nep-int New Economics Papers
on International Trade
Issue of 2024‒10‒21
thirty-two papers chosen by
Luca Salvatici, Università degli studi Roma Tre


  1. FIW-PB 64 Regional Trade Agreements: What Do We Know and What Do We Miss? By Mario Larch; Yoto V. Yotov
  2. Immigrants, Imports, and Welfare: Evidence from Household Purchase Data By Brett McCully; Torsten Jaccard; Christoph Albert
  3. Multinational networks and trade participation By Paola Conconi; Fabrizio Leone; Glenn Magerman; Catherine Thomas
  4. Estimating the Impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment on Telecommunications Penetration Rates By Jiang, Peter
  5. Optimal Trade Policies and Labor Markets By Yan Bai; Dan Lu; Hanxi Wang
  6. Chinese exports to Central Asia after Russia's invasion of Ukraine By Hurskainen, Henna
  7. The Future of Dispute Resolution in International (Agricultural) Trade By Sheldon, Ian; Chow, Daniel C.K.
  8. China's direct investment in Indo-Pacific: A quantitative assessment By Bajo-Rubio, Oscar; Zhou, Jing
  9. Trade-gender alignment of international trade agreements: insufficiencies and improvements By Chi, Manjiao; Yin, Zhiyuan
  10. Bilateral Invoicing Currency, Value-Added in Imports, and Exchange Rate Pass-Through By Fabien Rondeau; Yushi Yoshida
  11. Cross-Border Shopping: Evidence and Welfare Implications for Switzerland By Ariel Burstein; Sarah M. Lein; Jonathan Vogel
  12. Competition and the Gender Pay Gap: Evidence from the Russian Trade Withdrawal By Margarita Pavlova
  13. Taiwan’s Regulations on Economic Exchanges with China and China’s Responses: Implications for China and Taiwan’s accession to the CPTPP (Japanese) By ITO Shingo; KAWAKAMI Momoko
  14. Comparative analysis of four advanced single windows in Asia: Hong Kong, China; Japan; Republic of Korea and Singapore By Koh, Jonathan
  15. EU consumption's hidden link to global deforestation caused by mining By Luckeneder, Sebastian; Giljum, Stefan; Maus, Victor; Sonter, Laura J.; Lenzen, Manfred
  16. Trade, Innovation and Firm Financing By Paul Bergin; Ling Feng; Ching-Yi Lin
  17. Misconceptions about US trade deficits muddy the economic policy debate By Maurice Obstfeld
  18. Economic Sanctions: Stylized Facts and Quantitative Evidence By Felbermayr, Gabriel; Morgan, T. Clifton; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yotov, Yoto
  19. Estimating the Regional Welfare Impact of Tariff Changes: Application to the United States By Robert C. Feenstra; Chang Hong
  20. Paperless trade system of the Republic of Korea: an analysis of the UNIPASS and uTradeHub single windows By Koh, Jonathan
  21. Migrants from a Different Shore: Earnings and Economic Assimilation of Immigrants from China in the United States By Fang, Tony; Hsu, Mei; Lin, Carl
  22. The Supply Chain Due Diligence Act: Options for action for German co-determination actors and trade unions By Zimmer, Reingard
  23. Globalization in Lifelong Gender Inclusive Education for Structural Transformation in Africa By Simplice A. Asongu; Jean R. F. K. Bouanza; Peter Agyemang-Mintah
  24. The National Security Exception at the WTO: should it just be a matter of when members can avail of it? What about how? By Pinchis-Paulsen, Mona Paulsen; Saggi, Kamal; Mavroidis, Petros C.
  25. What’s Across the Border? Re-Evaluating the Cross-Border Evidence on Minimum Wage Effects By Priyaranjan Jha; David Neumark; Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez
  26. Social Integration and Perceptions of Racism among Chinese Immigrants in France: Findings from the Chinese Immigrants in the Paris Region (ChIPRe) Study By Merli, M. Giovanna
  27. Priorities of local OTT platforms' internationalization strategies By Nam, Jinyoung; Jung, Yoonhyuk
  28. The Relationship between Social Capital and Migrant Integration, Ethnic Diversity, and Spatial Sorting By Matthew Roskruge; Jacques Poot
  29. Assessment of the influence of Institutions and Globalization on environmental pollution for Open and Closed economies By Bright A. Gyamfi; Divine Q. Agozie; Ernest B. Ali; Festus V. Bekun; Simplice A. Asongu
  30. Plague, war, and exodus? The effects of desert locust swarms on migration intentions in Yemen By Yashodhan Ghorpade
  31. Bilateral Invoicing Currency Ratios: A methodology to calculate them from unilateral invoicing currency ratios By Yushi Yoshida; Fabien Rondeau
  32. Estimating the wage premia of refugee immigrants By Christopher F. Baum; Hans Lööf; Andreas Stephan; Klaus F. Zimmermann

  1. By: Mario Larch; Yoto V. Yotov
    Abstract: Abstract:Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are a widespread and common tool to facilitate trade of goods and services between countries. While they targeted originally goods trade and mainly tariffs, today, RTAs are much more comprehensive, covering also services and going far beyond eliminating tariffs by harmonizing non-tariff measures and agreeing on policies in a wide area of fields, such as foreign investments, labour markets, protection of intellectual property rights, and the environment. In this policy brief, we first discuss the current state of knowledge concerning the quantification of the effects of RTAs on international trade, and then highlight shortcomings of the standard approach to measure the impact of RTAs opening up potential avenues for future research and policy work in this area.
    Keywords: international trade, exports, Non-Tariff-Measures, Regional trade agreements
    Date: 2024–10
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wsr:pbrief:y:2024:m:10:i:64
  2. By: Brett McCully (Collegio Carlo Alberto); Torsten Jaccard (Vancouver School of Economics); Christoph Albert (Collegio Carlo Alberto)
    Abstract: Do immigrants make goods from their origin country more accessible to their non-immigrant neighbors? We augment U.S. grocery scanner data to include the origin country of both households and products, thereby enabling the first direct estimate of how local immigrant presence affects import penetration. Using a quantitative model of trade, we show that immigrants increase the grocery import expenditure share by 8%. Three quarters of this effect is attributable to immigrants’ own disproportionate preferences for imported goods. Immigrants therefore raise import expenditures primarily through their own consumption, with muted benefits for their non-immigrant neighbors. The benefits that do accrue to natives are concentrated within high-income and urban households.
    Keywords: Import demand, immigrant preferences, household heterogeneity, spillovereffects
    JEL: F22 J31 J61 R11
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2417
  3. By: Paola Conconi (University of Oxford, CEP, CESifo and CEPR); Fabrizio Leone (Université Libre de Bruxelles (ECARES) and CESifo.); Glenn Magerman (Université Libre de Bruxelles (ECARES), CESifo and CEPR); Catherine Thomas (London School of Economics, CEP, CESifo and CEPR)
    Abstract: This paper provides a novel explanation for the dominant role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in international trade: after being acquired by an MNC, firms face lower trade frictions in and around the network of countries in which their parent has a presence. We provide a model of firms’ export and import choices that isolates “MNC network effects” from other channels through which multinational ownership can affect trade participation. We bring the model to the data by combining rich information on the universe of Belgian firms and on MNCs’ global networks. We find that acquired firms are more likely to start trading with countries that belong to—or that are exogenously added to—their parental network. Network effects extend beyond MNC boundaries and dominate traditional firm-level channels in explaining affiliates’ entry in new markets. Our analysis suggests that the growth rate of acquired firms is more than twice as large as that of the median domestic firm due to MNC network effects.
    Keywords: Multinational Firms, International Business, Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis.s
    JEL: F23 D22
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202409-456
  4. By: Jiang, Peter
    Abstract: This research examines the effects of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (CFDI) on fixed broadband and mobile cellular penetration rates using panel data from the "China Global Investment Tracker, " a dataset of publicly available CFDI transactions from 2005 to 2023. As CFDI grows to pre-COVID-19 levels, its impact on penetration rates may be influenced by the Chinese government's preferential treatment for its state-owned enterprises (SOE) and telecommunications companies. Policy makers interested in FDI liberalization would benefit from understanding the distinct consequences of FDI from different sources. Through panel data analysis, this paper estimates that CFDI has a positive relationship with fixed broadband subscriptions and a negative relationship with mobile cellular subscriptions. This paper also explores potential explanations for these trends and their policy implications.
    Keywords: Foreign direct investment, China, Telecommunications, Broadband, Cellular, Panel data
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb24:302525
  5. By: Yan Bai; Dan Lu; Hanxi Wang
    Abstract: We provide a general formula for optimal unilateral policies in multi-sector, general-equilibrium Ricardian models with various widely adopted labor market specifications. Sector-specific tariffs are summarized by a matrix of partial supply elasticities and the share of Home’s import in foreign incomes, reflecting Home’s import market power. Sector-specific export taxes depend on trade elasticities and Home’s market share in foreign consumption, reflecting Home’s export market power. Home imposes higher tariffs or export taxes on sectors with larger market powers. We apply the general formula to specific cases: perfectly mobile labor, imperfectly mobile labor across sectors, Ricardian-Roy models, and inefficient labor markets.
    JEL: F13 F16
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32919
  6. By: Hurskainen, Henna
    Abstract: This paper looks at the development of Chinese exports to Central Asian countries after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The analysis, which relies on export data from China to Asian countries at a general product level, shows that China's exports to Central Asia have significantly increased since the start of the war. In particular, exports to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan have increased significantly. The analysis focuses on exports in Harmonized System (HS) categories 84, 85, 87, and 90. Many of the products sanctioned by the West in trade with Russia belong to these categories, but the categories also include many non-sanctioned products. Although the value of China's exports to Central Asia is still smaller than direct trade with Russia, China's exports - especially to Kyrgyzstan - have seen dramatic increases in the HS 84, 85, 87, and 90 categories. Along with the export growth from China to Central Asia, exports in these categories from Central Asia to Russia have also increased significantly.
    Keywords: China, Central Asia, Russia, exports
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitb:303041
  7. By: Sheldon, Ian; Chow, Daniel C.K.
    Abstract: In a forthcoming paper, Chow and Sheldon (2024) conclude that US challenge(s) to Canada’s dairy tariff rate quotas (TRQs), under the US-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) preferential trade agreement’s (PTA) dispute resolution mechanism, are really a “fuss about nothing”, and no more than a response to lobbying by its dairy industry. However, this conclusion misses the possibility that the United States, in its enthusiasm for using the USMCA mechanism, is revealing a key component of its approach to settlement of trade disputes. In this context, the current paper focuses on answering two related questions: (i) are proponents of reviving the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Appellate Body acting in the vain hope of securing US support for its reform; and (ii), has the United States irrevocably moved on by creating and using parallel dispute resolution mechanisms in US-led PTAs, that can be used to revolve WTO-type disputes as well as specific PTA disputes?
    Keywords: Dairy Farming, International Relations/Trade
    Date: 2024–06–01
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:345095
  8. By: Bajo-Rubio, Oscar; Zhou, Jing
    Abstract: We provide in this chapter a quantitative assessment of the global effects, i.e., the effects on the countries concerned, as well as on mainland China, the European Union, the United States and the rest of the world, following an increase of Chinese direct investment in the Indo-Pacific region. The empirical methodology makes use of a Computable General Equilibrium model, which allows obtaining the consequences of changes in a particular variable on the whole economy under analysis, together with the specific effects across the different productive sectors. The results show that an increase in Chinese direct investment would have a mostly positive and significant effect on the GDP levels of the Indo-Pacific countries, especially in Pakistan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and India; and, to a lower extent, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Thailand. These results were mostly driven by increases in consumption, since investment fell in almost all cases. The effects on the other world regions proved to be very small.
    Keywords: Direct investment, China, Indo-Pacific, Computable General Equilibrium
    JEL: C68 F21 F23
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1498
  9. By: Chi, Manjiao; Yin, Zhiyuan
    Abstract: There is a growing call for gender equality in international trade. Enhancing trade-gender alignment of international trade agreements (ITAs) is a major way to make ITAs gender-responsive. In recent years, an increasing number of gender provisions have been incorporated in ITAs, which can be roughly categorized in four major types from normative perspective: declaratory, aspirational, obligatory, and exceptive. While these provisions help draw attention to gender issues associated with international trade and investment, their normativity, enforceability and effectiveness remain at an insufficient level in general. Given the sensitivity and complexity of gender issues in many states, it seems unrealistic and undesirable to transform ITAs into a major discourse for states to address gender concerns, but it still makes sense to enhance trade-gender alignment of ITAs. This impliedly calls for incorporating larger number and more types of gender provisions in ITAs, enhancing their normativity and enforceability through suitable means, and harmonizing national gender laws and ITA gender provisions to create synergies for pursuing gender equality.
    Keywords: compliance; gender equality; gender-trade alignment; international trade agreements; normativity
    JEL: J1
    Date: 2024–07–31
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125392
  10. By: Fabien Rondeau (Univ Rennes, CNRS, CREM – UMR6211, F-35000 Rennes France); Yushi Yoshida (Shiga Unversity)
    Abstract: The theoretical model a la Amiti, Itskhoki, and Konings (2014, AER) suggests that the inclusion of exporters’ market share and import intensity in the exchange rate pass-through regression is sufficient to reflect the underlying deep parameters. We suggest using value-added by importing and other countries and invoicing currency ratio as proxies for the import intensity measure. By examining 33 exporting countries and 13 importing countries for 18 industries between 1995 and 2018, our results show that exchange rate pass-through decreases for industries with a higher contribution of the other country’s value-added. Moreover, we find that a higher US dollar invoicing ratio decreases the exchange rate pass-through.
    Keywords: Exchange Rate Pass-through, Global Value Chains, Invoicing Currency, Market Share, Value-Added by Importers.
    JEL: F14 F61
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2024-09
  11. By: Ariel Burstein; Sarah M. Lein; Jonathan Vogel
    Abstract: Consumers access foreign goods by purchasing them domestically or shopping abroad. We present new facts on cross-border shopping by Swiss households showing, for example, that prices of identical products are lower in neighboring countries, cross-border shopping shares fall with distance to the border, and price gaps and cross-border shopping shares rose following the 2015 Swiss Franc appreciation. We use a simple model of cross-border shopping to quantify how variation across space in cross-border shopping results in heterogeneous changes in cost-of-living in response to changes in international prices such as the 2015 Swiss Franc Appreciation and the 2020 Covid-19-related closing of the border.
    JEL: E31 F10 F41 F60
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33006
  12. By: Margarita Pavlova
    Abstract: In 2014, Russia imposed an import embargo on selected goods, effectively reducing trade flows and decreasing import competition across several industries. In this paper, I analyze the effect of this decrease in product market competition on the gender pay gap in Russia. This research complements the body of evidence which implies that increases in product market competition lead to lower gender pay gaps. The empirical analysis relates 2011-2019 industry-specific gender wage gaps estimated from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to the industry-level evolution of import penetration. The results show that a 10 percentage point reduction in import competition leads to an increase of about 4 percentage point in gender pay gap. This increase is smaller in magnitude than the effect found in the US but larger than that observed in some Eastern European countries. This phenomenon partly corresponds to an exacerbation of the gender employment gap driven primarily by high-skilled women leaving industries where import shares, and consequently competition, declined.
    Keywords: Gender Pay Gap, Product Market Competition, Russia, Sanctions
    JEL: J71 F14 F51
    Date: 2024–08
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp788
  13. By: ITO Shingo; KAWAKAMI Momoko
    Abstract: China and Taiwan are WTO members and have signed the ECFA (a de facto FTA). However, Taiwan has placed numerous trade and investment restrictions on China, primarily due to national security and industrial development concerns. China claims that these restrictions violate WTO rules but avoids seeking dispute resolution through the WTO on the grounds of the “one-China principle.†Instead, China has offered economic incentives to gain the support from Taiwanese companies and citizens but has largely failed to do so due to the heightened awareness of the negative effects of economic integration with China among the Taiwanese people and the long-standing incumbency of the DPP administration. In response, China has recently increased pressure on Taiwan through various “economic sanctions.†To do so, China imposed sanctions within the bilateral framework of the ECFA rather than through the WTO to avoid the internationalization of the Taiwan issue. In 2021, China and Taiwan applied for CPTPP membership, but China opposed Taiwan’s entry unless the Taiwanese government recognized the one-China principle, making China’s involvement in Taiwan’s accession process a critical element. This paper identifies justifications for Taiwan’s cross-strait economic restrictions, Taiwanese society’s tolerance for opening its economy to China, and the extent to which cross-strait exchanges are regulated under CPTPP rules as central agendas regarding the process.
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:24021
  14. By: Koh, Jonathan
    Abstract: The establishment of a single window is a crucial step in the move towards paperless trade, generating significant savings in time and money for companies as well as the different public bodies involved in foreign trade. Under the Trade Facilitation Agreement of the World Trade Organization, which entered into force in 2017, all the Organization’s members committed to maintaining or establishing a single window. Asia is home to some of the world’s largest trading economies and to several of the most advanced single windows. This report analyses and compares the main functionalities of four: those of Hong Kong, China; Japan; the Republic of Korea and Singapore. The experience of these economies offers important insights for policymakers in Latin America and the Caribbean, where single windows are generally at a much earlier stage of development. Of particular interest is the inclusion in advanced single windows in Asia of several functionalities aimed at internationalizing micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises, including by facilitating their participation in e-commerce.
    Date: 2024–09–13
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:80668
  15. By: Luckeneder, Sebastian; Giljum, Stefan; Maus, Victor; Sonter, Laura J.; Lenzen, Manfred
    Abstract: The integration of metals and minerals into global supply chains leads to mining impacts that manifest far from the location of final consumption. To address these distant impacts, new legal frameworks are emerging that require companies to exercise due diligence across their entire supply chains. However, accurately quantifying local mining impacts and tracing them from production to consumption remains challenging. This study examines global flows of forest loss within mine sites from 2001 to 2019, with a focus on final demand in the European Union. By integrating satellite imagery with a multi-region input-output framework, we find that 12% of global forest loss caused by mining is linked to EU consumption, with 89% of these impacts occurring outside EU borders. The study identifies variations in impact intensities across global mining areas, commodities, and European industry sectors, offering actionable strategies and highlighting challenges for responsible material sourcing in consumer and producer regions.
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:67247598
  16. By: Paul Bergin; Ling Feng; Ching-Yi Lin
    Abstract: While the trade literature has tended to view export activity and innovation as complementary activities, we present evidence that financial constraints are a reason the two activities can act as substitutes for small exporters. In particular, we find that small exporters have lower expenditure on R&D than comparable non-exporters, and we find a corresponding pattern in the leverage ratio of the capital structure of small firms. A model that combines firm decisions regarding the amount of innovation, exporting, and endogenous financial capital structure is able to account for these empirical findings. The model implies that small firms are unable to fully reap the gains from exporting due to financial constraints, as they reduce R&D to finance the costs of export participation.
    JEL: E44 F41 G32
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32904
  17. By: Maurice Obstfeld (Peterson Institute for International Economics)
    Abstract: The distrust of openness to the global economy shared by Republican and Democratic leadership derives in part from a faulty premise that persistent US trade deficits have been imposed on the United States by foreign countries and have contributed significantly to US deindustrialization. In fact, the deficits have important domestic sources, and the main drivers of US manufacturing employment decline lie elsewhere. Two theories that blame foreign countries for deficits hold that deficits arose from unfair competition by trade partners or from a "global savings glut." The author says the first theory is wrong, the second is incomplete, and economic isolationism is not a solution. Trade and current account deficits result generally from an economy's collective decisions to save and invest. Freer trade does not necessarily raise investment more than saving, and an investment-driven deficit is likely positive for the economy. The years 1998–2001 during and after the Asian financial crisis led to the dollar appreciating and a rise in the US deficit, consistent with the global saving glut theory. But subsequently in the 2000s, foreign capital was not pushed into the United States from abroad; rather it was pulled and the dollar depreciated. The causes were easy financial conditions, a housing bubble, and strong US consumption--trends that ended in a financial crisis. Understanding this history is essential if the United States is to avoid destructive protectionism and other harmful economic policies.
    Date: 2024–08
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb24-7
  18. By: Felbermayr, Gabriel (Vienna University & WIFO); Morgan, T. Clifton (Rice University); Syropoulos, Constantinos (Drexel University & CESifo); Yotov, Yoto (Drexel University & CESifo)
    Abstract: The remarkable increase in the use of economic sanctions as a coercive tool of foreign policy over the past quarter century has been accompanied by an equally rapid growth in the number of academic and policy studies. We review recent work in this area. We start by highlighting stylized facts from the Global Sanctions Database, the most comprehensive macro source of information on sanction regimes. We then review the growing empirical literature on the effects of sanctions on economic outcomes with a special focus on trade. Finally, based on the evidence, we discuss open conceptual questions and the direction of future work in the area of sanctions.
    Keywords: Economic Sanctions; Data; Stylized Facts; Quantitative Evidence
    JEL: F13 F51 H59 N40
    Date: 2024–08–15
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:drxlwp:2024_012
  19. By: Robert C. Feenstra; Chang Hong
    Abstract: We propose an empirical method using a translog expenditure function to estimate the regional welfare impact of changes in import tariffs, and we apply this method to the United States. Tariff revenue is assumed to be distributed on a per-capita basis, so states with greater production will experience a welfare gain from tariffs on those products (due to rising producer surplus) while those with little production will lose (due to falling consumer surplus). Over 2002-17, we find that 28 states benefitted from reduced tariffs, with national welfare gains of $5.8 billion or $50 per household in 2017. These national gains were eliminated by the tariff increases after 2017, with national losses of $57 per household in 2019 and rising to $103 per household in 2022, but 25 states still gained. These estimates of the national losses from tariff increases are lower than found in other studies for the 2017-19 period, due to this study incorporating product exclusions that reduced the tariffs on certain products and also due to differences in the methods of calculation.
    JEL: F13 F14
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33007
  20. By: Koh, Jonathan
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, the concept of the single window for foreign trade has become an increasingly important item on the global trade facilitation agenda. Asia is home to some of the world’s most advanced single windows, and the Republic of Korea is among the pioneers in the transition towards a paperless trade environment. This document presents the history and main features of its dual system, composed of two interconnected single windows: UNIPASS and uTradeHub. The experience in the Republic of Korea may be useful for policymakers in Latin America and the Caribbean, where single windows are generally at a much earlier stage of development. Of particular interest is the inclusion in UNIPASS and uTradeHub of several functionalities aimed at internationalizing micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises, including by facilitating their participation in e-commerce.
    Date: 2024–09–24
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:80691
  21. By: Fang, Tony (Memorial University of Newfoundland); Hsu, Mei (National Taiwan University); Lin, Carl (Bucknell University)
    Abstract: Using data from 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. censuses, as well as the 2010 and 2019 American Community Surveys and the 1993–2019 National Survey of College Graduates, we investigate the performance of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. labor market over the past 40 years since China initiated its economic reforms and open-door policy in 1978. The results indicate that by 1990, Chinese immigrants' earnings surpassed those of immigrants from other countries, and by 2010, they exceeded the earnings of U.S.-born workers. Our Oaxaca-Blinder and Quantile decomposition analyses suggest that a significant portion of the earnings advantage held by Chinese immigrants, compared to other immigrant groups and U.S.-born workers over time, can be attributed to differences in observable characteristics, with education being the most crucial factor, both at the mean and across the earnings distribution. By employing national surveys that provide data on college graduates, we demonstrate that attaining the highest degree earned in the U.S. is associated with higher earnings for Chinese immigrants compared to all other immigrants. Furthermore, the difference in returns to U.S.-earned highest degrees can account for this earnings advantage.
    Keywords: immigration, China, the U.S., economic assimilation, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, quantile decomposition
    JEL: J31 J61 J24
    Date: 2024–08
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17251
  22. By: Zimmer, Reingard
    Abstract: [Introduction:] As is well known, globalisation has led to increased outsourcing of production, with goods being purchased in far-flung corners of the world, not least because of lower wages, weaker labour and environmental regulations and fewer controls. Such an environment is difficult for trade unions to operate and union density therefore is rather low. As a result, working conditions in the countries of the Global South (and East) are predominantly catastrophic. Due to outsourcing, companies' profit margins have increased significantly, but they are not prosecuted for labour and environmental violations in other countries (along the supply chain). In order to improve compliance with key internationally recognised human, labour and environmental rights along the value chain, the legislator has established "requirements for responsible management of supply chains for companies - above a certain size" with the Supply Chain Due Diligence Act (Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz - LkSG), the Act was passed by the German Bundestag on 11 June 2021. The aim of the legislator is to ensure that companies based in Germany fulfil their responsibility in the supply chain with regard to respect for internationally recognised human and labour rights by implementing core elements of human rights due diligence in their business activities. (...)
    Keywords: Lieferkette, Due Diligence, Globale Wertschöpfungskette, Wirtschaftsrecht, Interessenpolitik, Gewerkschaft, Deutschland
    Date: 2023
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hsiwps:303148
  23. By: Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Jean R. F. K. Bouanza (Brazzaville, Congo); Peter Agyemang-Mintah (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)
    Abstract: The present study examines the relevance of globalization in lifelong gender inclusive education for structural transformation. The focus of the research is on 41 countries in Africa using data from 2004 to 2021. The generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to assess the problem statement within the remit of interactive regressions. Gender inclusive lifelong learning is measured as gender inclusive education acquired during the three levels of education, notably: primary, secondary and tertiary inclusive education stages. Total globalization and corresponding components (social, economic and political dynamics) are employed as moderators. The attendant sub-components of economic (i.e., trade and financial) and social (i.e., interpersonal, informational and cultural) globalization are also employed for robustness purposes. The hypotheses that globalization and gender inclusive lifelong learning individually influence structural transformation are not validated. Furthermore, the hypothesis that globalization dynamics moderate lifelong gender inclusive education to promote structural transformation is also not validated. Clarification as to why the hypotheses are not validated is provided. Policy implications are discussed.
    Keywords: globalization; gender; inclusive education; structural transformation; Africa
    JEL: E60 F40 F59 D60 O55
    Date: 2024–01
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:24/013
  24. By: Pinchis-Paulsen, Mona Paulsen; Saggi, Kamal; Mavroidis, Petros C.
    Abstract: The GATT security exceptions were practically in hibernation until recently. The recent WTO disputes panel activity concerning such exceptions is characterized by a standard of review that places the accent on ‘when’ action should be taken and not so much on ‘what’ action should be taken. We see two problems with this construction. First, the ‘when’ might be a function of privileged information that those possessing it might be unwilling to divulge in a transparent manner. Second, national security is an amorphous concept, and unless we disaggregate it, it is impossible to pronounce the appropriateness of measures adopted to pursue the underlying objective. In turn, the absence of disaggregation could lead to false positives and negatives, as the same action could be pursuing essential security or providing protection to domestic players.
    Keywords: national security; W20
    JEL: K40
    Date: 2024–09–26
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121352
  25. By: Priyaranjan Jha; David Neumark; Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez
    Abstract: Dube, Lester, and Reich (2010) argue that state-level minimum wage variation correlated with economic shocks generates spurious evidence that higher minimum wages reduce employment. Using minimum wage variation within contiguous county pairs sharing a state border, they find no relationship between minimum wages and employment in the U.S. restaurant industry. Using the same research design, we show that this result is overturned if we use instead multi-state commuting zones, which provide superior definitions of local economic areas. These contrasting results are explained by a positive bias in the county-pair specification when using pairs formed by counties from different commuting zones.
    JEL: J23 J38
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32901
  26. By: Merli, M. Giovanna
    Abstract: We describe the heterogeneity of the Chinese immigrant population in France and investigate how immigrants’ diverse patterns of social integration predict perceptions of racism, using survey data and in-depth interviews collected during the COVID-19 outbreak, a period during which anti-Chinese and anti-Asian xenophobia and racism were activated. Our unique data, collected for the Chinese Immigrants in the Paris Region (ChIPRe) Study, enable a classification of Chinese immigrants at the intersection of their migration histories, socio-demographic profiles, broad social integration indicators, and attributes of their social ties that characterize distinct patterns of social interaction with co-ethnics and with the wider French society. Our classification highlights three distinct groups: an established ethnic enclave of Wenzhou Chinese, an immigrant underclass whose members arrived in France after the dismantling of China’s centrally planned economy, and successive cohorts of international students, many of whom have gained professional employment in France or intend to stay in France after graduation from institutions of higher education. These distinct immigrant profiles predict different frequencies of subjective experiences of racism that are not attributable to the conventional predictors of racism perceptions alone and add nuance to the discrepancy between conventional social integration indicators and discrimination and racism found among the main immigrant groups and their children in many European countries.
    Date: 2024–09–18
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:24zqd
  27. By: Nam, Jinyoung; Jung, Yoonhyuk
    Abstract: Digitalization is widely recognized as a pivotal force influencing the evolution of the business world and societies at large (Cortellazzo et al., 2019). Media platforms have entered foreign markets to grab new opportunities, especially for geographic and product expansion in the global market. Over-the-top (OTT) platforms focus on global expansion into diverse regions, aiming for platform expansion in the global market. Many established competitors have led to many OTT platforms including Netflix expanding internationally (Deloitte, 2018). For instance, Paramount planned to commission 150 original international programs for Paramount Plus streaming services by 2025, while Disney Plus has expanded its services in the international regions (FICDC, 2022). OTT platforms have become the main distribution and consumption channel for digital content by global users.
    Keywords: Over-the-top (OTT) platforms, Internationalization strategies, AHP analysis
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb24:302501
  28. By: Matthew Roskruge (Massey University, New Zealand); Jacques Poot (University of Waikato, New Zealand)
    Abstract: In this paper, we present evidence from quantitative research over the last decade on how the social capital of individuals in Aotearoa New Zealand is associated with birthplace and, for migrants, years since migration. We also consider the effects of spatial sorting and ethnic diversity on social capital formation. Aotearoa New Zealand has one of the highest rates of immigration in the OECD and, consequently, one of the highest shares of foreign-born individuals in the population. Additionally, the population is characterized by high ethnic diversity and a large indigenous population, with MÄ ori representing 17 percent of the population. Using several data sources, we measure social capital by focusing on participation and volunteering in a range of community activities, perceptions of safety and inclusion, and voting in elections. Regression modelling shows that, as expected, migrants have little local social capital upon arrival. However, differences between their social capital and that of native-born individuals reduce considerably as the duration of residence in Aotearoa New Zealand increases. When the migrant share in a region is larger than the national average, migrants invest less in bridging social capital. Migrant clustering within a region increases their investment in bonding social capital. Bridging activities are associated with better employment outcomes. Less than one in five respondents in the utilized survey data report discrimination, and for migrants, discrimination declines with years of residence. However, the trend in discrimination has been upward over time and particularly affects non-European migrants and persons identifying with MÄ ori and Pacific Peoples ethnicities. Residential location matters. Greater ethnic diversity is associated with the perception of a less safe neighbourhood, but individuals in ethnically diverse regions experience relatively less discrimination. Additionally, there is more involvement in elections in such regions. In contrast, greater ethnic polarisation in regions is associated with less civic engagement and more discrimination.
    Keywords: social capital, ethnic diversity, bonding, bridging, linking, immigrant integration, spatial sorting
    JEL: F22 R11 Z13
    Date: 2024–05
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2412
  29. By: Bright A. Gyamfi (Bhatewar- Udaipur, India); Divine Q. Agozie (University of Ghana, Ghana); Ernest B. Ali (University of Ghana, Ghana); Festus V. Bekun (, Istanbul, Turkey); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa)
    Abstract: As the environmental sustainability effectiveness of various political systems is taken into consideration, it is doubtful as to whether the presumption of the overall efficiency of democracy can be sustained in global governance architecture. The effectiveness of autocracies and democracies (i.e., governance indicators are compared in the present study) with reference to strengths and weaknesses in environmental objectives. This analysis explores the effect of autocracy, democracy, as well as the trend of globalization on CO2 emissions for open and closed economies from 1990 to 2020. Crucial indicators such as economic growth, renewable energy and non-renewable energy are controlled for while examining the roles of economic expansion on the disaggregated energy consumption portfolios for both open and closed economies. The empirical analysis revealed some insightful results. First, for the open economies, with the expectation of non-renewable energy which show a positive significant impact on emissions, all variables show a negative effect on emissions. Furthermore, the closed economies result indicate that, apart from renewable energy which has a negative relationship with emissions, all the variables including the interaction terms have a positive relation with emissions. However, an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis was validated for both economies.
    Keywords: Open economies, closed economies, democracy, autocracy, Environmental Kuznets Curve, globalization index, environmental sustainability
    Date: 2024–01
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:24/005
  30. By: Yashodhan Ghorpade
    Abstract: I study the effect of the 2019-21 desert locust outbreak on the intention to migrate among rural households and individuals in Yemen, as an illustration of the human mobility impacts of climate change-related shocks in a complex emergency setting. Using the first systematic household survey conducted in southern Yemen since the beginning of the ongoing conflict, I find that a one standard-deviation increase in exposure to desert locusts increases the individual willingness to migrate (internally or abroad) by 12 percentage points among rural residents.
    Keywords: Migration, Climate change, Yemen, Natural disasters, Shocks
    Date: 2024
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-51
  31. By: Yushi Yoshida (Shiga Unversity); Fabien Rondeau (Univ Rennes, CNRS, CREM – UMR6211, F-35000 Rennes France)
    Abstract: The worldwide database of invoicing currency ratios is provided by Boz, Casas, Georgiadis, Gopinath, Le Mezo, Mehl, and Nguyen (2022). However, the invoice ratios are aggregated at the country level. The invoice ratio of a country is the same for all trading partners. We suggest obtaining a bilateral invoice ratio by reverse- engineering the unilateral invoice ratios. In this note, we describe the methodology to conduct this extraction algorithm. With the bilateral trading partners’ weights, the bilateral invoicing matrix is obtained by pre-multiplying the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse to the unilateral invoicing vector.
    Keywords: invoice currency, invoicing ratio datasets, Moore-Penrose (pseudoinverse)
    JEL: F14 F31 F36
    Date: 2024–09
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2024-07
  32. By: Christopher F. Baum (Boston College); Hans Lööf (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm); Andreas Stephan (Linneaus University); Klaus F. Zimmermann (UNU-Merit Maastricht University)
    Abstract: In this case study, we examine the wage earnings of fully-employed previous refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer-employee data from 1990 onwards, about 100, 000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum are compared to a matched sample of native- born workers using coarsened exact matching. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011–2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. The RIF-quantile approach provides better insights for the analysis of these wage differentials than the standard regression model employed in earlier versions of the study.
    Date: 2024–09–16
    URL: https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:lsug24:06

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