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on Innovation |
| By: | Vincent Van Roy (European Commission - JRC); Daniel Nepelski (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | High-tech entrepreneurship is one of the main means by which new knowledge and technologies are converted into economic and social benefits. This report analyses the levels and determinants of high-tech entrepreneurship across European countries. To this end, it uses country-level data on high- and low-tech total early-stage entrepreneurial activity provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Panel data estimations for the period 2007-2014 reveal that EU Member States with better access to finance, less bureaucracy, more consistent policy regimes, favourable entrepreneurship education, and qualitative intellectual property rights that lower patent thicketing strategies exhibit a higher proportion of high-tech firm creation. In addition, greater technological density is associated with a higher rate of high-tech entrepreneurship creation, suggesting beneficial influences of path-dependency and agglomeration effects. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem; financial; growth; ICT; indicator; innovation; policy; research; industry |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc104865&r=ino |
| By: | Kesavayuth, Dusanee; Lee, Sang-Ho; Zikos, Vasileios |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider a duopoly with product differentiation and examine the interaction between merger and innovation incentives. The analysis reveals that a merger tends to discourage innovation, unless the investment cost is sufficiently low. This result holds whether or not side payments between firms are allowed. When side payments are permitted, a bilateral merger-to-monopoly is always profitable, a standard result in the literature. When side payments are not permitted, however, we show that a merger is not profitable when the efficiency of the new technology is relatively high and the investment cost is below a particular level. |
| Keywords: | Merger, R&D, innovation, differentiated products |
| JEL: | D21 L13 L41 O31 |
| Date: | 2017–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79821&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Donadelli (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration and Research Center SAFE, Goethe University Frankfurt); Patrick Grüning (Bank of Lithuania & Faculty of Economics, Vilnius University) |
| Abstract: | We study the general equilibrium implications of different fiscal policies on macroeconomic quantities, asset prices, and welfare by utilizing two endogenous growth models. The expanding variety model features only homogeneous innovations by entrants. The Schumpeterian growth model features heterogeneous innovations: “incremental” innovations by incumbents and “radical” innovations by entrants. The government levies taxes on labor income and corporate profits and supplies subsidies to consumption, capital investment, and investments in research and development by entrants and, if applicable, incumbents. With these models at hand, we provide new insights on the interplay of innovation dynamics and fiscal policy. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, Asset pricing, Government, Fiscal policy, Heterogeneous innovation |
| JEL: | E22 G12 H20 I30 O30 |
| Date: | 2017–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lie:wpaper:43&r=ino |
| By: | Martin Srholec (Centre of Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University (Lund, Sweden) and CERGE-EI, Economics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences (Prague, Czech Republic)); Cristiana Benedetti Fasil (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | research and innovation, Czech Republic, innovation system |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105858&r=ino |
| By: | Amanatidou Effie (Manchester Institute of Innovation Research / University of Manchester); Damvakeraki Tonia (HAREVA Business Ideas E.E); Karvounaraki Athina (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Greece |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105901&r=ino |
| By: | Susan Alexander (Minerva S.Ã r.l.); Gudrun Rumpf (Intrasoft International); Juan Carlos Del Rio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | research and innovation, Luxembourg, innovation system |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105894&r=ino |
| By: | Aaron Chatterji |
| Abstract: | Economists have long believed education is essential to the acquisition of human capital and contributes to economic growth. However, education researchers, political and business leaders and other stakeholders have raised concerns about the quality and costs of the K-12 education system in the United States and the implications for the development of the nation’s future workforce. Some of these groups have called for more innovation in K-12 education, leveraging technology in the classroom and experimenting with different organizing models for schools, both as a means to lower costs and increase quality. To shed light on the prospects of this approach, I review the economics literature at the intersection between innovation and K-12 education from two different, but related, perspectives. First, I summarize the evidence about the efficacy of technological and other kinds of innovation in the classroom. Second, I discuss the state of research on how the American K-12 system influences the production of innovators and entrepreneurs. In both instances, I identify implications for policy and opportunities for future research to generate actionable insights, particularly around increasing the low levels of research and development in the education sector. |
| JEL: | H52 I20 I21 I28 O30 O32 O38 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23531&r=ino |
| By: | Steven Sorrell (University of Sussex - Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU)) |
| Abstract: | Social innovation requires a transformation in innovation practices. These transformations should be democratic. At least that is the hypothesis in this paper. Makerspaces are studied as potential sites for democratising innovation activity. Makerspaces are community-based workshops where people access the tools, skills and collaborators to design and make almost anything they wish. Makerspaces are also networked spaces for reflection and debate over design and making in society. But they are many other things too, including a place for personal recreation, entrepreneurship, and education - features of increasing interest to institutions. Makerspaces are pulled and pushed in different directions. An open innovation agenda seeks to insert makerspace creativity into global manufacturing circuits under business as usual. Others see in makerspaces an inchoate infrastructure for a commons-based, sustainable and redistributed manufacturing economy. Activists anticipate new relations in material culture and political economy. Makerspaces are thus socially innovative and not socially innovative at the same time: a site of struggle over issues of profound social significance, and hence an example of innovation democracy in action. |
| Keywords: | Multilevel perspective; Critical realism; Emergence; Process theory |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2017-11&r=ino |
| By: | Rune Dahl Fitjar Author-X-Name-First: Rune Dahl; Bram Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Bram |
| Abstract: | Two ideas have emerged as central in evolutionary economic geography in recent years: First, innovation is often the result of meetings between related ideas, and regions are therefore best served by hosting a variety of related industries. Second, innovation often comes from the combination of different knowledge bases. However, there have been few attempts at linking these approaches in empirical studies. This paper connects the dots by examining relatedness among industries with similar and different knowledge bases in specific regional contexts. We focus on regions expected to have different types of innovation systems, from the organisationally thick and diversified RIS of large cities through the more specialised RIS in intermediate cities to the organisationally thin RIS found in small rural regions. The analysis finds that industries with different knowledge bases are related in various regional settings, with combinatorial knowledge base industries having a central role in many regions. However, there are also cases of potential lock-in, where relatedness is mainly found among regions with the same knowledge base. Length: |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1712&r=ino |
| By: | Adrian Smith (University of Sussex - Science and Technology Policy Research Unit (SPRU)) |
| Abstract: | Social innovation requires a transformation in innovation practices. These transformations should be democratic. At least that is the hypothesis in this paper. Makerspaces are studied as potential sites for democratising innovation activity. Makerspaces are community-based workshops where people access the tools, skills and collaborators to design and make almost anything they wish. Makerspaces are also networked spaces for reflection and debate over design and making in society. But they are many other things too, including a place for personal recreation, entrepreneurship, and education - features of increasing interest to institutions. Makerspaces are pulled and pushed in different directions. An open innovation agenda seeks to insert makerspace creativity into global manufacturing circuits under business as usual. Others see in makerspaces an inchoate infrastructure for a commons-based, sustainable and redistributed manufacturing economy. Activists anticipate new relations in material culture and political economy. Makerspaces are thus socially innovative and not socially innovative at the same time: a site of struggle over issues of profound social significance, and hence an example of innovation democracy in action. |
| Keywords: | Social innovation; democracy; makerspaces; digital fabrication; commons; critical theory; technology |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2017-10&r=ino |
| By: | Paulo F. Azevedo; Maria Sylvia Saes; Paula Sarita Bigio Schneider; Thiago Bernardino de Carvalho; Andresa Silva Neto Francischini; Synthia Kariny Silva de Santana; Maria Clara de Azevedo Morgulis |
| Abstract: | This paper presents and comparatively analyzes three case studies of productive development agencies (PDAs) in Brazil: Embrapa, Finep, and ABC Foundation. Following a discussion of the main hypotheses and the methodology employed, the paper describes each case, the related counterfactual and an analysis of each PDA's capabilities. A subsequent section presents a comparative analysis of the PDAs, studying: i) the use of hybrid forms to assemble complementary capabilities: short-run effects on technological policy; ii) the effect of strategic alliances on building capabilities and dynamic effects; and iii) how industry structure and innovation should affect PDAs' strategies. Finally, the paper presents conclusions, summarizing results, methodological shortcomings and policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Productive Development Policies, Productivity and Competitiveness, Industrial Productivity, Innovation Policy, Research & Development, Governance, State-owned Enterprises, New Technologies, Intellectual property, Industrial Policy, Technical assistance, research and development, innovation policy, technological innovation |
| JEL: | L38 D73 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:96997&r=ino |
| By: | Javier Gomez Prieto (European Commission – JRC); Patrice dos Santos (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Smart Specialisation approach is being an inspiratory driver of regional innovation not only within the European Union but beyond. This paper elaborates on the Policy Learning Dialogue: Smart Specialisation in EU and Chile which took place at the Joint Research Centre, Seville (21st November 2016). The article showcases policy reflections and outcomes derived from a fruitful discussion between practitioners of regional innovation strategies in EU and Chile, smart specialisation platform staff and experts. This policy dialogue was part of the activities carried out by the smart specialisation platform aiming at providing evidence-based support to policy makers and stakeholders of smart specialisation through common reflections focused on cooperation dynamics and joint learning. |
| Keywords: | Smart Specialisation; Policy learning dialogue; cooperation; European Union; Chile |
| JEL: | R5 O32 O1 O54 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc106872&r=ino |
| By: | Kuzyk Mikhail (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Zudin N. (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Simachev Yuri (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | In the modern world, close interaction and productive cooperation between business companies, scientific research centers and universities plays a very important role in ensuring sustainable economic development. According to the evolutionary theory, innovation is produced by the interaction of various components of a national innovative system responsible for the distribution and practical application of new knowledge that can be put to economic use. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, R&D, science, technology |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O3 I28 I2 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:ppaper:ppaper-2017-297&r=ino |
| By: | Yomna Mustafa Sameer (Faculty of Management Technology, The German University in Cairo); Sandra Ohly (Faculty of Business Sciences, University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Despite increasing importance of fostering innovation among employees, and the growing interest in Positive Organizational Behavior (POB) constructs, little empirical research has been conducted on the topic of innovation with POB. Moreover, though research proved significant relationship between positive psychological capital (PsyCap) and creative performance, no studies examined PsyCap with innovative behavior along with other antecedents. In addition, potential differential antecedents of innovative behavior have received insufficient attention. The present study integrated a number of streams of research on the antecedents of innovation and creativity to develop and test a model of innovative behavior. Regression analyses reveal that PsyCap, work characteristics, personal initiative, supportive climate, strategic attention and creative behavior predict innovative behavior which in turn affects satisfaction and engagement. |
| Keywords: | none |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:guc:wpaper:45&r=ino |
| By: | Mariam Barry; Giorgio Triulzi; Christopher L. Magee |
| Abstract: | In this research we study productivity trends of hybrid corn - an important subdomain of food production. We estimate the yearly rate of yield improvement of hybrid corn (measured as bushel per acre) by using both information on yields contained in US patent documents for patented hybrid corn varieties and on field-test data of several hybrid corn varieties performed at US State level. We have used a generalization of Moore's law to fit productivity trends and obtain the performance improvement rate by analyzing time series of hybrid corn performance for a period covering the last thirty years. The linear regressions results obtained from different data sources indicate that the estimated improvement rates per year are between 1.2 and 2.4 percent. In particular, using yields reported in a sample of patents filed between 1985 and 2010, we estimated an improvement rate of 0.015 (R2 = 0.74, Pvalue = 1.37 x 10^-8). Moreover, we apply two predicting models developed by Benson and Magee (2015) and Triulzi and Magee (2016) that only use patent metadata to estimate the rate of improvement. We compare these predicted values to the rate estimated using US States field-test data. We find that, due to a turning point in patenting practices which begun in 2008, only the predicted rate (rate = 0.015) using patents filed before 2008 is consistent with the empirical rate. Finally, we also investigate at the micro level - on the basis of 70 patents (granted between 1986 and 2015) - whether the number of citations received by a patent is correlated with performance achieved by the patented variety. We find that the relative performance (yield ratio) of the patented seed is positively correlated with the total number of citations received by the patent (until December 2015) but not the citations received within 3 years after the granted year, with the patent application year used as control variable. |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1706.05911&r=ino |
| By: | Koen Jonkers (European Commission - JRC); Juan Carlos Del-RIO (European Commission - JRC); Niels Meyer (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents an assessment of the JRC's scientific and technical research activities in the period 2007-2015, focusing on research outputs and citation impact. The aim of the report is to inform a panel of independent experts, who will carry out an implementation review of the JRC half way the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020. The report provides information on the number of JRC research publications and the scientific impact of those publications, based on data and metrics derived from Thomson Reuter’s InCites platform and the Web of Science database. |
| Keywords: | JRC, bibliometrics, scientometric, publication, citation, impact, Web of Science |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc107025&r=ino |
| By: | François Cohen; Matthieu Glachant; Magnus Söderberg |
| Abstract: | This paper uses product-level data from the UK refrigerator market to evaluate the impact of electricity prices on product innovation. Our best estimate is that a 10% increase in the electricity price reduces the average energy consumption of commercialized refrigerator models by 2%. A large share of this reduction is explained by a reduction of freezing space. We also show that the exit of energy-inefficient products contributes more to energy reduction than the launch of new energy-efficient models. These findings suggest that innovation – the development of better technologies embodied in new products – does not respond strongly to energy price variations. |
| Keywords: | Induced Innovation; Energy Efficiency; Electricity Prices; Multiple Imputations; Product entry and exit. |
| JEL: | D12 L68 Q41 Q55 |
| Date: | 2017–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_51&r=ino |
| By: | Lee, Sang-Ho; Muminov, Timur; Tomaru, Yoshihiro |
| Abstract: | This study investigates R&D and output subsidies in a mixed duopoly with partial privatization. We show that an output subsidy is welfare-superior to an R&D subsidy policy, but the government has a higher incentive to privatize the public firm under the output subsidy than the R&D subsidy. However, when the government uses the policy mix of R&D and output subsidies together, it can achieve the first-best allocation, in which the degree of privatization does not influence output subsidies but influences R&D subsidies. |
| Keywords: | Mixed duopoly; Partial privatization; R&D subsidy; Output subsidy |
| JEL: | H2 L1 L3 |
| Date: | 2017–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79778&r=ino |
| By: | Gloria Cicerone, Philip McCann, Viktor A. Venhorst Author-X-Name-First: Gloria; Philip McCann Author-X-Name-First: Philip; Viktor A. Venhorst Author-X-Name-First: Viktor |
| Abstract: | We adapt the product-space methodological approach of Hausmann and Klinger to the case of Italian provinces and regions in order to examine the extent to which the network connectedness and centrality of a provinceÕs exports is related to its economic performance. We construct a new Product Space Position (PSP) index which retains many of the Hausmann-Klinger features but which is also much better suited to handling regional and provincial data. We also compare PSP performance with two other export composition indices. A better positioning in the export-network product space is indeed associated with a better local economic outcomes. |
| JEL: | O11 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1714&r=ino |
| By: | Silvia Rocchetta Author-X-Name-First: Silvia; Andrea Mina Author-X-Name-First: Andrea |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the effect of different regional technological profiles on the resilience of regional economies to exogenous shocks. We conduct an empirical examination of the determinants of resilience through panel analyses of UK NUTS III level data for the 2004-2012 period. The results indicate that regions endowed with technologically coherent Ð and not simply diversified Ð knowledge bases are better prepared to face an unforeseen downturn and display resilience. Moreover, local economies tend to be more adaptable if they innovate in sectors with the strongest growth opportunities, even though firmsÕ net entry does not appear to contribute significantly towards resilience. |
| JEL: | O30 R11 O33 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1713&r=ino |
| By: | Nabeshima, Kaoru; Kashcheeva, Mila; Kang, Byeongwoo |
| Abstract: | Many countries are interested in strengthening their technological capabilities to achieve high growth rates. Knowledge flow is a key to build technological capabilities. This paper investigates how competition in international trades affects knowledge flow between countries. There are two findings. First, the results in the current paper shows that import is indeed an important avenue for knowledge flow, conforming with the results from the previous literature. Second, what is interesting and new is that export competition in the third market (in our study, the US market) seems to also have a positive impact on the flow of knowledge. The finding from this study contributes to the debate on “learning-by-exporting”. |
| Keywords: | Research & development,Industrial technology,Technological innovations,Technology transfer,International trade,Knowledge flow,Learning-by-export,East Asia |
| JEL: | F14 D83 D53 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper654&r=ino |
| By: | Dezhina Irina (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Two ongoing parallel processes marked the year 2016. The first one had to do with the continuing implementation of previously planned measures, although it clearly fell behind the earlier established schedule. The scientific research community defined it as progressive stagnation. The second process involved the active elaboration, at the government level, of new strategic documents aimed at a fundamental revision of current policies in the sphere of science and innovation. These were the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, the National Technology Initiative (NTI) Strategy, and the draft federal law On Scientific, Scientific-technological and Innovation Activity in the Russian Federation, to supersede the Federal Law On Science and State Scientific and Technological Policy enacted in 1996. In August, a new RF Minister of Education and Science was appointed, and so it could be expected that the priorities of the government policy in the field of science and related measures would likewise be adjusted. The focus may well be shifted towards the sphere of education, which is also important from the point of view of science: the creation of high quality human resources in the field of scientific research begins in the secondary school education system. In spite of the introduction of a number of comprehensive measures aimed at support and promotion, some aspects of the issues that have to do with lack of personnel in certain key areas have never been resolved. Among other things, it is necessary to alter the hierarchical and age structure of research personnel, create proper conditions for their career growth, and properly adjust the highest-level qualification training system. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, R&D, science, technology |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O3 I28 I2 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:ppaper:ppaper-2017-290&r=ino |