|
on Innovation |
| By: | Boeing, Philipp; Brandt, Loren; Dai, Ruochen; Lim, Kevin; Peters, Bettina |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of patenting in China from 1985-2019. We use a Large Language Model to measure patent importance based on patent abstracts and classify patent ownership using a comprehensive business registry. We highlight four insights. First, average patent importance declined from 2000-2010 but has increased more recently. Second, private Chinese firms account for most of patenting growth whereas overseas patentees have played a diminishing role. Third, patentees have greatly reduced their dependence on foreign knowledge. Finally, Chinese and foreign patenting have become more similar in technological composition, but differences persist within technology classes as revealed by abstract similarities. |
| Keywords: | China, innovation, patents, large language model |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:289451&r=ino |
| By: | Laureen de Barsy; Axel Gautier |
| Abstract: | In the past 20 years, large digital platforms have made many acquisitions, mainly young and innovative startups. Few of them have been reviewed by competition authorities and little is known on their evolution after acquisition. This paper intends to fill in this gap by looking at the development of the technologies owned by the acquired firms. We focus on technologies protected by a patent and we investigate whether an acquisition by a big tech contributes to their development. For this analysis, we use patent citations as a proxy for the innovation effort by the acquirer. Our main result is to show that acquisition increases the innovation effort of the acquirer but only temporarily. After 1.5 year, there is no longer a significant impact of the acquisition on the acquirer’s innovation effort. This decline is relatively larger when the acquired patent belongs to a core technology field of the acquiring firm or to a large patent portfolio. On the contrary, citations by the rest of the industry are not negatively affected by acquisition, which does not corroborate the idea that the acquired technology has reached its maturity. |
| Keywords: | mergers, digital, big techs, innovation, patents, killer acquisitions |
| JEL: | D43 G34 K21 L40 L86 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11025&r=ino |
| By: | Carioli, Paolo; Czarnitzki, Dirk; Fernández, Gastón P. |
| Abstract: | Artificial Intelligence (AI) is considered to be the next general-purpose technology, with the potential of performing tasks commonly requiring human capabilities. While it is commonly feared that AI replaces labor and disrupts jobs, we instead investigate the potential of AI for overcoming increasingly alarming skills shortages in firms. We exploit unique German survey data from the Mannheim Innovation Panel on both the adoption of AI and the extent to which firms experience scarcity of skills. We measure skills shortage by the number of job vacancies that could not be filled as planned by firms, distinguishing among different types of skills. To account for the potential endogeneity of skills shortage, we also implement instrumental variable estimators. Overall, we find a positive and significant effect of skills shortage on AI adoption, the breadth of AI methods, and the breadth of areas of application of AI. In addition, we find evidence that scarcity of labor with academic education relates to firms exploring and adopting AI. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, skills shortage, CIS data |
| JEL: | J63 M15 O14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:289448&r=ino |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Multiple crises are triggering turbulence, instability and insecurity in contemporary societies, with impacts on economies, the environment, politics, and global affairs. An effective response will require governments to be more ambitious and act with greater urgency in their science, technology and innovation (STI) policies to meet global challenges. Sustained investments and greater directionality in research and innovation activities are needed, and these should coincide with a reappraisal of STI systems and STI policies to ensure they are “fit-for-purpose” to contribute to transformative change agendas. This policy paper provides a framework to support governments in making these assessments. It identifies six STI policy orientations for transformative change that should guide these assessments. It applies these orientations across multiple areas of STI policy, including R&D funding, the research and innovation workforce, and international R&D co-operation, and outlines a series of concrete policy actions STI policymakers can take to accelerate transformative change. |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:164-en&r=ino |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Mohaddes, K.; Nian, H.; Yin, H. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the long-run effects of prolonged air pollution on firmlevel human capital, knowledge and innovation composition. Using a novel firm-level dataset covering almost all industrial firms engaged in science and technology activities in China, and employing a regression discontinuity design, we show that prolonged pollution significantly diminishes both the quantity and the quality of human capital at the firm level. More specifically, we show that air pollution affects firm-level human capital composition by reducing the share of employees with a PhD degree and master’s degree, but instead increasing the share of employees with bachelor’s degree. Moreover, the difference in the composition of human capital materially change the knowledge and innovation structure of the firms, with our estimates showing that pollution decreases innovations that demand a high level of creativity, such as publications and inventions, while increasing innovations with a relatively low level of creativity, such as design patents. Quantitatively, on the intensive margin, one μg/m 3 increase in the annual average PM 2.5 concentration leads to a 0.188 loss in the number of innovations per R&D employee. Overall, we show that air pollution has created a gap in human capital, knowledge, and innovation between firms in the north and south of China, highlighting the importance of environmental quality as a significant factor for productivity and welfare. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, human capital, knowledge, innovation, China |
| JEL: | O15 O30 O44 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2301&r=ino |
| By: | Francesco Lissoni (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ernest Miguelez (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research on international migration and innovation relies heavily on inventor and patent data, with "migrant inventors" attracting a great deal of attention, especially for what concerns their role in easing the international transfer of knowledge. This hides the fact that many of them move to their host country before starting their inventive career or even before completing their education. We discuss the conceptual and practical difficulties that stand in the way of investigating other likely channels of influence of inventor's migration on innovation, namely the easing of skill shortages and the increase of variety in inventive teams, firms, and location. |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04513336&r=ino |
| By: | Huiwen Gong (Center for Innovation Research, Business School, University of Stavanger, Norway); Bernhard Truffer (Department of Environmental Social Science, Eawag, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how leading industrial regions may maintain their leadership positions when being confronted with deep and radical transformations of their core industries. Focusing on the evolution of the German automotive sector in Baden-Württemberg over the past two decades, we introduce a theoretical framework for a layered regional architecture that weaves together regional imaginaries, innovation culture, and system change processes. We argue that in response to disruptive threats, active engagement with regional imaginaries becomes essential. The paper critiques conventional approaches in regional innovation policy for overlooking the critical role of the region's intangible facets as vantage points for policy intervention. Hence, it champions a strategy centered on actively shaping regional imaginaries while concurrently fostering the necessary cultural and tangible system transformations. |
| Keywords: | regional transformation, leading industrial regions; regional imaginaries; regional innovation culture; regional innovation system |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2402&r=ino |
| By: | SCHWAAG SERGER Sylvia; SOETE Luc |
| Abstract: | In October 2021, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission set up a Scientific Committee to advise the JRC on how to best support public authorities to implement, in the words of the EC, the “largest stimulus package ever financed in Europe” aimed at rebuilding a post COVID-19 Europe which would be “greener, more digital and more resilient”. The present paper written by the two co-chairs of the Scientific Committee provides a synthesis of the many reports written over the last two years. It highlights how many of the current European policy frameworks focusing on sustainability have an essential place-based impact which requires the active involvement of local policy makers and more broadly local stakeholders. Over the last two years, the numerous “science for policy” contributions of members of the SC have been two-fold. At the very practical level, they have been instrumental in helping the JRC develop its Partnerships for Regional Innovation (PRI) Playbook: the support document with concrete policy tools for the JRC-CoR PRI pilot. At a more conceptual level, members of the SC wrote numerous reports and papers on a wide range of topics. This synthesis paper argues that the space blindness of many of the European policies aimed at transforming the EU’s economy towards the twin digital and green transitions, hampers Europe’s ability to achieve these transitions and to ensure its future resilience and prosperity. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136125&r=ino |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Emerging technologies can contribute to unprecedented gains in health, energy, climate, food systems, and biodiversity. However, these technologies and their convergence sometimes carry risks to privacy, security, equity and human rights. This dual-edged nature of emerging technology requires policies that better anticipate disruptions and enable technology development for economic prosperity, resilience, security and sustainable development. Drawing on prior OECD work and legal instruments, this framework equips governments, other innovation actors and societies to anticipate and get ahead of governance challenges, and build longer-term capacities to shape innovation more effectively. Its “anticipatory technology governance” approach consists of five interdependent elements and associated governance tools: (1) embeding values throughout the innovation process; (2) enhancing foresight and technology assessment; (3) engaging stakeholders and society; (4) building regulation that is agile and adaptive; and (5) reinforcing international cooperation in science and norm-making. The emerging technology context determines how each of these elements is applied. |
| Keywords: | anticipation, citizen engagement, Emerging Technologies, foresight, Governance |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:165-en&r=ino |