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on Innovation |
| By: | Yusuke Oh (Bank of Japan); Koji Takahashi (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | We investigate innovation dynamics in Japanese listed firms by calculating an indicator for the accumulation of innovation based on patent citations, the gcitation stock. h The calculated citation stock has decreased since the mid-2000s, which implies that the pace of innovation accumulation at Japanese listed firms has slowed. Using the citation stock, we show that an increase in a firm fs citation stock contributes to its productivity growth and that the citation stock provides information on whether research and development (R&D) leads to innovation that cannot be captured by focusing on the amount of R&D investment alone. In addition, we find that while higher R&D investment is associated with new innovation, the efficiency of R&D investment in Japan has decreased in recent years. Such a decrease in the efficiency of R&D investment has been reported not only for Japanese firms but also for a wide range of fields around the world, so that firms and research institutions are attempting to maintain the pace of innovation by increasing the number of researchers and research spending. For Japan, where it is difficult to increase the number of researchers due to the declining population, it is important to improve the quality of research through various efforts such as increasing the diversity of researchers. |
| Keywords: | productivity; patent data; innovation; R&D |
| JEL: | O31 E23 D24 |
| Date: | 2020–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp20e07&r=all |
| By: | Rene Belderbos; Boris Lokshin; Christophe Boone; Jojo Jacob |
| Abstract: | We investigate how international diversity in Top Management Teams (TMTs) contributes to the effectiveness of geographically dispersed R&D strategies in enhancing innovation performance. Both international work experience and nationality diversity may enhance the effectiveness of geographically dispersed R&D when there is alignment between the countries of work experience and nationality of TMT members, on the one hand, and firms’ R&D locations on the other. This influence is stronger for international work experience diversity than for nationality diversity, as the former provides more task-related knowledge to coordinate R&D activities and is less associated with the risk of social categorization. We find partial support for these notions in a panel analysis of the innovation performance of 165 leading MNCs based in Europe, Japan and the United States. |
| Keywords: | diversity, innovation, internationalization, MNCs, R&D, Top Management Teams (TMTs) |
| Date: | 2020–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:msiper:663275&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of innovative start-up firms in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, an autonomous region situated at the extreme North East of the Italian territory, bordering with Austria and Slovenia. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on sub-national start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. Following the 2018 OECD Evaluation of the Italian Start-up Act, which embraced a national perspective, it represents a first attempt to analyse the impact of this policy at the local level. Friuli-Venezia Giulia hosts a polycentric, mainly urban start-up landscape, with a low prevalence of female and young founders. Its historical sub-regions of Friuli and Venezia Giulia present remarkable differences under several perspectives, including the industrial composition of their start-ups, the spread of emerging technologies among them and their propensity to use national incentives. Firm dynamism, notably high-growth and exit trends, constitutes another major focus of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy-makers. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm growth, innovation, local development, multi-level governance, policy adoption, start-up |
| JEL: | D22 L26 M13 O38 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/08-en&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of innovative start-up firms in Trentino, a high-income mountainous area in the North East of Italy. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on regional start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. Following the 2018 OECD Evaluation of the Italian Start-up Act, which embraced a national perspective, it represents a first attempt to analyse the impact of this policy at the local level. Among Italian regions, Trentino boasts the highest density of registered innovative start-ups over all young firms established locally. However, innovative start-ups spread unevenly throughout this territory, concentrating in urban areas. Female and young founders are less prevalent than in Italy at large. Firm dynamism, in particular high-growth and exit trends, the uptake of emerging technologies among local start-ups as well as their propensity to use national incentives are other key areas of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy makers. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm dynamism, innovation, local development, policy adoption, start-up |
| JEL: | D22 L26 M13 O38 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/09-en&r=all |
| By: | Setyowati, Endah; Suharto, Suharto; Subagja, Iwan Kurniawan |
| Abstract: | This study aims to: 1) test and analyze the role of knowledge management and competence in innovation, 2) test and analyze the role of knowledge management and competence on organizational performance, 3) test and analyze the role of innovation on organizational performance, 4) test and analyze the role of management knowledge of organizational performance through innovation, 5) testing and analyzing the role of competence on organizational performance through innovation, and 6) testing and analyzing the role of knowledge management and employee competence on organizational performance through innovation at PDAM Ketapang Regency. The research was conducted by PDAM Ketapang Regency employees, totaling 71 employees. The sampling technique uses saturated samples. Methods of data analysis using descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis with path analysis. The results showed that: 1) there was an influence on the role of knowledge management and competence on innovation, 2) there was an influence on the role of knowledge management and competence on organizational performance, 3) there was an influence on the role of innovation on organizational performance, 4) there was an influence on the role of knowledge management on organizational performance through innovation, 5) there is an influence on the role of competence on organizational performance through innovation, and 6) there is an influence on the role of knowledge management and employee competence on organizational performance through innovation at PDAM Ketapang Regency. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge Management, Competence, Innovation, Organizational Performance |
| JEL: | M2 |
| Date: | 2020–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103947&r=all |
| By: | Mattia Guerini; Philipp Harting; Mauro Napoletano |
| Abstract: | We develop a model to study the impact of corporate governance on firm investment decisions and industry competition. In the model, governance structure affects the distribution of shares among short- and long-term oriented investors, the robustness of the management regarding possible stockholder interference, and the managerial remuneration scheme. A bargaining process between firm's stakeholders determines the optimal allocation of financial resources between real investments in R&D and financial investments in shares buybacks. We characterize the relation between corporate governance and firm's optimal investment strategy and we study how different governance structures shape technical progress and the degree of competition over the industrial life cycle. Numerical simulations of a calibrated set-up of the model show that pooling together industries characterized by heterogeneous governance structures generate the well-documented inverted-U shaped relation between competition and innovation. |
| Keywords: | governance structure; industry dynamics; competition; technical change. |
| Date: | 2020–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2020/35&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The characteristics of innovative start-up firms in South Tyrol, the northernmost province of Italy, entirely mountainous, hosting a high-income population belonging to three main language groups. This work is part of a series of thematic papers on sub-national start-up landscapes in Italy, produced by the OECD Trento Centre for Local Development. It represents a first attempt to analyse the effect of the Italian policy framework for young innovative firms at the local level. South Tyrol is home to a relatively small number of registered innovative start-ups, pointing to the presence of obstacles to policy transfer. Evidence suggests that language barriers may play a critical role. Firm dynamism, in particular high-growth and exit trends, the spread of emerging technologies among local start-ups as well as their propensity to uptake national incentives are other major focuses of this work, which concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations for policy-makers. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, firm growth, innovation, local development, multi-level governance, policy adoption, start-up |
| JEL: | D22 L26 M13 O38 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2020/07-en&r=all |
| By: | Albert Banal-Estanol; Melissa Newham; Jo Seldeslachts |
| Abstract: | We investigate patterns in common ownership networks between firms that are active in the US pharmaceutical industry for the period 2004-2014. Our main findings are that “brand firms” —i.e. firms that have R&D capabilities and launch new drugs—exhibit relatively dense common ownership networks with each other that further increase significantly in density over time, whereas the network of “generic firms” —i.e. firms that primarily specialize in developing and launching generic drugs— is much sparser and stays that way over the span of our sample. Finally, when considering the common ownership links between brands firms, on the one hand, and generic firms, on the other, we find that brand firms have become more connected to generic firms over time. We discuss the potential antitrust implications of these findings. |
| Keywords: | Common ownership networks, pharmaceutical companies, competition, innovation |
| Date: | 2020–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:msiper:663270&r=all |
| By: | Sofiane Ghali (ESSECT-University of Tunis); Mustapha K. Nabli (North Africa Bureau of Economic Studies (NABES)) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the Tunisian experience of exports diversification and the role played by industrial policies. It describes the general trends and the dynamics of diversification using a very disaggregated data set on exports for the period 1995-2017, for both primary and resourcebased products and manufactured products. It has been generally recognized that openness and export promotion policies established since the early 1970s succeeded in allowing Tunisia to achieve significant export growth, especially in low-technology manufacturing. But, until recently, the general wisdom has been that the country has achieved limited success in moving up the technological ladder, with diversification, and sophistication of exports. In this paper we show that this view is not warranted, and that extensive diversification and sophistication has taken place over the last couple of decades, and more significantly the most recent period, in which Tunisia has been remarkably resilient, despite the political upheavals which have rocked the country. The paper highlights the successes and failures of the process of diversification and investigates the role of both the "horizontal" and "vertical" policies pursued. It focuses on the “how” issue and explores whether and how specific policies are successful or not in meeting their objectives. Most importantly it presents a novel approach to study the dynamics of diversification and tries to identify the basic reasons behind the success or failure of diversification. It shows that the dynamics of innovation is extremely rich and varied. Diversification may be successful with products becoming "mature" exports or "emerging" exports. But there may also be failures with products experiencing "stalled" exports or "episodic" exports processes. These empirical findings lead to a questioning of one major argument in the literature that the main constraint to diversification is a market failure due to the fact that innovators (who introduce new products or new markets in exports) bear the major cost of their innovation, but later entrants reap the benefits. Discovery and innovation seem to be very extremely common, but success and consolidation are much more difficult. The paper draws important conclusions about the effectiveness of “horizontal vs vertical policies”, “single vs packages of policies”, and the focus on spurring discovery and innovation per say vs supporting the growth of already emerged innovations. |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1415&r=all |
| By: | Aithal, Sreeramana; Aithal, Shubhrajyotsna |
| Abstract: | Higher education is finding importance throughout the globe due to two reasons that include challenges to increase Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) towards 100% and the possibility of further HE system innovations due to drastic changes in technology and the creativity of new Tech-generations. In this paper, we made a detailed analysis of the effect of technology on industry and the creation of new tech generations in society. The predictive analysis methodology is used for discussing the effect of technologies on industries and its effects on the creation of new tech generations. Finally, the possible higher education strategies to fullfill the anticipated desires of the tech-generations in society are analysed. Based on the analysis a set of postulates are suggested to integrate technology with the higher education system to develop industry acceptable qualified professionals to serve satisfactorily in so-called Tech-society. |
| Keywords: | Higher education strategies, Tech-Generations, Generation Y, Generation Z, Generation A, Industry 5.0, Education 5.0, Education technology, Predictive analysis |
| JEL: | I21 I23 I25 O3 O31 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104025&r=all |
| By: | Burghard, Uta; Scherrer, Aline; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Globisch, Joachim |
| Abstract: | Plug In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can contribute to the decarbonisation of the transport sector and to alleviate some of the negative local impacts of car driving. As current market shares for PEVs in Germany are still small, it is important to investigate the social acceptance of electric mobility, taking into account different actors in the innovation system. Therefore we draw a link between the social acceptance concept (socio-political, market and local acceptance) and the technological innovation systems (TIS) approach and conduct a literature review. The results show that the majority of studies deal with the demand side of electric mobility, focusing on market acceptance. For a transition towards an electric transport system a deeper systemic understanding of all actors is necessary. The paper shows where the potentials for further acceptance research on electric mobility lie and provides an approach, which can be developed further and transferred to similar technologies. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles,social acceptance,technological innovation system,actors |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s122020&r=all |