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on International Trade |
| By: | Toptancî, Alî |
| Abstract: | Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of international trade companies in the Kurdistan Region. This is crucial evidence that the Kurdistan Region can influence the world economy and politics. The economic integration between the Kurdistan Region and Eurozone countries is the result of international companies in the Kurdistan Region in Eurozone countries; investment, production, and trade show that the international division of labor and economic integration will be more robust between the Kurdistan Region and Eurozone countries and that this economic integration can be significant in world trade. The study will examine the economic integration between the Kurdistan Region, which has recently achieved significant agricultural production and export momentum, and the Eurozone countries. Accordingly, the study states that the agricultural products produced in the Kurdistan Region will be essential for both parties politically and economically and will provide many advantages as international trade companies established in the Kurdistan Region integrate with the Eurozone countries and enter the Eurozone markets. International economic research and analyses that have been conducted for a long time indicate that international trade companies in the Kurdistan Region will strongly impact the worldwide development of economic integration with Eurozone countries. |
| Keywords: | Kurdistan Region, Eurozone, Economic Integration, Customs Union, International Trade Companies. |
| JEL: | F02 F13 F15 F23 F43 F62 F63 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120573&r=int |
| By: | Kofi Aaron A-O Agyei-Henaku; Charlotte Badu-Prah; Akua Agyeiwaa-Afrane; Ferguson K. Gidiglo; Francis Y. Srofenyoh; Justice G. Djokoto |
| Abstract: | Eastern Europe experienced a surge in trade and capital movements after the introduction of the market economy. We investigate the substitution and complementary effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in the agricultural sector in Eastern Europe. We employed panel data from 1995 to 2020 for the 23 countries and fitted these to fixed and random effects estimators. We found that inward FDI did not influence trade. Outward FDI substituted exports and trade openness in the transition countries of Eastern Europe. However, outward FDI complemented imports and trade openness in Eastern Europe. |
| Keywords: | Complement, Eastern Europe, foreign direct investment, substitute, transition economies. |
| JEL: | F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_04&r=int |
| By: | Saon Ray (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Vasundhara Thakur |
| Abstract: | The literature on backward and forward linkages in global value chains (GVCs) explores the interconnectedness of production processes across different stages and locations within the global economy. The significance of imports in value chains, however, is relatively unexplored. Recognising imports' role in bolstering exports can rejuvenate external demand and spur growth. To examine Indian imports from ASEAN, we utilise the ARDL bounds test for 2011-12 Q1 to 2020-21 Q2. The results reject the null hypothesis of no level relationship between ASEAN imports and other variables. Notably, the positive long-run coefficient of export logs suggests a favourable impact on Indian imports from ASEAN, while the negative COVID-19 dummy coefficient indicates pandemic-induced import setbacks. |
| Keywords: | Imports, exports, import demand function, COVID-19, global value chains, GVCs |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:wpaper:420&r=int |
| By: | Aquilante, Tommaso (Bank of England); Dogan, Aydan (Bank of England); Firat, Melih (International Monetary Fund); Soenarjo, Aditya (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the link between the UK’s participation in global value chains (GVCs) and inflation dynamics. Using sectoral data, we find evidence indicating that UK industries with higher proportions of imported inputs from emerging market economies (EMEs) exhibit a flatter Phillips curve. We then build a two-country model with input-output linkages and demonstrate analytically that an increased reliance on imported intermediate goods, serving as a proxy for GVCs, results in a flatter Phillips curve. Additionally, GVC integration affects inflation dynamics through the influence of cyclical forces that shape firms’ marginal costs via terms of trade fluctuations. Specifically, we highlight how the limited business cycle correlation between the UK economy and EMEs reduces the pass-through of domestic shocks to prices. |
| Keywords: | Global value chains; inflation dynamics; Phillips curve |
| JEL: | E30 E31 E32 F10 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:1060&r=int |
| By: | Tsitsi Effie Mutambara |
| Abstract: | South Africa-Africa trade was examined for 2001-2021 and results show that Africa is an important market for South Africa’s manufactured products and there is ease of market access for these products; its trade with Africa is highly complementary; and it has strong trade linkages with Africa’s regional groups. Current South Africa-Africa trade is a foundation South Africa could utilise to consolidate, broaden and strengthen its role in intra-Africa trade with the AfCFTA in place as more complementary trade opportunities emerge; markets open more and current trade linkages with regional groups strengthen as trade barriers are reduced further; and regional value chains and production clusters initiatives emerge as market access improves with new and dynamic comparative advantages emerging. |
| Keywords: | Trade complementarity, Revealed trade barrier index, Trade intensity. |
| JEL: | F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_02&r=int |
| By: | Rabah Arezki; Duong Trung Le; Ha Nguyen; Hieu Nguyen |
| Abstract: | We empirically examine how import competition affects sentiment toward China in local communities in the United States using a news-based index for sentiment. Results are threefold. First, U.S. sentiment toward China peaked in 2007 before turning negative. Second, communities more exposed to import competition from China have experienced a greater deterioration in sentiment. Third, the trade-induced U.S. sentiment toward China is broad-based, encompassing political, military, and national security issues. These findings suggest that competition over trade may have important geopolitical implications through sentiment of local communities. |
| Keywords: | import competition, sentiment, fragmentation |
| JEL: | E24 F14 F16 J23 J31 L60 O47 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11044&r=int |
| By: | Ms. Gita Gopinath; Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas; Mr. Andrea F Presbitero; Petia Topalova |
| Abstract: | Global linkages are changing amidst elevated geopolitical tensions and a surge in policies directed at increasing supply chain resilience and national security. Using granular bilateral data, this paper provides new evidence of trade and investment fragmentation along geopolitical lines since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and compares it to the historical experience of the early years of the Cold War. Gravity model estimates point to significant declines in trade and FDI flows between countries in geopolitically distant blocs since the onset of the war in Ukraine, relative to flows between countries in the same bloc (roughly 12% and 20%, respectively). While the extent of fragmentation is still relatively small and we do not know how longlasting it will be, the decoupling between the rival geopolitical blocs during the Cold War suggests it could worsen considerably should geopolitical tensions persist and trade restrictive policies intensify. Different from the early years of the Cold War, a set of nonaligned ‘connector’ countries are rapidly gaining importance and serving as a bridge between blocs. The emergence of connectors has likely brought resilience to global trade and activity, but does not necessarily increase diversification, strengthen supply chains, or lessen strategic dependence. |
| Keywords: | Trade; Foreign direct investment; Geoeconomics; Fragmentation |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/076&r=int |
| By: | Flora Haberkorn; Trang T. Hoang; Gordon Lewis; Carter Mix; Dylan Moore |
| Abstract: | In 2018, the U.S. government announced bilateral tariff increases on a number of Chinese goods. Thus began a tit-for-tat exchange of increasing bilateral tariffs between the U.S. and China until, by the end of 2019, most of the goods traded between the U.S. and China were subject to additional tariffs. In this note, we use Census and UN Comtrade data to study the effects of the 2018-19 U.S.-China tariff hikes on global trade patterns. |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2024-04-12-2&r=int |
| By: | Brühl, Volker |
| Abstract: | The economic rise of China has changed the global economy. The authors explore China's transformation from a low-cost manufacturing hub to an increasingly innovation- and service-driven economy. Major growth drivers for the period 2010-2025 are analysed, including the paradigms of "Made in China" and the "Dual Circulation Strategy". The export intensity of China's economy is declining overall, with a tendency towards greater regional diversification and a gradual decoupling from North America and the European Union. At the same time, trade and investment activities are increasingly geared to the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, labour and energy cost advantages for manufacturing operations in China are likely to diminish in the coming years, calling into question China's attractiveness as a global manufacturing hub. In this regard, the further development of regional and industrial clusters is pivotal for China to enhance its global competitiveness and remain an attractive destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the medium term. On the other hand, high productivity in science and technology and rich deposits of critical minerals put China in a favourable position in advanced industries. Important challenges include the still wide development gap between rural and urban areas, the structural mismatch in the labour market, with persistently high youth unemployment, and the race to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. |
| JEL: | F01 F14 O1 O53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:290395&r=int |
| By: | Panizzon, Marion |
| Abstract: | Extract In political economy, the factors leading a person to leave her country have received considerable attention, and diverse authors have evaluated the role played by determinants of migration differently. In their book “The ties that bind, ” David Leblang, Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia and the Director of the Batten School of Public Policy Studies, and Benjamin Helms, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at Texas A&M University, rank migration for work or to gain an education as less relevant than is widely believed. In their view, what leads people to move is the desire to participate politically, by voting, and eventually to qualify for citizenship. Disaggregated by skill level, this implies that, to attract a highly skilled migrant, the host state needs to prioritize granting access to political rights, while excessively high scores of linguistic aptitudes must be scrapped. For the lower skilled migrants too, host state politics play a role, but more passively, as in the absence of hostile, right-wing politics and corruption. About the author Marion Panizzon, Senior Research Fellow, World Trade Institute Cite Marion Panizzon, The Ties that Bind: Immigration and the Global Political Economy, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 2024;, lcae006, https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcae006 |
| Date: | 2024–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1437&r=int |
| By: | Kirsten Brew; Jessica Hanson; Ricardo Limés; Ryan Smith; Larkin Terrie |
| Abstract: | Following international guidelines, BEA statistics on bilateral U.S. direct investment abroad are compiled and presented by immediate partner economy. While this approach is well suited for many purposes, it can lead to difficulty in interpreting direct investment statistics, especially in identifying the economies that are the ultimate destinations, or hosts, of direct investment. BEA’s initial effort to produce U.S. direct investment abroad statistics by ultimate host economy (UHE), described in this paper, focused on producing statistics on equity position by UHE using six different methods to reallocate the equity position by immediate host economy. The methods are implemented using direct investment data reported on BEA’s Quarterly Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad and activities of multinational enterprises data reported on BEA’s Benchmark Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad. The paper concludes that three of the six methods merit further exploration and presents summary country and sector-level results for the selected methods. |
| JEL: | F21 F23 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bea:papers:0120&r=int |
| By: | Rabah Arezki (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, Harvard Kennedy School - Harvard Kennedy School); Ha Nguyen (International Monetary Fund (IMF)); Duong Trung Le (World Bank Group); Hieu Nguyen (WUSTL - Washington University in Saint Louis) |
| Abstract: | We empirically examine how import competition affects sentiment toward China in local communities in the United States using a news-based index for sentiment. Results are threefold. First; U.S. sentiment toward China peaked in 2007 before turning negative. Second; communities more exposed to import competition from China have experienced a greater deterioration in sentiment. Third; the trade-induced U.S. sentiment toward China is broad-based; encompassing political; military; and national security issues. These findings suggest that competition over trade may have important geopolitical implications through sentiment of local communities. |
| Keywords: | Import competition, Sentiment, Fragmentation |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:hal-04546270&r=int |
| By: | Federico Trionfetti (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Julien Jinz (Bielefeld University and Kiel Institute for the World Economy.); Matthieu Crozet (Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | The strongest empirical regularity about the exchange rate pass-through is that it is incomplete. We provide a new theoretical explanation based on the unwillingness of some firms to price discriminate between markets. These firms set a single price to all destinations and adjust it when the exchange rate shock occurs. But the adjustment is not necessarily proportional since the change in the single price affects revenues in all markets. The single price strategy also implies a “pass-around” effect: The exchange rate shock has repercussions of price changes to all export markets. The analysis of price changes operated by French exporters in different markets after the EUR/CHF shock of 2015 provides evidence in favour of our theoretical explanation. |
| Keywords: | Exchange rate pass-through, international trade, Pricing-to-market |
| JEL: | F14 F31 F61 F62 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2412&r=int |
| By: | Leif Danziger |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how a minimum wage affects a firm’s behavior with a competitive labor market and an uncertain export cost. The model provides several novel insights which are consistent with recent empirical evidence. Thus, a minimum wage increases an exporter’s foreign-market size and may cause a non-exporter to start exporting. The foreign-market size may increase so much that, although the home-market size decreases, the overall firm size increases. |
| Keywords: | minimum wage, exports, firm size |
| JEL: | J30 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10997&r=int |
| By: | Nisha Taneja (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Sanjana Joshi; Sanya Dua; Biswajit Nag; Rashmi Rastogi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the BBIN MVA can help in improving the export competitiveness of the North eastern region. Using secondary data and an in-depth primary survey a detailed examination of supply chain of two key items – pharmaceuticals and fresh and processed pineapple is undertaken to understand the impediments in the inbound and outbound supply chains. The efficiency of current supply chains is measured in terms of time and cost incurred in various stages of the supply chains and indicative costs on alternative routes are obtained to assess how the sectors could benefit and improve their export competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | BBIN MVA, Northeast Region (NER), exports, supply chain, pharmaceuticals, pineapple |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:wpaper:419&r=int |
| By: | Alessia Lo Turco (Università Politecnica delle Marche); Daniela Maggioni (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Federico Trionfetti (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | Data on EU economies show no correlation between low-skilled immigration and the skill premium. We rationalise this evidence in a model where firms face search and screening costs. Low-skilled immigration diminishes the relative benefit of screening skilled workers, leading to a decline in their relative ability within the firm and an undetermined impact on the skill premium. On region-sector and firm level data from 2008 to 2013, we find that low-skilled immigration in Italian regions has reduced skill intensity without affecting the skill premium. Using proxies for workers’ ability and screening activity, we provide supporting evidence for the theorised mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | matching, screening, skill-intensity, factor relative ability |
| JEL: | F22 J61 F16 D24 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2414&r=int |
| By: | Marijn A. Bolhuis; Hamza Mighri; Henry Rawlings; Ivanova Reyes; Qianqian Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the potential effects of geoeconomic fragmentation (GEF) in the sub-Saharan Africa region (SSA) through quantifying potential long-term economic costs. The paper considers two alternative GEF scenarios in which trade relations are fully or partially curtailed across world economies. Our quantification relies on a multi-country multi-sector general equilibrium model and takes a deep dive into the impact across SSA’s oil-rich, other resource-rich and non-resource-rich countries. The results are based on a detailed dataset including information for 136 tradable primary commodity and 24 manufacturing and services sectors in 145 countries—32 of which are in SSA. We find that under GEF, SSA could experience long-term wellfare losses of approximately 4 percent of GDP, twice the losses of the rest of the world. This strong effect results from the large losses of other resource-rich and non-resource rich countries in SSA, given their high dependence on commodity trade. However, if the world experiences a less severe GEF-induced trade disruption—a strategic decoupling—SSA countries could derive minor gains from the re-shuffling of global market supply, specially in energy products. |
| Keywords: | Sub-Saharan Africa; geoeconomic fragmentation; trade; costs; global integration; commodities; trade diversion |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/083&r=int |
| By: | Matteo Crosignani; Lina Han; Marco Macchiavelli; André F. Silva |
| Abstract: | Amid the current U.S.-China technological race, the U.S. has imposed export controls to deny China access to strategic technologies. We document that these measures prompted a broad-based decoupling of U.S. and Chinese supply chains. Once their Chinese customers are subject to export controls, U.S. suppliers are more likely to terminate relations with Chinese customers, including those not targeted by export controls. However, we find no evidence of reshoring or friend-shoring. As a result of these disruptions, affected suppliers have negative abnormal stock returns, wiping out $130 billion in market capitalization, and experience a drop in bank lending, profitability, and employment. |
| Keywords: | geopolitical risk; Export controls; decoupling; supply chains |
| JEL: | G12 F51 F38 |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:98127&r=int |
| By: | Mahajan, Parag (University of Delaware); Morales, Nicolas (Richmond Fed); Shih, Kevin Y. (Queens College, CUNY); Chen, Mingyu (IZA); Brinatti, Agostina (University of Michigan) |
| Abstract: | We study how random variation in the availability of highly educated, foreign-born workers impacts firm performance and recruitment behavior. We combine two rich data sources: 1) administrative employer-employee matched data from the US Census Bureau; and 2) firmlevel information on the first large-scale H-1B visa lottery in 2007. Using an event-study approach, we find that lottery wins lead to increases in firm hiring of college-educated, immigrant labor along with increases in scale and survival. These effects are stronger for small, skill-intensive, and high-productivity firms that participate in the lottery. We do not find evidence for displacement of native-born, college-educated workers at the firm level, on net. However, this result masks dynamics among more specific subgroups of incumbents that we further elucidate. |
| Keywords: | immigration, firm dynamics, productivity, H-1B visa, high-skilled migration |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16917&r=int |
| By: | Claudio Deiana; Ludovica Giua; Roberto Nisticò |
| Abstract: | This paper establishes a new fact about immigration policies: legalization has long-term effects on formal employment of undocumented immigrants and their assimilation. We exploit the broad amnesty enacted in Italy in 2002 together with rich survey data collected in 2011 on a representative sample of immigrant households to estimate the effect of regularization in the long run. Immigrants who were not eligible for the amnesty have a 14% lower probability of working in the formal sector a decade later, are subject to more severe ethnic segregation on the job and display less linguistic assimilation than their regularized counterparts. |
| Keywords: | undocumented immigrants, amnesty program, formal employment, discrimination, segregation |
| JEL: | J15 J61 K37 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11026&r=int |
| By: | Mishra , Ashok (Arizona State University); Valera , Harold Glenn (International Rice Research Institute); Yamano, Takashi (Asian Development Bank); Pede, Valerien (International Rice Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the impact of increased fertilizer prices under different scenarios on rice production, consumption, trade and prices. Using a global rice model based on a partial equilibrium framework, the simulation results show that a 30% to 100% increase in fertilizer prices would reduce rice yields by 0.45% to 1.33%, but increase world rice prices by 7% to 23% between 2022 and 2025. As the world market price for rice increases significantly, rice trade and rice consumption will decrease accordingly, estimated at 1.7% to 7.0% and 0.27% to 0.78%, respectively. The simulation results also show that retail prices for rice would increase significantly in all rice-consuming countries. The impact of higher fertilizer prices would vary widely in the major rice-producing countries. |
| Keywords: | rice; world prices; Asia; rice trade; food security; partial equilibrium model |
| JEL: | F51 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0724&r=int |
| By: | Stijn Broecke |
| Abstract: | While the second half of the 20th century was characterised by a growing integration of the global economy, in recent years there have been growing calls for protectionism and reshoring. At the same time, COVID-19 resulted in higher levels of remote working, which showed that many jobs could be done from anywhere and could, in theory, be offshored. The future of offshoring and reshoring is therefore highly uncertain. This document summarises some of the key issues and trends with regards to offshoring and reshoring. It then sets out a research agenda which would result in a better understanding the future of offshoring and reshoring and their impact on domestic labour markets, which would help policy makers in OECD countries plan for the changes that lie ahead. |
| Keywords: | Jobs, Offshoring, Reshoring |
| JEL: | J61 J68 J2 |
| Date: | 2024–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:308-en&r=int |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Jean (Brazzaville, Congo); Peter Agyemang-Mintah (United Arab Emirates, UAE) |
| Abstract: | The present study examines the relevance of globalization in lifelong gender inclusive education for structural transformation. The focus of the research is on 41 countries in Africa using data from 2004 to 2021. The generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to assess the problem statement within the remit of interactive regressions. Gender inclusive lifelong learning is measured as gender inclusive education acquired during the three levels of education, notably: primary, secondary and tertiary inclusive education stages. Total globalization and corresponding components (social, economic and political dynamics) are employed as moderators. The attendant sub-components of economic (i.e., trade and financial) and social (i.e., interpersonal, informational and cultural) globalization are also employed for robustness purposes. The hypotheses that globalization and gender inclusive lifelong learning individually influence structural transformation are not validated. Furthermore, the hypothesis that globalization dynamics moderate lifelong gender inclusive education to promote structural transformation is also not validated. Clarification as to why the hypotheses are not validated is provided. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | globalization; gender; inclusive education; structural transformation; Africa |
| JEL: | E60 F40 F59 D60 O55 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:24/002&r=int |
| By: | Mr. Eugenio M Cerutti; Mr. Jiaqian Chen; Martina Hengge |
| Abstract: | The rapid growth of crypto assets raises important questions about their cross-border usage. To gain a better understanding of cross-border Bitcoin flows, we use raw data covering both on-chain (on the Bitcoin blockchain) and off-chain (outside the Bitcoin blockchain) transactions globally. We provide a detailed description of available methodologies and datasets, and discuss the crucial assumptions behind the quantification of cross-border flows. We then present novel stylized facts about Bitcoin cross-border flows and study their global and domestic drivers. Bitcoin cross-border flows respond differently than capital flows to traditional drivers of capital flows, and differences appear between on-chain and off-chain Bitcoin cross-border flows. Off-chain cross-border flows seem correlated with incentives to avoid capital flow restrictions. |
| Keywords: | Crypto assets; Bitcoin; Cross-border flows; Capital flows |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/085&r=int |
| By: | Henderson, Richard; Gastelle, Jesse; Caffarelli, Peter |
| Abstract: | This report provides a breakout by mode of corn, wheat, soybeans, sorghum, and barley movements to either domestic markets or U.S. ports for export between 1978 and 2020. It is the thirteenth update of an initial modal share study completed in 1992. The purpose of this series of reports is to provide the latest information about changes and trends in the relative competitiveness and efficiency among the different transportation modes in moving grain. Estimates of the tonnages (and shares) of grain railed, barged, and trucked are developed from a variety of secondary sources. This data can be used to identify trends and implications on transportation from factors, such as changes in production volumes and commodity mix, as well as changes in the relative demand for U.S. grain for domestic purposes versus export. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uamstr:341819&r=int |
| By: | Marcus Vinicius de Freitas |
| Abstract: | China is the largest developing country. Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries. The China-Africa economic relationship has developed rapidly over the last two decades. China has increased its investment in Africa over the last four decades. Flows surged from $75 million (2003) to $5 billion (2021). This has had both positive and negative impacts on Africa. Infrastructure improvement, job creation, and overall economic growth can be listed as positive results, leading to improved connectivity, trade, and transportation in a continent where infrastructure integration has always been challenging. Creating such opportunities in Africa has supported lower unemployment rates, particularly among young people, which is fundamental in a continent that enjoys a positive demographic bonus. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb30-23&r=int |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has emerged as an important policy tool in the European Union's (EU) efforts to combat climate change and prevent carbon leakage. By putting a price on carbon emissions embedded in certain goods imported into the EU, the CBAM has the potential to impact economies worldwide, including Morocco. This policy brief examines recent CBAM developments and assesses their implications for Morocco's economy and climate change efforts. It analyzes the challenges that the Moroccan economy may face, including implications for costs, competitiveness, compliance requirements, supply chain adjustments, and increased risk exposure. The brief also highlights the opportunities available to Morocco, and the importance of implementing targeted policies, strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting capacity-building initiatives, and fostering cooperation to navigate the CBAM transition period effectively. By understanding the complexities of CBAM and adopting proactive strategies, Morocco can position itself to capitalize on the opportunities and overcome the challenges presented by this transformative policy. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb29-23&r=int |
| By: | Patrice Pieretti; Giuseppe Pulina; Skerdilajda Zanaj |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we model two-way migration as the outcome of strategic public policies adopted by competing jurisdictions. We assume that two economies, distinguished by different technological levels, host a continuum of mobile individuals with varying skill levels. To maximize their net revenues, governments compete for mobile workers by taxing wages and providing a public good that enhances firm productivity (public input). We show that the most skilled workers migrate to the technologically advanced economy. However, the government in the less technologically developed economy can retain some of its skilled workers and attract workers from abroad by offering lower taxes or more public inputs. As a result, a two-way migration pattern emerges, driven by governments’ strategic policy choices. Finally, the introduction of heterogeneity in population size does not significantly alter the results. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral migration, tax competition; heterogeneous skills, technological gap, policy competition. |
| JEL: | H20 H32 H54 H87 F22 F60 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcl:bclwop:bclwp183&r=int |
| By: | Kaya, Ezgi |
| Abstract: | Using administrative data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings linked to the 2011 Census of England and Wales, this paper explores the labour market performance of first-generation immigrants and compares it to that of UK-born employees. By focusing on various labour market outcomes and distinguishing immigrants based on their years of residence in the UK, the analysis reveals that more recent immigrants, on average, earn less, work longer hours, and are more likely to be employed in low-skilled occupations or temporary employment compared to observationally equivalent UK-born employees. However, the labour market performance of immigrants with ten or more years of residence in the UK is more comparable to that of their UK-born counterparts. These patterns are similar for males and females, but there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of ethnicity, country of birth, and reason for migration, as well as across the pay distribution. |
| Keywords: | immigration, linked administrative data, years of residence, labour market outcomes, regression, decomposition |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J61 J71 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1418&r=int |
| By: | Fays, Valentine; Mahy, Benoît; Rycx, François |
| Abstract: | This article is the first to examine how 1st-generation migrants affect the employment of workers born in the host country according to their origin, distinguishing between natives and 2nd-generation migrants. To do so, we take advantage of access to a unique linked employer-employee dataset for the Belgian economy enabling us to test these relationships at a quite precise level of the labour market, i.e. the firm level. Fixed effect estimates, including a large number of covariates, suggest complementarity between the employment of 1st-generation migrants and workers born in Belgium (both natives and 2nd-generation migrants, respectively). Several sensitivity tests, considering different levels of aggregation, workers' levels of education, migrants' region of origin, workers' occupations, and sectors corroborate this conclusion. |
| Keywords: | 1st- and 2nd-generation migrants, Substitutability, Complementarity, Moderating factors |
| JEL: | J15 J24 J62 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1420&r=int |
| By: | Singh, Khushboo; Jana, Sebak Kumar |
| Abstract: | In today's globalized world, the interconnection between the economy and the environment is evident. A nation's prosperity and self-reliance hinge on adopting sustainable methods of energy production. Lack of energy security and self-sufficiency compels a country to import necessary energy resources, significantly impacting both sustainability and the foreign reserves. This paper addresses India's suboptimal utilization of energy resources, focusing on the import dependency in the energy sector due to the prevalent use of fossil fuel-based energy (conventional energy) from 2006 to 2020. Data analysis, incorporating graphical representations of conventional energy import and consumption, highlights the status, growth, and import dependency trends. The findings reveal that India heavily relies on imports for conventional energy resources, particularly crude oil. The paper concludes that the key solution for improving economic and environmental conditions lies in transitioning towards renewable energy resources. |
| Keywords: | Energy import dependency, conventional energy, sustainability, renewable energy. |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120577&r=int |
| By: | Bickenbach, Frank; Dohse, Dirk; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Liu, Wan-hsin |
| Abstract: | China makes extensive use of subsidies in order to take a leading role on the global markets in the green technology sectors of electric vehicles, wind turbines and railway rolling stock. According to DiPippo et al. (2022) and recent OECD studies, the industrial subsidies in China are at least three to four times or even up to nine times higher than in the major EU and OECD countries. According to a very conservative estimate, industrial subsidies in China amounted to around EUR 221 billion or 1.73% of Chinese GDP in 2019. According to recent data of 2022, direct government subsidies for some of the dominant Chinese manufacturers of green technology products had also increased significantly - the electric car manufacturer BYD alone received EUR 2.1 billion. The authors point out that Chinese companies are benefiting from further support measures, including subsidized inputs, preferential access to critical raw materials, forced technology transfers, the strategic use of public procurement and the preferential treatment of domestic firms in administrative procedures. The authors recommend the EU to use its anti-subsidy proceeding against BEV imports from China to enter into negotiations with the Chinese government and persuade it to abolish public support measures that are particularly harmful to the EU. |
| Abstract: | China setzt in großem Umfang Subventionen ein, um auch bei den grünen Technologiebranchen Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen und Schienenfahrzeuge eine Führungsrolle auf den Weltmärkten einzunehmen. Die Industriesubventionen in China sind nach DiPippo et al. (2022) und aktuellen OECD Studien um das Drei- bis Vierfache bzw. bis hin zum Neunfachen höher als in den großen EU- und OECD-Ländern. Nach einer konservativen Schätzung beliefen sich die Industriesubventionen in China im Jahr 2019 auf rund 221 Mrd. Euro oder 1, 73 Prozent des chinesischen BIP. Am aktuellen Rand des Jahres 2022 waren zudem die direkten staatlichen Subventionen für einige der dominierenden chinesischen Hersteller grüner Technologieprodukte deutlich gestiegen - allein der Elektroautohersteller BYD erhielt 2, 1 Mrd. Euro. Die Autoren weisen darauf hin, dass die chinesischen Unternehmen von weiteren Unterstützungsmaßnahmen profitieren. Dazu zählen: Subventionierte Vorleistungen, der bevorzugte Zugang zu kritischen Rohstoffen, einem teils erzwungenen Technologietransfer und die Vorzugsbehandlung einheimischer Unternehmen in öffentlichen Vergabe- und Verwaltungsverfahren. Die Autoren empfehlen der EU, das laufende Antisubventionsverfahren gegen Elektroauto-Importe aus China zu nutzen, um mit der chinesischen Regierung in Verhandlungen einzutreten und sie zur Abschaffung von Subventionen zu bewegen, die für die EU besonders schädlich sind. |
| Keywords: | China, industrial subsidies, battery electric vehicles, wind turbines, railway rolling stock, EU anti-subsidy proceeding, China, Industriesubventionen, Batteriebetriebene Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen, Schienenfahrzeuge, Antisubventionsverfahren der EU |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:289609&r=int |
| By: | Andrea Berlanda (University of Padova); Elisabetta Lodigiani (University of Padova and LdA); Elisa Tosetti (University of Padova); Giorgio Vittadini (University of Milano Bicocca and LdA) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we explore the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the mental health of documented immigrants. Using data from a unique Italian administrative data set and employing a difference-in-differences individual fixed effect estimator, we find that the enlargement causes a significant improvement in the mental health of young male immigrants. To shed light on the mechanisms behind these results, we use data from a unique survey and show that the enlargement mitigates sources of health concerns and increases income and employment stability through permanent job contracts for young male immigrants. Overall, these findings suggest that enhanced labor market conditions due to enlargement may lead to subsequent important decrease in psychological distress among immigrants. |
| Keywords: | Mental health; migration; drug prescriptions; EU enlargement. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pad:wpaper:0309&r=int |
| By: | d'Artis Kancs |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the recently experienced systemic shocks (the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-fledged Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine) – that have created new forms of uncertainties to our supplies – this paper explores the supply chain robustness under risk aversion and ambiguity aversion. We aim to understand the potential consequences of deeply uncertain systemic events on the supply chain resilience and how does the information precision affect individual agents’ choices and the chain-level preparedness to aggregate shocks. Augmenting a parsimonious supply chain model with uncertainty, we analyse the relationship between the upstream sourcing decisions and the supply chain survival probability. Both risk-averse and ambiguity-averse individually-optimising agents’ upstream sourcing paths are efficient but can become vulnerable to aggregate shocks. In contrast, a chain-level coordination of downstream firm sourcing decisions can qualitatively improve the robustness of the entire supply chain compared to the individual decision-making baseline. Such a robust decision making ensures that in the presence of an aggregate shock – independently of its realisation – part of upstream suppliers will survive and the final goods’ supply will be ensured even under the most demanding circumstances. Our results also indicate that an input source diversification extracts a cost in foregone efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Robustness, Global Supply Chain, uncertainty, risk, ambiguity. |
| JEL: | E7 F02 F12 F13 L15 |
| Date: | 2024–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_03&r=int |
| By: | Reza Hafezi; David A. Wood; Firouzeh Rosa Taghikhah |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental concerns represent a global crisis accompanied by significant economic challenges. Regular international conferences held to address these issues, such as in the UK (2021) and Egypt (2022), spark debate about the effectiveness and practicality of international commitments. This study examines international treaties from a different perspective, emphasizing the need to understand the power dynamics and stakeholder interests that delay logical actions to mitigate anthropogenic contributions to climate change and their impacts. Environmental and social concerns tend to increase within nations as their economies develop, where they fight to keep acceptable standards of living while reducing emissions volume. So, nations play disproportionate roles in global decision-making based on the size of their economies. Addressing climate change requires a paradigm shift to emphasize acknowledging and adhering to global commitments through civil pressure, rather than relying on traditional yet biased systems of international political diplomacy. Here, climate-friendly actions are evaluated and ideas to promote such activities are proposed. We introduce a "transition regime" as a solution to this metastasis challenge which gradually infects all nations. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.07574&r=int |
| By: | Falcão, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | These are the draft articles of the Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty (MCTT). It is the product of the many comments received from the commentators invited to provide inputs to the MCTT. The MCTT comprises 31 articles that together establish an obligation on contracting states to tax carbon contained in fossil fuel ore or one of its byproducts, at the level of extraction. If the country entitled to tax at the level of extraction chooses not to exercise its right to tax, it allows first the country of refining or processing, and second, the country of consumption, under a secondary and tertiary allocation of rights. The MCTT identifies a minimum carbon tax, but not a ceiling. It provides for different tax rate schedules according to the country’s level of development and following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is an environmental agreement that uses a tax instrument (a carbon tax) to assist countries in meeting the mitigation objective contained in the nationally determined contributions, as set forth in the Paris Agreement. In other words, it is an environmental agreement that enables countries to use a tax instrument to quantify and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in furtherance of the climate commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Development Policy, Environment, Politics and Power, |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18294&r=int |