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on Innovation |
| By: | Lee, Kyung Min; Kim, Mee Jung; Brown, J. David; Earle, John S.; Liu, Zhen |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurs to innovation in the U.S. using linked survey-administrative data on 199, 000 firms with a rich set of innovation measures and other firm and owner characteristics. We find that not only are immigrants more likely than natives to own businesses, but on average their firms display more innovation activities and outcomes. Immigrant-owned firms are particularly more likely to create completely new products, improve previous products, use new processes, and engage in both basic and applied R&D, and their efforts are reflected in substantially higher levels of patents and productivity. Immigrant owners are slightly less likely than natives to imitate products of others and to hire more employees. Delving into potential explanations of the immigrant-native differences, we study other characteristics of entrepreneurs, access to finance, choice of industry, immigrant self-selection, and effects of diversity. We find that the immigrant innovation advantage is robust to controlling for detailed characteristics of firms and owners, it holds in both high-tech and non-high-tech industries and, with the exception of productivity, it tends to be even stronger in firms owned by diverse immigrant-native teams and by diverse immigrants from different countries. The evidence from nearly all measures that immigrants tend to operate more innovative and productive firms, together with the higher share of business ownership by immigrants, implies large contributions to U.S. innovation and growth. |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3kycm&r=ino |
| By: | Reinhilde Veugelers (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the innovation angle in green industrial policy design. The innovation system, delivering new and improved technology solutions for the clean energy transition, can be the cornerstone of a successful transition that reconciles decarbonization, competitive value creation and jobs, and strategic autonomy on a global scale. This, however, requires the innovation system to be properly directed. This paper first lays out the principles of a policy design that properly steers the innovation system. It then documents the current performance on clean energy innovations and clean energy policymaking globally, with focus on the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) trends in clean tech policymaking in the United States and European Union, respectively. The evidence shows that the innovation system is not at full potential, and there is still ample room to improve the current clean energy policymaking and international policy coordination. |
| Keywords: | climate change, clean tech, innovation, green innovation policy, strategic autonomy |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-5&r=ino |
| By: | Andres Rodriguez-Pose; Zhuoying You; ; |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are revolutionising production, yet their potential to stimulate innovation and change innovation patterns remains underexplored. This paper examines whether AI and robotics can spearhead technological innovation, with a particular focus on their capacity to deliver where other policies have mostly failed: less developed cities and regions. We resort to OLS and IV-2SLS methods to probe the direct and moderating influences of AI and robotics on technological innovation across 270 Chinese cities. We further employ quantile regression analysis to assess their impacts on innovation in more and less innovative cities. The findings reveal that AI and robotics significantly promote technological innovation, with a pronounced impact in cities at or below the technological frontier. Additionally, the use of AI and robotics improves the returns of investment in science and technology (S&T) on technological innovation. AI and robotics moderating effects are often more pronounced in less innovative cities, meaning that AI and robotics are not just powerful instruments for the promotion of innovation but also effective mechanisms to reduce the yawning gap in regional innovation between Chinese innovation hubs and the rest of the country. |
| Keywords: | AI, robotics, China, technological innovation, territorial inequality |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2412&r=ino |
| By: | Brian Love (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yassine Lefouili (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christian Helmers (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | To what extent and with what effect do owners of standard-essential patents (SEPs) "hold-up" companies that produce standard-compliant products? To explore this question, we construct measures of opportunistic patent licensing behaviors using detailed information collected from the dockets of U.S. patent cases filed (2010-2019) to enforce SEPs and a matched sample of non-SEPs. Overall, we find evidence of opportunistic behavior by the patent enforcer in approximately 77% of SEP and 65% of non-SEP assertions in court. The figures mask important heterogeneity. There is significantly more opportunistic conduct aimed at increasing a potential licensee's loss if the patent enforcer prevails in court: 35% of SEP assertions vs. 10% of non-SEP assertions. In contrast, conduct that increases a potential licensee's litigation costs is less common and the difference between SEP assertions (8%) and non-SEP assertions (6%) is small. We also show that opportunistic behavior is associated with case outcomes, with the effect on settlement depending on the type of opportunistic behavior. Behavior that increases a potential licensee's litigation costs is associated with an increase in the probability of settlement, while behavior that increases a potential licensee's loss if the patent enforcer prevails in court is negatively associated with settlement. |
| Keywords: | Litigation, Standards, Patents, Holdup, U.S |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04547832&r=ino |
| By: | Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas (International Monetary Fund); Gregor Schwerhoff (International Monetary Fund); Antonio Spilimbergo (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | The green transition faces old and new challenges. Old challenges include insufficient domestic action and challenging international coordination. New challenges include the quest for energy security and the rising threat of geoeconomic fragmentation, the political backlash against climate policies, and a slowing growth prospect. At the same time, technological progress has been faster than expected. The success of the green transition depends on the outcome of the race between technological progress and rising inward-looking policies. Energy security and green transition are mutually reinforcing provided clear policy directions are given. The challenge is to pursue collaboration to exploit technological progress in a world at risk of fragmentation. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, energy security, innovation |
| JEL: | O38 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-4&r=ino |