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on Innovation |
| By: | Blind, Knut; Krieger, Bastian; Pellens, Maikel |
| Abstract: | Firms use a variety of practices to disclose the knowledge generated by their R&D activities, including, but not limited to, publishing findings in scientific journals, patenting new technologies, and contributing to developing standards. While the individual effects of engaging in the listed practices on firm innovation are well-understood, the existing literature has not considered their interrelation. Therefore, our study examines if the three practices are complements, substitutes, or unrelated in terms of firms' performance with product innovations new to the market. Our analysis builds on a sample of innovation-active firms from the German Community Innovation Survey, which includes information on the development of standards, enhanced with information on firms' engagement in patenting and publishing. We find that 26% of innovation-active firms engage in at least one of the three practices, and 22% of engaging firms combine them. Using supermodularity tests, we show that publishing and patenting as well as patenting and developing standards are substitutes. Publishing and developing standards are not significantly linked. Based on our findings, we derive implications for innovation management and policy. |
| Keywords: | Standardization,patents,scientific publications,product innovation |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22018&r= |
| By: | Andre Jungmittag (Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Parallel to the globalization of production and sales, multinational firms have partly also internationalized their research and development (R&D). In both the media and modern research on innovation, the increase in terms of the international generation, transfer and diffusion of new technologies has been described as technological globalization and techno- globalization; research has picked up the topic in scientific analysis. Based on the patent indicators suggested by Guellec and Pottelsberghe de la Potterie (2001), this contribution gives a consistent analysis of global technological cooperation as well as of the global sourcing of innovations as key elements of techno-globalization. In addition to taking stock for a cross- section of OECD countries and a time series examination for the whole of the OECD, and Germany and the Netherlands in particular, the significant drivers of techno-globalization are determined by simple correlation and regression analyses. Furthermore, simple tests for beta convergence show that there is an international convergence of the patent shares with domestic inventors and foreign applicants and also a convergence of the countries’ patent shares with an international cooperation of inventors. The analysis is completed by a view on the sectoral differences with regard to the internationalization of innovations as well as by some considerations with regard to the links between the internationalization of enterprises’ innovations and domestic employment. |
| Keywords: | Internationalization of R&D, International collaborative patents, Patent analysis, Patent cooperation, Techno-globalization |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O34 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei278&r= |
| By: | Lundvall, Bengt-Åke (Department of Economic History, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we criticize attempts to present narrow perspectives on innovation policy as reflecting the use of the concept innovation system as policy framing. While it is correct that innovation policy, at least until recently, has given priority to economic growth and low priority to global challenges such as climate change and income inequality this is in no way immanent in the innovation system concept. To illustrate, we introduce concepts and perspectives related to the innovation system approach which are particularly useful, when it comes to develop innovation policies aiming at system transformation. They include the uneven rhythm of respectively incremental innovation, radical innovation, and technological revolutions, shifts in technological paradigms, system transformation at the organisational level and the distinction between policies aiming at path dependent innovation promotion and policies aiming at system change. We also point to the usefulness of the learning economy perspective that has been developed in close connection with the innovation system literature. We conclude that there is a need to combine different theoretical framings as inspiration for transformative innovation policy. In addition, we argue, first, that all these framings need to have a double focus on climate change and global income inequality and, second, that they all need to go beyond national perspectives and consider policies aiming at system transformation at the global level. |
| Keywords: | Innovation system; Transformative innovation policy; Learning economy; Global governance; Climate change; Income inequality |
| JEL: | N70 O30 |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luekhi:0239&r= |
| By: | Paul J. J. Welfens (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)); Tian Xiong (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)); David Hanrahan (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | Climate change continues to challenge the global economy; particularly in industrialized countries, governments are increasingly coming under pressure to develop and implement adequate climate protection and innovation policies, as well as to co-operate in aligning them. At the same time, firms are also becoming more active in “greening†, by innovating in terms of greener products and processes in order to contribute to climate protection, stay at the technological frontier, and benefit from the increased environmental and sustainability awareness on the part of households, competitors and suppliers. Key areas of mutual concern to both policymakers and firms, therefore, include the determinants of green innovations – product or process – and how government can promote such innovation dynamics. Part of green innovations are covered by the European Union’s Community Innovation Survey (CIS), while the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also has data on green patenting dynamics. Using panel data on 35 European countries and covering the period of 2007-2018, including multiple waves of the CIS in a novel approach, we present an analysis on green innovation. The empirical analysis presented shows how key determinants of green innovation from the literature affect selected measures of green innovation. We find that the inward FDI stock intensity positively affects green process innovations (including manufacturing), while the ICT R&D Investment-GDP ratio has a negative impact on green innovativeness. As regards firms with both green process and green product innovations, GDP per capita is found to be a positive driver of innovativeness (excluding manufacturing) and is also a positive driver of green process innovations in firms with only green process innovations – but, paradoxically, is a negative driver of green product innovations in firms with only green product innovations. Regarding the rule of law, there is a positive impact on green innovations. The median age of the labor force has a negative impact on process innovations (excluding manufacturing), while the sign is positive for green process and product innovating firms (both including and excluding manufacturing). A green RCA variable is positively significant for green product innovating firms and green process and product innovators (including and excluding manufacturing). Our findings allow to suggest areas in which national and supranational policymakers should become more active to promote and foster green innovation in Europe. |
| Keywords: | Green innovation, product innovation, process innovation, ICT, Community Innovation Survey |
| JEL: | L86 Q55 O30 O31 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei318&r= |
| By: | Giovanna Ciaffi; Matteo Deleidi; Stefano Di Bucchianico |
| Abstract: | Among the explanations for prolonged economic stagnation in advanced economies we find those that highlight the role of technical progress and its weakening impact on potential growth. Several contributions stress the apparent paradox of technological development and innovation going hand in hand with slowing labour productivity growth. This discourse is in turn linked to numerous factors, among which the pattern of research productivity, that appears to be falling in the last decades. The contribution of this article is to analyse the role of innovation expenditures composition, and its effects on productivity. We study whether productivity stagnation can be (partially) explained by the continuously falling ratio between public and private expenditures in innovation in the USA. We carry out an SVAR analysis of the US case during the period 1948Q1-2019Q4. In the empirical exercise we estimate the effect of public expenditure in innovation on productivity, private R&D, and GDP, comparing the outcomes with those relative to private expenditure in innovation. According to our results, the public type of innovation spending exhibits a positive effect on productivity and GDP, and it has a greater effect than private expenditure in innovation. In addition to this, public expenditure in innovation exerts a strong crowding-in effect on private investment in R&D. Therefore, according to the evidence we find, we maintain that the focus on the prolonged and sustained fall of public expenditure in innovation in relation to private expenditure of the same type helps in explaining lasting stagnation |
| Keywords: | Secular Stagnation, public and private R&D, innovation policy, research productivity, productivity growth |
| JEL: | O47 O32 O40 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:877&r= |
| By: | Philippe Larrue; Rebecca Santos |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the implementation of the recommendations from the OECD Innovation Policy Review of Norway 2017 along four major themes: (1) Developing research communities of outstanding quality; (2) Enhancing competitiveness and innovation capacity; (3) Tackling major social challenges; and (4) Improving the governance of the science, technology and innovation system. The results of this assessment are then used to identify new opportunities for reforms in the Norwegian Long-term plan for Research and Higher Education 2023-2032. While focused on Norway, the report also provides lessons on key issues, such as the sustainable transition of advanced economies, that can be useful in other national contexts. |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:133-en&r= |
| By: | Andrea Borsato; Andre Lorentz |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature around the Kaldor-Verdoorn’s law and analyses the impact of robotisation on the channel through which the law shapes labour-productivity growth. We start with a simple evolutionary interpretation of the law that combines Kaldorian and Post-Keynesian arguments with the neo-Schumpeterian theory of innovation and technological change. Then we apply a GMM estimator to a panel of 17 industries in 25 OECD capitalist economies for the period 1990-2018. After elaborating on the general evidence of the Kaldor-Verdoorn’s law in the sample, we investigate the effect of increasing robotisation. The estimates suggest that for industries with a higher-than-average robot density, the increasing adoption of robots weakens, at least, the meso-economic channel that relates productivity growth to mechanisation. Yet, the higher degree of robotisation strengthens the mechanism that links labour productivity growth at the industrial level to the macro-level dynamic increasing returns to scale that emerge from a general expansion of economic activities through the many interactions between sectors. Such results are in agreement with the empirical literature that suggests different impacts from robotisation on the basis of the level of economic activity considered. |
| Keywords: | Labour productivity, Kaldor-Verdoorn’s law, Robotisation, GMM. |
| JEL: | J23 O33 O47 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2022-25&r= |
| By: | Francesco Aiello (Department of Economics, Statistics and Finance 'Giovanni Anania', University of Calabria, Rende (Italy)); Paola Cardamone (Department of Economics, Statistics and Finance 'Giovanni Anania', University of Calabria, Rende (Italy)); Lidia mannarino (Department of Economics, Statistics and Finance 'Giovanni Anania', University of Calabria, Rende (Italy)); Valeria Pupo (Department of Economics, Statistics and Finance 'Giovanni Anania', University of Calabria, Rende (Italy)) |
| Abstract: | This study explores whether the probability to patent differ between family and non-family firms, and whether any potential difference between firm-type is moderated by size. The analysis is based on a large archive of patenting activities (Orbis–PATSTAT dataset) carried out by around 3700 Italian manufacturing firms over the 2010–2017 period. The results from a probability model show that, on average, family firms patent less than non-family firms (the estimated average marginal effect is -0.0325). Firm size matters, as its average marginal effect is 0.0212, suggesting that the probability of patenting increases with size, no matter the firm ownership. The size effect differs, however, between family and non-family firms. It is demonstrated not only that family firms remain less likely to patent than non-family firms, but also that their disadvantages increase as they grow in size: in large firms, the probability of patenting is 0.22 for family firms and 0.39 for non-family firms. Importantly, the results hold when considering patent counts, citations and a number of additional sensitivity tests. |
| Keywords: | Family firms, Patenting activities, Firm size |
| JEL: | D22 L25 L60 O30 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clb:wpaper:202204&r= |
| By: | Diemer, Andreas; Iammarino, Simona; Perkins, Richard; Gros, Axel |
| Abstract: | Critical and conflict materials (CCMs) are providing an important material infrastructure for recent technological shifts. Relying on text analysis of US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) data, this exploratory study examines the technological and geographical linkages between technological paradigms and selected CCMs. Our descriptive analysis finds evidence of a clear association between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and CCM intensity over time, and of a striking resource–technology divide between value-creating and -extracting activities across the Global North and the Global South and their regions. The paper emphasizes the need for a more critical, spatially sensitive approach to studying resource-based technological change to expose its uneven development consequences. |
| Keywords: | critical and conflict materials; paradigm shift; technological demand; geography of technology; geography of resource supply; STICERD; LSE; 2019-2020; Undergraduate Research Fellowship from the Department of Geography & Environment; LSE; FORTE; 2016-07099; T&F deal |
| JEL: | O30 Q34 Q55 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115103&r= |
| By: | M. S. Tedesco; M. A. Nunez-Ochoa; F. Ramos; O. Medrano; K Beuchot |
| Abstract: | The benefits of using complex network analysis (CNA) to study complex systems, such as an economy, have become increasingly evident in recent years. However, the lack of a single comparative index that encompasses the overall wellness of a structure can hinder the simultaneous analysis of multiple ecosystems. A formula to evaluate the structure of an economic ecosystem is proposed here, implementing a mathematical approach based on CNA metrics to construct a comparative measure that reflects the collaboration dynamics and its resultant structure. This measure provides the relevant actors with an enhanced sense of the social dynamics of an economic ecosystem, whether related to business, innovation, or entrepreneurship. Available graph metrics were analysed, and 14 different formulas were developed. The efficiency of these formulas was evaluated on real networks from 11 different innovation-driven entrepreneurial economic ecosystems in six countries from Latin America and Europe and on 800 random graphs simulating similarly constructed networks. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.04346&r= |