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on Innovation |
| By: | Maria Tsouri; Ron Boschma; ; |
| Abstract: | Studies show that local capabilities contribute to the green transition, yet little attention has been devoted to the role of scientific capabilities. The paper assesses the importance of local scientific capabilities and the inflow of scientific knowledge from elsewhere for the ability of regions in Europe to diversify into photovoltaic (PV) segments during the period 1998 to 2015, employing a combined dataset on patents and scientific publications. We find that local scientific capabilities matter, but not so much the inflow of relevant scientific knowledge from other regions, as proxied by scientific citations of patents in PV segments. Regions are also likely to diversify into a PV segment when they have technological capabilities related to other PV segments. Finally, we found that European regions are less likely to lose an existing PV segment specialization when they have intra-regional and extra-regional scientific capabilities in this PV segment. |
| Keywords: | relatedness, photovoltaic technologies, green diversification, regional diversification, scientific capabilities, related scientific capabilities, inter-regional linkages, Europe |
| JEL: | O25 O38 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2410&r=ino |
| By: | Mueller, Elisabeth; Boeing, Philipp |
| Abstract: | We analyze the technology sovereignty of Europe, the US, China, Japan, and Korea, representing the world's leading innovators. By examining citations from the universe of PCT patent applications between 2000 and 2020, we determine the strength and direction of inventions' influence at global and bilateral levels to assess each geographic area's technology sovereignty. The US shows superior technology sovereignty through its leadership in global and bilateral influence. While the US and Europe are highly integrated, their global positions differ as Europe depends on all geographic areas except China. Although China has filed the most patent applications in recent years, bilaterally it remains dependent on all other geographic areas. Moreover, only Japan and Korea show a recent decline in their global influence, despite previously holding a leading position. |
| Keywords: | technology sovereignty, global influence of inventions, geographic areas, bilateral influence, patent citations |
| JEL: | O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:290400&r=ino |
| By: | KADOWAKI Makoto; NAGAOKA Sadao |
| Abstract: | While the patent system plays a dual role in promoting innovation through protection and disclosure, it is widely believed that the early disclosure of a patent application weakens patent protection by enhancing knowledge spillover. However, pre-grant publication enables early establishment of the invention’s priority, which enhances its appropriation. Using the introduction of pre-grant publications in Japan as a natural experiment, we find that early disclosure increased the rejection (and abandonment) of subsequent duplicative patent applications by others more than the grants of their follow-on patents. As a result, the patent value increased significantly on average. Consistently, pre-grant publications accelerated and increased the grant of one’s own follow-on inventions, more so when competition was significant. Thus, we find that pre-grant publications significantly promote appropriation through the early determination of the pioneer. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24050&r=ino |
| By: | Guendalina Anzolin; Chiara Benassi; Armanda Cetrulo |
| Abstract: | A large body of research has investigated the impact of industrial relations on workplace innovation. Econometric research based on U.S. data suggests that unions are detrimental to innovation, while evidence from Europe is more mixed. This points to the importance of "contextualized" theorizing about the effects of industrial relations on firm-level innovation. Such an approach is common in qualitative research but is infrequently seen in quantitative studies. To address this gap, our article investigates the link between industrial relations and innovation at the firm level using establishment-level surveys from Germany (IAB establishment data) and Italy (INAPP-RIL establishment data). Our findings point to significant cross-country differences in how industrial relations institutions, including workplace representation and firm/sectoral agreements, can influence firm-level innovation. This cross-country variation underscores that similar institutions may serve different functions depending on the specificities of the national context. |
| Keywords: | Germany, Italy, collective bargaining, unions, innovation |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2024/12&r=ino |
| By: | Maria Fay; Frederik F. Fl\"other |
| Abstract: | For organizations to survive and flourish in the long term, innovation and novelty must be continually introduced, which is particularly true in today's rapidly changing world. This raises a variety of ethical and sustainability considerations that seldom receive the attention they deserve. Existing innovation adoption frameworks often focus on technological, organizational, environmental, and social factors impacting adoption. In this chapter, we explore the ethical and sustainability angles, particularly as they relate to emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) being a prominent example. We consider how to facilitate the development and cultivation of innovation cultures in organizations, including budding startups as well as established enterprises, through approaches such as systems thinking. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.07678&r=ino |
| By: | Carlo Jaeger (Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Jonas Teitge (Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Jan-Erik Thie (Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK) and Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Antje Trauboth (Global Climate Forum (GCF)) |
| Abstract: | Long after the debates about tertiarisation and post-industrial society, deindustrialisation is a hot topic again. An important example is the future of the German car industry. Some people believe that the forces of climate policy and digitalisation will lead to a smooth shift from selling internal combustion cars to battery electric ones. We show that things are much more difficult by distinguishing three different futures. First, a pink scenario of global industrial expansion based on electric cars and renewable electricity (1), then, a black scenario of a shrinking market for German cars and a global car fleet far from reaching climate neutrality by 2050 (2), finally a green scenario where carbon neutral self-driving robotaxis and shuttles on demand help realise the goals of the Paris accord and where the German car industry embraces digitalisation to sell mobility as a service, bridging the divide between private and public transport (3). Moreover, the pattern of incremental innovations the German innovation system is locked in is a problem. Germany needs to renew the creative capacity it had when the invention of the automobile planted the seed of the German car industry. This will require patient research able to analyse and foster an unprecedented economic transition. We explain and propose the multisectoral approach to economic dynamics developed at the interface of mathematics and economics by John von Neumann because it offers an adequate starting point for this indispensable effort. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:221-2023&r=ino |
| By: | Congregado, Emilio (University of Huelva); Fossen, Frank M. (University of Nevada, Reno); Rubino, Nicola (University of Rome Tor Vergata); Troncoso, David (University of Seville) |
| Abstract: | The dynamics of startup activity are crucial for job creation, innovation, and a competitive economy. Does regional firm formation exhibit hysteresis, such that shocks, including those induced by temporary policy interventions, have permanent effects? Due to the pronounced heterogeneity among new entrepreneurs, it is important to distinguish between those pulled by opportunity and those pushed by necessity. This distinction allows evaluating the long-term effects of policies aimed at stimulating opportunity entrepreneurship versus active labor-market policies supporting self-employment as a way out of unemployment. Based on 84 waves of quarterly microdata from the Spanish Labor Force Survey, we create time series of new opportunity and new necessity entrepreneurship for the 17 Spanish regions. To test whether exogenous shocks have long-run effects on firm formation, we apply a battery of panel data and time series unit root tests accounting for deterministic breaks. We also present results for the different Spanish regions and industrial sectors. We find that hysteresis is more widespread in new opportunity than in new necessity entrepreneurship, implying that shocks and temporary policies are more likely to shift opportunity than necessity entrepreneurship in the long run. Moreover, we document that the global Financial Crisis of 2008 changed the technology of firm formation out of opportunity, but not out of necessity. Our analysis opens the door to further research on the long-term effectiveness of a regional and sectoral policy mix of entrepreneurship promotion and active labor market policies. |
| Keywords: | self-employment, opportunity entrepreneurship, necessity entrepreneurship, firm formation, hysteresis, stationarity, regions |
| JEL: | C32 E23 J24 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16930&r=ino |
| By: | Autio , Erkko (Imperial College Business School); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores economy- and regional-level determinants of the productivity potential of new entrepreneurial firms using data from Asian Development Bank regional members. Results show that new entrepreneurial firms constitute a highly heterogeneous group in terms of their productivity potential and that this potential is shaped by the economy’s national system of entrepreneurship. This system consists of both economy level institutional conditions, as well as the resource and knowledge dynamics that operate at the level of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. Economy-level institutional conditions shape the productivity potential of the economy’s population of new entrepreneurial firms through their effect on who chooses to become an entrepreneur and what strategic goals the resulting new firms decide and are able to pursue. The regional level entrepreneurial dynamics condition the extent to which new entrepreneurial ventures are able to realize this potential through business model innovation. This recognition is important because it suggests that to be effective, an economy’s entrepreneurship policy framework needs to address both economy-level institutional conditions as well as regional-level entrepreneurial ecosystem dynamics. The two require different policy approaches and pose distinctive challenges. |
| Keywords: | digital entrepreneurship; productivity; entrepreneurial policy; new firms |
| JEL: | L26 M13 O30 O38 |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0721&r=ino |
| By: | Alessia Lo Turco (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM)); Alessandro Sterlacchini (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we consider firms involved in two waves (2019 and 2021) of the French ICT survey to distinguish between early and late adopters of AI technologies and to highlight some relevant antecedents that facilitated the former to keep and the latter to start adopting them. The implementation of data security systems, the training and recruitment of employees for ICT, and the use of websites and social media for collecting information on customers, increase the probability of keeping and starting the AI adoption. We also show that the impact of these factors differs according to the business function AI technologies are used for. They appear to be more relevant for the administration and marketing functions. Furthermore, the usage of AI for marketing is also fostered by the antecedent use of e-commerce and CRM applications. These findings support the hypothesis that the AI adoption by firms is shaped by a hierarchical trajectory, from less to more complex and demanding technologies in terms of complementary investments in ICT and skills. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, Digital technologies and skills, IT security systems, French firms. |
| JEL: | O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:486&r=ino |
| By: | Ankur Chavda; Joshua S. Gans; Scott Stern |
| Abstract: | How should theory-based entrepreneurs search for strategies to implement their ideas? The theory-based view of strategy posits that decision-makers hold theories about their environment premised on beliefs that should be actively tested. This causal framework, which underlies the theory-based view, also has implications for entrepreneurial search: the process by which entrepreneurs uncover strategies to implement their ideas. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian model where entrepreneurs update their beliefs as they conduct entrepreneurial search. We find several optimal behaviors for theory-based entrepreneurs such as reverting to a previous strategy after finding a relatively poor strategy and continuing to search after finding a relatively good strategy, which are missing when entrepreneurs lack such a theory-based approach. As these predictions align with examples of successful entrepreneurs, our findings both provide a method to empirically identify skilled entrepreneurs and demonstrate the usefulness of applying the theory-based view to entrepreneurial behavior more generally. |
| JEL: | D81 D83 O32 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32318&r=ino |
| By: | OECD; Orsetta Causa; Maxime Nguyen; Emilia Soldani |
| Abstract: | Greening the economy entails jobs contracting in “high-polluting” economic activities and expanding in environment-friendly activities. Minimizing the corresponding transition costs is crucial to accelerate decarbonisation and reduce displacement costs for affected workers. Using individual-level labour force data for a large sample of European countries, this paper finds that the shares of green and high-polluting jobs remained approximately stable between 2009 and 2019, hinting at a slow or yet-to-come green transition in labour markets. Green and high-polluting jobs are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups: women are under-represented in both green and high-polluting jobs, while green jobs are associated with higher educational attainment, and high-polluting jobs with lower educational attainment. Equally important from a policy perspective, the results show that high-polluting jobs are concentrated in rural areas. These results are confirmed by analyzing labour market transitions: for instance, while women are more likely to transition from study to job, they are significantly less likely to get a green job. Overall, the results suggest that well designed and targeted policies are needed to support efficient and inclusive labour market transitions in the greening economy: to minimize scarring effects for displaced workers, help individuals’ upskilling and reskilling, and support the matching between workers and jobs in higher demand. |
| Keywords: | green transition, labour markets, policy analysis |
| JEL: | H23 I3 Q41 Q48 H12 |
| Date: | 2024–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1796-en&r=ino |