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on Innovation |
| By: | Matte Hartog; Andres Gomez-Lievano; Ricardo Hausmann; Frank Neffke |
| Abstract: | Between the mid-19th and mid-20th century, the US transformed from an agri- cultural economy to the frontier in science, technology and industry. We study how the US transitioned from traditional craftsmanship-based to today’s science-based innovation. To do so, we digitize half a million pages of patent yearbooks that describe inventors, organizations and technologies on over 1.6M patent and add demo- graphic information from US census records and information on corporate research activities from large-scale repeated surveys on industrial research labs. Starting in 1920, the 19th-century craftsmanship-based invention was, within just 20 years, overtaken by a rapidly emerging new system based on teamwork and a new specialist class of inventors, engineers. This new system relied on a social innovation: industrial research labs. These labs supported high-skill teamwork, replacing the collaborations within families with professional ties in firms and industrial research labs. This shift had wide-ranging consequences. It not only altered the division of labor in invention, but also reshaped the geography of innovation, reestablishing large cities as epicenters of technological progress and introduced new barriers to patenting for women and foreign-born inventors that have persisted into the 21st century. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2408&r=ino |
| By: | KOUAKOU, Dorgyles C.M.; SZEGO, Eva |
| Abstract: | This paper employs graph theory to assess the extent of integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies within defense activities and investigates how the performance of the national innovation system (NIS) influences this integration. The analysis utilizes data from 33 countries with defense industries, observed from 1990 to 2020. Empirical findings indicate that the United States (U.S.) leads globally, with a significant gap between the U.S. and other countries. NIS performance increases the level of integration of AI technologies in defense activities, suggesting that policies aimed at strengthening NIS performance should have positive externalities on defense activities in terms of integrating AI technologies. Technological diversification, knowledge localization, and originality are key dimensions of NIS performance that significantly enhance the integration of AI technologies within defense activities. They exhibit similar average marginal effects, suggesting comparable impacts. The cycle time of technologies has an inverted-U shaped relationship with the level of integration. |
| Keywords: | Integration of AI technologies; Defense activities; National innovation system |
| JEL: | L64 O31 O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2024–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120617&r=ino |
| By: | Hyejin Park; Younghun Shim |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an occupation-level measure of Capital-Embodied Innovation (CEI) by matching patents with capital goods based on their text similarity. The impact of CEI on labor demand is heterogeneous, depending on the similarity between capital and occupational tasks. Specifically, CEI associated with task-similar capital reduces the relative labor demand, whereas CEI related to task-dissimilar capital raises it. Between 1980 and 2015, capital used by high-wage occupations experienced more innovations in task-dissimilar capital and fewer in task-similar capital. CEI can explain 51% of the relative wage growth in high-wage occupations and significantly contributes to routine- and abstract-biased labor market changes. |
| Keywords: | capital-embodied innovation, text analysis of patents, substitution between labor and capital |
| JEL: | J24 J31 O33 O47 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11037&r=ino |
| By: | Heyen, Nils B.; Zenker, Andrea; Aichinger, Heike; Bratan, Tanja; Kaufmann, Tanja; Schnabl, Esther |
| Abstract: | For more than a decade, advocates of both green growth and degrowth have argued about the role of economic growth for the transformation towards a societal system that ensures social well-being on a global scale without transgressing planetary boundaries. Given that such a transformation needs innovations of various kinds, this article explores the question of how dependent innovation is on economic growth and what effects a potential long-term economic stagnation or decline may have on innovation processes and systems. We approach the subject from different angles using mixed methods. First, we present a quantitative analysis of the linkages between economic growth and innovation activities on a sectoral level, based on data of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for Germany. Here, we find two sectors (petroleum and advertising industries) showing negative growth rates but still a higher than average share of innovative enterprises. Subsequently, we present an in-depth qualitative case study of the international pharmaceutical sector, which allows us to include a qualitative evaluation dimension. Here, we investigate different innovation approaches and find that both the amount of capital needed to finance research and development activities and the added health benefit of novel drugs vary greatly. We finally conclude that economic growth is not a necessary condition for all kinds of innovation and reflect on some implications for innovation policy. If in a post-growth era financial resources are limited, a shift to less capital-intensive types of innovation and a concentration on innovations which address prioritised societal or ecological needs seem feasible. |
| Keywords: | (in)dependency, innovation, economic growth |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:289610&r=ino |
| By: | Naudé, Wim (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents tentative evidence from 68, 792 papers published between 1961 and 2020 that progress in the scholarly field of entrepreneurship is declining. It is found that the annual number of papers published in entrepreneurship has increased exponentially since the Second World War, growing on average by 17% annually since 1961; the average disruption score of papers have declined by a factor of 36 between the 1960s and the 2010s; and that the average team size per paper has increased from 1, 6 between 1960-1980 to 2, 4 between 2000 and 2020. Estimates from an ideas production function suggest that the field is getting fished out and that researchers are stepping on one another's toes. A Wald-test indicates that a structural break in the disruptiveness of entrepreneurship and business papers occurred around 1999. These results should not be taken as a negative evaluation: it may be a mark of the success of its scholars that the field is mature and degenerating. The remaining task facing the field of entrepreneurship may be how to confront its end. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, business, science, disruption, innovation |
| JEL: | L26 O30 B40 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16916&r=ino |
| By: | Iñaki Aldasoro; Sebastian Doerr; Leonardo Gambacorta; Daniel Rees |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on sectoral and aggregate employment, output and inflation in both the short and long run. We construct an index of industry exposure to AI to calibrate a macroeconomic multi-sector model. Building on studies that find significant increases in workers' output from AI, we model AI as a permanent increase in productivity that differs by sector. We find that AI significantly raises output, consumption and investment in the short and long run. The inflation response depends crucially on households' and firms' anticipation of the impact of AI. If they do not anticipate higher future productivity, AI adoption is initially disinflationary. Over time, general equilibrium forces lead to moderate inflation through demand effects. In contrast, when households and firms anticipate higher future productivity, inflation rises immediately. Inspecting individual sectors and performing counterfactual exercises we find that a sector's initial exposure to AI has little correlation with its long-term increase in output. However, output grows by twice as much for the same increase in aggregate productivity when AI affects sectors producing consumption rather than investment goods, thanks to second round effects through sectoral linkages. We discuss how public policy should foster AI adoption and implications for central banks. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence, generative AI, inflation, output, productivity, monetary policy |
| JEL: | E31 J24 O33 O40 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1179&r=ino |
| By: | Richhild Moessner |
| Abstract: | This paper provides ex-post empirical evidence on the effects of green technology support policies, in comparison with other climate policies, on carbon dioxide emissions at the aggregate national level. The paper uses cross-country dynamic panel estimation for a sample of 38 countries over the period from 1990 to 2015, controlling for macroeconomic determinants such as economic development, GDP growth, urbanisation and the energy mix. It uses a new index which measures the strength of green technology support policies, including separate sub-indices for the public support of expenditure on research and development of low-carbon energy technologies, and for the support of the adoption of wind energy and of solar energy. We find that an increase by one index point of the green technology support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.9% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 3.7% in the long run. An increase by one index point of the green R&D expenditure support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.4% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 1.7% in the long run. An increase by one index point of the wind energy support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.5% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 2.1% in the long run. |
| Keywords: | green technology support policies, solar energy, wind energy, climate policigreen technology support policies, solar energy, wind energy, climate policies, carbon tax, carbon dioxide, climate changees, carbon tax, carbon dioxide, climate change, emissions |
| JEL: | Q00 Q48 Q58 Q55 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11047&r=ino |
| By: | Dietlmeier, Simon Frederic; Urmetzer, Florian |
| Abstract: | Theories of ecosystems in economic or business research are rarely considered from a perspective, in which these network constructs of inter-organisational relationships are influenced by policy initiatives and instruments – not just individual efforts of actors from within the ecosystem. In the geoeconomic context, the concept of “technological sovereignty” has been proposed as a framework for innovation policy, which could be a legitimate political objective if higher prosperity can be achieved. The research combines conceptual and empirical research on “policy-driven industrial ecosystems” that are embedded in such a competitive geoeconomic environment. A central thesis was developed from the synthesis of either concepts, suggesting that industrial ecosystems can be driven by policy and government interventions in a polity to achieve greater technological sovereignty. The dissertation topic thus aims to fill a research gap at the intersection of the fields strategic management, public policy, and international relations. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem, Policy, Industry, Technology, Sovereignty |
| JEL: | A20 B00 E32 F5 H7 P5 Y4 |
| Date: | 2023–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120558&r=ino |
| By: | Cyrine Ben-Hafaïedh (IÉSEG School Of Management [Puteaux], LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Claire Champenois (Audencia Business School); Thomas Cooney (Dublin Institute of Technology - Dublin Institute of Technology); Leon Schjoedt |
| Abstract: | Analyses of collective action in entrepreneurship are lacking in the extant literature. Despite entrepreneurship research progressively moving away from a focus on the lone heroic entrepreneur, scholars have yet to absorb the full potential of entrepreneurship as collective action. Also missing is a collective stance on key entrepreneurship concepts such as opportunity discovery or construction and entrepreneurial agency. Accordingly, this article reviews and critiques five articles that constitute this Special Issue seeking to establish ‘entrepreneurship as collective action' as the next frontier of entrepreneurship theory development. The articles in this Special Issue each investigate a specific instance of collective action in entrepreneurship. This article contributes to extant scholarship by highlighting transversal themes and offering further research avenues. |
| Keywords: | collective action, collective agency, collective enterprise, collective entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial teams |
| Date: | 2024–02–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04460045&r=ino |