Policy Report, we assess various options for EU climate policy utilizing a quantitative trade and environment model. We investigate the EU’s 2030 emission reduction target, evaluate the impact of the newly introduced Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and analyze different climate coalitions with the EU at their core, including the recently launched “G7-led Climate Club.” We thereby assess the impact on both national and global emissions accounting for carbon leakage, on international economic competitiveness and changes in the global market shares of the EU, as well as on aggregate income gains and losses.Our findings indicate that EU climate policies do not impose substantial costs, have a limited impact on global emissions, but generate substantial gains from avoided climate damages. The only modest global emission reduction is primarily due to the EU’s relatively small share in global emissions and carbon leakage in response to its climate policy. Our analysis demonstrates that the CBAM reduces, but does not entirely eliminate, carbon leakage and helps prevent income losses for the EU. In contrast to the low average costs for the EU across all scenarios, we show that the costs of climate policy are disproportionately borne by resource-rich countries. Achieving significant global emission reductions will require a climate coalition. However, our findings suggest that relying solely on a “G7-led Climate Club” is insufficient for the necessary global emission reductions. This underscores the need to foster a comprehensive global coalition. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpr:_53 |
| By: | Francisco Cabrera-Hernandez (Department of Economics, CIDE); Mateo Hoyos (Department of Economics, CIDE); Emmanuel Chavez (Department of Economics, CIDE) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of import competition on educational attainment in Mexico, emphasizing its effects through labor market dynamics. Using China's entry into global trade markets as a source of exogenous variation, we implement a shift-share approach to measure regional exposure to Chinese imports and employ a staggered difference-in-differences estimation strategy—marking a novel contribution to the China Shock literature. Our analysis reveals that import competition negatively affected educational outcomes, increasing dropout rates and the proportion of students falling behind their normative grade. These outcomes were accompanied by sustained wage declines, particularly in the secondary and tertiary sectors. We identify a significant decline in the returns to schooling as the primary mechanism explaining the adverse educational effects. Our findings offer novel empirical evidence linking import competition to reduced returns to schooling. |
| Keywords: | China Shock, import competition, educational attainment, returns to schooling |
| JEL: | F14 F16 I25 I26 J24 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emc:wpaper:dte645 |
| By: | Valera, Harold Glenn; Ashok, Mishra; Valerien, Pede; Takashi, Yamano; David, Dawe |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of India’s export restrictions on domestic retail rice prices using a dynamic panel GARCH model. The findings suggest that export restrictions are not a sufficient condition to lower domestic prices. Export restrictions are associated with lower retail price volatility in the East Zone. Moreover, the international price transmission to a sample of Asian and African economies shows that all countries are vulnerable, but the degree and kinds of vulnerability differ. Rice exporters appear to be the most susceptible as domestic prices increase in these countries. Rice importers are also vulnerable because of price increases, but the increases are less than in countries where the private sector decides on import quantities. |
| Keywords: | Export ban, domestic rice prices, GARCH, panel data |
| JEL: | C23 E31 F13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123305 |
| By: | Douglas A. Irwin (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | In July 1991, India began to dismantle its long-standing, highly restrictive import control regime and move toward a more open economy. How were policymakers able to dislodge and replace an entrenched system with powerful vested interests behind it? Standard explanations for policy change--pressure from domestic producer interests, shifts in political power, or conditionality by international financial institutions--do not explain the dramatic transformation that took place. Instead, reform-minded technocrats persuaded political leaders to reject what had been a standard response to balance of payments pressure (import repression to avoid a devaluation) and embrace a new approach (exchange rate adjustment and a reduction of import restrictions). This paper explores the economic and political context behind the country's dramatic policy transformation. India's experience highlights the crucial link between exchange rate policy and trade policy. |
| Keywords: | India, trade reform, exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, tariffs, import licensing |
| JEL: | F13 F31 F36 N15 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp25-2 |
| By: | Omar Barbiero; Hillary Stein |
| Abstract: | This brief introduces a new methodology that quantifies how price increases at the border transmit to US consumers. The methodology allows the authors to determine the share of US consumption that would be subject to such increases and to break them down into different country and industry sources. Among other applications, the methodology enables the authors to compute the effects of various tariff plans on consumer price inflation, as tariffs effectively increase the border prices of imported goods. |
| Keywords: | tariffs; inflation; import prices; indirect imports |
| JEL: | F40 E65 E31 |
| Date: | 2025–02–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbcq:99508 |
| By: | KAWASE Tsuyoshi |
| Abstract: | In the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and in addition to geopolitical conflicts between the U.S. and China, the importance of semiconductors as a strategic commodity is rapidly increasing. Under the first term of the Trump administration, the U.S. tightened export controls on China, targeting advanced semiconductors and equipment and technologies for their development, design, and manufacture, by placing Huawei and its affiliated companies on the Entity List of the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (EAR) in 2019. Subsequently, since October 2022, the Biden administration has successively introduced more stringent and comprehensive export controls and has gradually expanded their scope mainly in order to prevent or delay China's development of artificial intelligence (AI). The analysis of the U.S. measures in this paper shows that the U.S. intends to secure its advantage over China, particularly in technologies related to the wafer process in semiconductor manufacturing. From one perspective, the U.S. measures are an industrial policy tool targeting dual-use products, which corresponds to a medium- to long-term security strategy against the backdrop of the continuing U.S.-China geopolitical tensions. The Biden administration has stated that its goal is to take “as large of a lead as possible†over China in the semiconductor technologies. This paper analyzes the U.S. regulations and explores, through the interpretation of Article 21 of the GATT (security exceptions), whether such comprehensive trade restrictions for security purposes based on a medium- to long-term framework are consistent with the WTO agreements, or whether only measures that are strict but as narrowly scoped as possible ("small yard, high fence") are permissible. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:25001 |
| By: | WATANABE Mariko |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews research on industrial policy to analyze the economic structure of friction caused by China’s overproduction. While industrial policies that enhance economies of scale can foster economic growth, they may also lead to "international market failures, " such as undermining trading partners' industries and deteriorating terms of trade, resulting in economic friction. Theoretical studies recommend achieving zero tariffs to maximize trade benefits and implementing cooperative industrial policies to address these issues. China's developmentalism aims to harness economies of scale, with evidence showing instances of market encroachment. Its extremely low prices likely reflect dynamic comparative advantages, necessitating stricter subsidy regulations and rules for fair competition. Beyond WTO rules, international frameworks are needed to distribute the benefits of economies of scale equitably and prevent their abuse of scale power. Trial uses of the new rules within CPTPP or other FTAs can help to learn how to correct the market failures and to promote unified industrial strategies to stabilize global trade relations. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:25003 |
| By: | Davide M. Coluccia; Gaia Dossi |
| Abstract: | This paper documents that out-migration promotes the diffusion of innovation from the country of destination to the country of origin of migrants. Between 1870 and 1940, nearly four million British immigrants settled in the United States. We construct a novel individual-level dataset linking British immigrants in the US to the UK census, and we digitize the universe of UK patents from 1853 to 1899. Using a triple-differences design, we show that migration ties contribute to technology diffusion from the destination to the origin country. The text analysis of patents reveals that emigration promotes technology transfer and fosters the production of high-impact innovation. Return migration is an important driver of this "return innovation" effect. However, the interactions between emigrants and their origin communities - families and neighbors - promote technology diffusion even in the absence of migrants' physical return. |
| Keywords: | age of mass migration, innovation, networks, out-migration |
| Date: | 2025–01–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2069 |
| By: | Pierre Azoulay; Shumin Qiu; Claudia Steinwender |
| Abstract: | We investigate the phenomenon of home bias in scientific citations, where researchers disproportionately cite work from their own country. We develop a benchmark for expected citations based on the relative size of countries, defining home bias as deviations from this norm. Our findings reveal that China exhibits the largest home bias across all major countries and in nearly all scientific fields studied. This stands in contrast to the pattern of home bias for China's trade in goods and services, where China does not stand out from most industrialized countries. After adjusting citation counts for home bias, we demonstrate that China's apparent rise in citation rankings is overstated. Our adjusted ranking places China fourth globally, behind the US, the UK, and Germany, tempering the perception of China's scientific dominance. |
| Keywords: | home bias, China, citations, economics of science, basic research, international spillovers |
| Date: | 2025–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2072 |
| By: | Tambunan, Alrin; Wiyono, Satrio Bagus |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the legal frameworks and practical challenges associated with immigration travel documents, including passports, visas, and emergency travel certificates. These documents play a critical role in facilitating international mobility while upholding national security and compliance with immigration laws. The study employs a normative-empirical approach to examine the issuance, use, and management of travel documents in the context of Indonesian immigration regulations and international standards such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and ICAO guidelines. Key findings reveal significant administrative barriers, legal inconsistencies, and human rights concerns, particularly for vulnerable groups like refugees and stateless individuals. The paper concludes with recommendations to enhance global collaboration, streamline administrative processes, and integrate advanced technologies for more effective travel document management. |
| Date: | 2025–01–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m2euv |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This chapter explores the impact of the Israel-Hamas war on the global economy. The war began on the 7th of October 2023. The war received global attention due to the unexpected nature of attacks on both sides. The study assessed several economic indicators using trend analysis and the Pearson correlation analysis from October 2023 to February 2024. The findings show that there was increased volatility in global financial markets, higher energy prices, decline in revenue from tourism and travels, disruption in trade and global supply chains, increase in the cost of insurance, recession risks, high inflation, rising cost for businesses and delay in business decision making. There is also evidence of spill-over of inflation and GDP shocks to other countries during the war. |
| Keywords: | Israel, Hamas, war, inflation, unemployment, tourism, financial markets |
| JEL: | O4 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123297 |
| By: | Amanda M. Countryman (Colorado State University); Anthony McDonnell (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex global challenge that negatively affects human health and has widespread economic consequences. This research investigates the economy-wide effects of AMR in humans by considering five AMR-scenarios to understand the potential global and country-level impacts of resistance. This work simulates the combined impacts of AMR-induced changes in population, healthcare costs, labour, hospitality, and tourism in a computable general equilibrium modeling framework. Findings show absolute changes in global GDP in 2050 ranging from $269 billion with better treatment of bacterial infections, to nearly $990 billion when a combined, four-part intervention approach is employed. Alternatively, results show that global GDP may decline by $1.67 trillion by 2050 with accelerated resistance. There are relatively larger potential gains for lower income countries if combined intervention strategies are pursued, which is driven by positive effects on labour, followed by tourism and hospitality. Conversely, upper-middle- and high-income countries stand to lose relatively more in terms of GDP and welfare if resistance accelerates over time as demand for hospitality and tourism declines in tandem with negative effects on labour. AMR imposes tremendous societal burdens across countries and this work highlights the potential gains that may be achieved if intervention strategies are pursued contrasted with the negative impacts that could occur with a rise in resistance. |
| Date: | 2025–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:713 |
| By: | Herbert Schuetze (Department of Economics, University of Victoria); Jen Baggs (Department of Economics, University of Victoria) |
| Abstract: | The earnings outcomes of recent immigrants to Canada are considerably below those of similarly skilled native-born workers and these gaps rarely fully dissipate over time. A few recent studies examine the importance of unobserved firm-level wage premiums in explaining immigrant-native wage gaps. These studies find that the sorting of immigrants into low wage establishments explains a significant portion of the initial earnings gap between immigrants and native-born workers and that movements to higher wage firms over time partially explains why immigrant wages catch up to those of the native born. Likely due to a lack of detailed information on firm attributes, very little is known about the role of observed firmlevel characteristics in immigrant wage outcomes. This paper focuses on the relationship between observable establishment-level characteristics and the relative wage outcomes of immigrants using linked Canadian employee-employer data from Statistics Canada’s Workplace and Employment Survey (WES) for 2005. We augment a human capital model with a rich set of observed establishment-level characteristics to identify the precise establishment attributes driving firm-specific wage premiums and the establishment characteristics associated with unobserved worker-firm match quality across immigrants and the native born. We find that, while several observed establishment characteristics are associated with firm pay premia, the average skill level of employees at a firm plays a particularly important role in the sorting of immigrants across establishment. Recent arrivals to Canada are sorted into establishments with lower average skill levels, which is associated with lower wages. Such sorting is concentrated among immigrants from non-traditional source countries. With time in Canada, immigrants move to establishments with higher average skill levels. JEL Classification: J15 J31 J62 |
| Keywords: | Immigrant, wage differential, firm characteristics |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vic:vicddp:2406 |
| By: | Brian D. Varian |
| Abstract: | This study estimates effective rates of protection for 33 manufacturing industries in Victoria in 1880. It emerges that several industries received negative effective rates of protection. Overall, the effective rates of protection suggest that the magnitude of protection in late-nineteenthcentury Victoria was considerably less than in the other industrialising, settler economies of Canada and the United States—to a more pronounced degree than suggested by nominal tariff levels. The very high correlation between nominal tariffs and effective rates of protection exhibited by colonial Victoria should enhance the confidence of economic historians using the former as a proxy for the latter. |
| Keywords: | Australia, effective rate of protection, manufacturing, tariffs, Victoria |
| JEL: | F14 N67 N77 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:auu:hpaper:128 |
| By: | Georges Daw (Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté Jean Monnet Droit, Économie, Management, , LED - Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis) |
| Abstract: | In demand since time immemorial, increasingly used as intermediate consumption and at the heart of energy and digital transitions, mineral substances are vital to the functioning of economies. While all are important, not all are strategic, and even less so, critical (as lithium). The European Union depends on them. Since 2010, the European Commission has produced statistics evaluating a broad and extensible set of criticality sub-indicators integrated in a two-dimensional matrix (Supply Risk, SR, and Economic Importance, EI) and a list of critical substances based on a combination of SR and EI, updated every 3 years. This article takes a closer look at one of these dimensions, namely the EI one. Our proposed dimension, "Economic effect, EE", integrates cost of using raw materials. Articulated in coherence with EI and assessed over the most recent period, it is compared with EI for lithium. EE suggests a systematically higher criticality than EI. Lithium stands out as 4% more critical. The dynamics of its criticality, on the other hand, is non-monotonic, enriching that of EI. The article also numerically illustrates the prospective use of SR, EI and EE. In addition, an up-to-date overview of lithium (markets, uses, production costs, supply, demand, prices, stocks and trade) has been provided, both for the EU and worldwide. |
| Abstract: | Sollicitées depuis la nuit des temps, de plus en plus utilisées comme consommations intermédiaires et au cœur des transitions énergétique et numérique, les substances minérales sont vitales pour le fonctionnement des économies. Si toutes sont importantes, toutes ne sont pas stratégiques, et encore moins critiques (comme le lithium). L'Union européenne en dépend. Depuis 2010, la Commission européenne produit des statistiques évaluant un ensemble large et extensible de sous-indicateurs de criticité intégrés dans une matrice bidimensionnelle (risque d'approvisionnement, RS, et importance économique, IE) et une liste de substances critiques basée sur une combinaison de RS et d'IE, mise à jour tous les 3 ans. Cet article examine de plus près l'une de ces dimensions, à savoir celle de l'IE. La dimension que nous proposons, « Effet économique, EE », intègre le coût d'utilisation des matières premières. Articulée en cohérence avec l'IE et évaluée sur la période la plus récente, elle est comparée à l'IE pour le lithium. L'EE suggère une criticité systématiquement plus élevée que l'IE. Le lithium se distingue par une criticité supérieure de 4 %. La dynamique de sa criticité, en revanche, est non-monotone, enrichissant celle de l'IE. L'article illustre également numériquement l'utilisation prospective de SR, EI et EE. En outre, un aperçu actualisé du lithium (marchés, utilisations, coûts de production, offre, demande, prix, stocks et commerce) a été fourni, tant pour l'UE que pour le monde. |
| Keywords: | JEL classification: A10 A12 F52 F60 N54 Q31 Q32 Raw materials criticality Lithium European Commission's criticality assessments Supply risk Economic importance Economic effect |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04872358 |
| By: | Follmann, Alexander; Dannenberg, Peter; Baur, Nina; Braun, Boris; Walther, Grit; Bernzen, Amelie; Boerner, Jan; Bruentrup, Michael; Franz, Martin; Goetz, Linde; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina; Hulke, Carolin; Jaghdani, Tinoush Jamali; Krishnan, Aarti; Kulke, Elmar; Labucay, Inez; Nduru, Gilbert Mbaka; Neise, Thomas; Priyadarshini, Priya; Diez, Javier Revilla; Ruett, Johanna; Scheller, Christian; Spengler, Thomas; Sulle, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | Global and regional agri-food value chains feed societies and are an income source for hundreds of millions of farmers around the world. They are also target areas for action to achieve a global sustainability transformation. Agri-food chains are highly vulnerable in the context of multiple crises, including the global environmental crisis, geopolitical fragmentation, armed conflicts and wars, and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures to increase chain resilience are widely discussed; however, some such measures contradict sustainability measures. While there has been considerable research on the sustainability and resilience of agri-food chains, few studies have integrated both perspectives or outlined potential synergies and trade-offs. Therefore, this interdisciplinary literature review sketches possible contours for a synthesized research agenda on sustainability and resilience for agri-food chains during multiple crises. We argue that such an agenda should include, amongst others, • a more differentiated and critical perspective on the importance of value chain characteristics and developments (e.g., power structures, capabilities, up- and downgrading, and the borders of chain internalities and externalities) • a more comprehensive perspective that includes global and regional contexts and relations (e.g., whole-chain perspectives that integrate agro-input supply) • an actor-oriented approach that interrogates aspects of inequality, cost-sharing, and the potential benefits of sustainability and resilience for different actors along a value chain (i.e., sustainability and resilience for whom?) |
| Keywords: | agriculture; global production networks; global value chains; resilience; supply chains; sustainability |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–12–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126949 |
| By: | van der Pijl, Willem |
| Abstract: | In a rapidly growing global shrimp industry, Bangladesh’s shrimp sector faces fierce competition from much larger producers such as Ecuador, India, and Vietnam. One of Bangladesh’s challenges is that it is overdependent on Europe's fragmented hotel, restaurant, and catering (HoReCa) segment and ethnic retail markets, where it exports 88 percent of its output. This market is highly price-driven and limited in size. However, Bangladesh’s exporters have no or only limited access to retail markets in the European Union (EU), the United States (US), or other markets that source black tiger shrimp due to a lack of high-quality products, a lack of Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) and Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) certification, negative market perception of the country’s shrimp, and a lack of promotional activities. As a result of the increased competition and restricted market access, Bangladesh’s exporters and farmers are experiencing spiraling prices, and their future activities are at risk. Diversifying its markets should help the industry increase demand and get better prices for the products it exports. This brief explores the current market position of Bangladeshi shrimp and what the country can do to diversify its markets. Promotion is key, but not to consumers. Business-to-business (B2B) shrimp buyers worldwide must view Bangladesh as a reliable source of competitive, high-quality, sustainable shrimp. |
| Keywords: | diversification; exports; farmers; market demand; shrimp culture; Bangladesh; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:163630 |
| By: | Ceballos, Francisco; Heckert, Jessica; Hernandez, Manuel A.; Paz, Florencia |
| Abstract: | Migration is a recurrent global phenomenon that has rapidly increased over the past decades. As of 2020, there were 281 million international migrants (equivalent to 3.6 percent of the global population), a 27 percent increase compared to the 221 million in 2010 (UN DESA 2020). Even though COVID-19 slowed international migration (McAuliffe and Triandafyllidou, 2022), it is quickly returning to pre-pandemic levels. Approximately half of migrants are men, and a third are youth (15-24 year olds). Western Europe and the United States receive the most international migrants, and most migrants originate from rural areas, which receive around 40% of international remittances (Food and Agriculture Organization 2018). Domestically, there were around 763 million of internal migrants as of 2013, equivalent to around 12 percent of the global population (United Nations Population Division, 2013). Whether international or domestic, a large share of migrants is forced to leave their homes due to multiple reasons that include socioeconomic, climatic, and conflict factors, which may also act as compound shocks (Piguet et al., 2011; Josephson and Shively, 2021), such that migration similarly represents an important adaptation strategy that can help improve livelihoods, build resilience, and protect against fragility (Hernandez et al., 2023). |
| Keywords: | migration; women's empowerment; gender; livelihoods; resilience |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:168433 |
| By: | Panle Jia Barwick; Hyuk-Soo Kwon; Shanjun Li; Nahim B. Zahur |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicle (EV) battery costs have declined by more than 90% over the past decade. This study investigates the role of learning-by-doing (LBD) in driving this reduction and its interaction with two major government policies – consumer EV subsidies and local content requirements. Leveraging rich data on EV models and battery suppliers, we develop and estimate a structural model of the global EV industry that incorporates heterogeneous consumer choices and strategic pricing behaviors of EV producers and battery suppliers. The model allows us to recover battery costs for each EV model and quantify the extent of LBD in battery production. The learning rate is estimated to be 7.5% during our sample period after controlling for industry technological progress, economies of scale, input costs, and EV assembly experience. LBD magnifies the effectiveness of consumer EV subsidies and drives cross-country spillovers from these subsidies. Upstream battery suppliers capture only a minor share of LBD’s economic benefits, and consumer EV subsidies correct for the under-provision of learning and improve social welfare. China’s local content requirement helps domestic suppliers gain a competitive advantage at the cost of consumers and foreign suppliers but would have harmed domestic welfare if delayed by five years. |
| JEL: | F13 L0 L52 L62 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33378 |
| By: | Antonina Levashenko (Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation); Maria Girich (Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation) |
| Abstract: | The subject of this research study is the legal relations related to the regulation of «landing» foreign digital platforms in the EAEU countries, including an assessment of whether that requirements create barriers for companies located in different EAEU countries. The relevance of the study is based on the fact that Russia and Kazakhstan have introduced «landing» requirements for digital platforms. At the same time, these practices of foreign companies may in some cases create a non-tariff barrier. The aim of the study is to analyze the legislation at the supranational level and at the level of the EAEU member states on the regulation of requirements for «landing» foreign digital platforms, to compare the approaches in the EAEU countries with those of foreign countries, and to develop proposals on how to «mitigate» such a barrier. The research methodology is based on the application of methods of logical, systemic and comparative analysis using Russian and foreign legal acts, analytical materials of competent authors and international organizations. To achieve the purpose, the following objectives are expected to be achieved: - comparing the approaches of the EAEU countries in regulating the requirements for landing foreign companies; - assessing the compatibility of this requirement with the EAEU Treaty, including the barriers to the free opening of enterprises; - comparing the approaches of foreign countries (EU, Turkey, etc.) with the EAEU countries in terms of «landing» requirements. As a result, the study provides the proposals for the Eurasian Economic Commission to solve the problem of application the requirements for «landing» foreign digital platforms by the EAEU countries. This study's research perspective centers on improving legislation of the Union in terms of developing recommendations for the EAEU countries to introduce requirements for «landing» of foreign companies. Such recommendations are necessary to ensure that the process of «landing» does not entail significant administrative and financial costs for platforms in the EAEU and does not create barriers within the Union. The study is based on the materials of the research work carried out in accordance with the state order of the Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for 2024. |
| Keywords: | digital economy, EAEU, platform landing, foreign platforms, EAEU legislation, EEC |
| JEL: | K24 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:alq:wpaper:2024_1 |
| By: | Acosta, Manuel; Coronado, Daniel; Medina, Jennifer |
| Abstract: | This paper explores three novel research questions. First, is an increase in the number of countries involved in ownership of a co-patent an effective way to enhance patent quality? Second, if the objective is to raise patent quality, which are the right countries to collaborate with? And third, does cooperation with partners located in a tax haven affect patent quality? The empirical methodology relies on forward citations as an indicator of quality, and patent co-ownership as a measure of international collaboration. We estimated several count models with a sample of 143, 479 pharmaceutical patents (patent families). Our econometric findings show that, first, the average effect of international collaboration is a 4.9% increase in patent quality compared with those patents for which the assignees come from a single country (once we controlled for patent characteristics). When the number of countries in which the assignees are based increases, the effect of this wider collaboration on patent quality is also greater, though only for up to a maximum of five countries. Second, to produce patents of better quality, the most suitable countries with which to collaborate were found to be the United States, Switzerland, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. Finally, collaboration with firms located in a country categorized as a tax haven does not have any significant impact on patent quality. |
| Keywords: | patent quality; collaborative patent; international collaboration; pharmaceutical industry |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123322 |
| By: | Ibadoghlu, Gubad |
| Abstract: | Azerbaijan, heavily dependent on oil and gas exports, faces significant economic challenges due to fluctuations in global energy markets, declining oil revenues, rising imports, and increasing fiscal instability. This paper examines the potential impact of the Trump administration’s energy policies on global oil prices and their broader implications for Azerbaijan’s economy. While deregulation and expanded fossil fuel production in the U.S. could drive oil prices down, geopolitical uncertainties surrounding Russia, Iran, and Venezuela may offset these effects. Additionally, U.S. alignment with Saudi Arabia and OPEC+ members, combined with capital discipline in the energy sector, may constrain the anticipated increase in production. Given these dynamics, Azerbaijan must urgently implement policy reforms and economic diversification strategies to mitigate potential risks and ensure long-term financial stability. |
| Keywords: | Trump Energy Policy, Oil Prices, Azerbaijan Economy, National Energy Emergency Act, U.S. Oil Production, Global Energy Market, Fossil Fuels, Geopolitical Risks, Oil and Gas Revenues, Economic Diversification |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:309950 |
| By: | Giorgia Trasciani (LEST - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Often perceived as a threat to employment, public order and safety, immigration is still a high priority on the political agenda of the European Union Members States. However, even because conceived as a concession, little is said about the quality of reception for asylum seekers, and the respect for their rights. This work focuses specifically on the reception systems of two cities, Marseille, and Naples, and how civil society, tired of silently observing the harassment suffered by migrants, organised in order to support migrants' struggles, asking for a decent service of reception and integration. Based on semi-structured interviews with local social movements, associations and different members of civil society, this work aims to shed light on acts of solidarity that take place daily in our cities, contrasting the selective migration policy and the increasingly privatised service of reception promoted by national public authorities. |
| Keywords: | Popular Control, Social movement, Migration, Human rights NGO |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04882839 |