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on Innovation |
| By: | Andrea Filippetti; Maria Savona |
| Abstract: | The article introduces the special section on “University–industry linkages and academic engagements: Individual behaviours and firms’ barriers”. We first revisit the latest developments of the literature and policy interest on university–industry research. We then build upon the extant literature and unpack the concept of academic engagement by further exploring the heterogeneity of UI linkages along a set of dimensions and actors involved. These are: (1) Incentives and behaviours of individual academic entrepreneurs; (2) Firms’ barriers to cooperation with public research institutions; (3) Individual behaviours, incentives and organizational bottlenecks in late developing countries. We summarize the individual contributions along these dimensions. There are overlooked individual characteristics that affect the degree of engagement of academics and scholars in cooperating with other organizations, of which gender and the non-academic background of individuals are most crucial. The notion of academic engagement should be enlarged to aspects that go beyond the commercialization or patenting of innovation, but embrace social and economic impact more at large. From the perspective of the firm, barriers to innovation might exert an effect on the likelihood to cooperate with universities and public research institutes, most especially to cope with lack of finance or access to frontier knowledge. We finally propose a research agenda that addresses the challenges ahead. |
| Keywords: | University–industry linkages Academic engagement Barriers to innovation |
| JEL: | O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2017–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:80070&r=ino |
| By: | Vassiliki Koutsogeorgopoulou (OECD); Taejin Park |
| Abstract: | R&D activity can play a central role in raising productivity. Australia compares well in terms of research excellence. However, there is scope for better translation of publicly funded research into commercial outcomes. Strengthening incentives for collaborative research is essential. A simpler funding system for university research that provides sharper and more transparent incentives for research partnerships is important in this regard. Research-business linkages would also be boosted by more effective programmes encouraging business to collaborate, measures promoting greater mobility of researchers between the two sectors, and steps to ensure that intellectual property arrangements are not a barrier to knowledge. In Australia financial support for encouraging business innovation relies mostly on an R&D tax incentive; raising additionality and reducing compliance costs would enhance the effectiveness of the scheme. Maximising the benefits from public investment in research further hinges upon a well-coordinated science, research and innovation system through a “whole-of-government” approach and consolidating certain programmes. Reform initiatives underway, notably those in the National Innovation and Science Agenda, are welcome. |
| Keywords: | co-ordination, collaboration, commercialisation, evaluation, funding |
| JEL: | I23 O30 O38 |
| Date: | 2017–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1391-en&r=ino |
| By: | Kim, Jinyoung (Korea University) |
| Abstract: | Teamwork in research has been on the rise and so has the size of R&D teams. This paper offers an ex-planation for increasing team size that we call the "racing against time" hypothesis: With innovation races more competitive globally, R&D firms need to finish research projects as quickly as possible and therefore have an incentive to put together a team with more R&D personnel. We test this hypothesis against a natural experiment that took place in 1995 when the U.S. patent law was amended. |
| Keywords: | teamwork, team size, R&D, patent, racing against time |
| JEL: | D23 J23 O32 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10815&r=ino |
| By: | Johannes Sauer (Technical University of Munich) |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the link between farm innovation and economic performance. The study uses a unique survey dataset maintained by Wageningen Economic Research in the Netherlands. A structural multi-stage model of firm-level innovation is applied. The model contains four steps: first, the decision of the farmer to innovate at all; second the innovation intensity, measured by expenditures on innovation activities; third the output of the innovation process, which is measured by realized product, process, organisational or marketing-related innovation; fourth, productivity changes as a result of innovation. The analysis is performed for two types of farms – dairy and crop farms – and covers the period from 2004 to 2014. A number of factors are found to be decisive for the magnitude and success of farm innovations in the Netherlands. Among them regulations and standards, the level of co-operation with knowledge producing institutions, own product and process-related development activities, farm size, the age of the farm operator as well as confidence in business and sector developments. Based on these and other results, the report derives implications for policies aimed at promoting farm innovation and productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, Dutch farms, Innovation, productivity |
| JEL: | O31 Q12 Q16 |
| Date: | 2017–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:102-en&r=ino |
| By: | Tomasz (Faculty of Economics, University of Gdansk; Institute for Development); Anna Golejewska (Faculty of Economics, University of Gdansk) |
| Abstract: | Poland’s innovation performance is unsatisfactory. In the context of the required shift of the present mostly-extensive growth paradigm to more knowledge and innovation-intensive one has to take into account the regional variation in innovative and economic activity in this middle-sized open economy in order to fine-tune its regional development and innovation policies. Using the firm-level data for manufacturing sector aggregated to NUTS3 regions as well as firm-level data from a unique qualitative survey carried out by the Institute for Development we try to identify the determinants of variation in innovative activity of firms within Poland in order to account for regional differences in particular between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions. The analysis at aggregated NUTS3 level does not bring satisfactory results. The difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions is statistically insignificant and the overall results are mixed. In the second step, we apply more sophisticated econometric methods controlling for firm-specific, sector-specific and region-specific features as suggested in the literature of the subject identifying the positive effect of location within metropolitan regions on the innovative performance of companies. Furthermore, the results point to the significance of firm-specific, internal, as well as region-specific – factors external to a firm, nonetheless, supporting the notion of regional innovation systems in which firms are embedded. |
| Keywords: | innovation, regional innovation system, regional economic performance, firm-level, logit model, Poisson model, negative binomial model |
| JEL: | O30 R11 R12 R58 C21 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gda:wpaper:1701&r=ino |
| By: | F. Delbono; L. Lambertini |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between market concentration and industry innovative effort within a familiar two-stage model of R&D race in which fi rms compete à la Cournot in the product market. With the help of numerical simulations, we show that such a setting is rich enough to generate Arrovian, Schumpeterian and inverted-U curves. We interpret these different patterns on the basis of the relative strength of the technological incentive and the strategic incentive. |
| JEL: | L13 O31 |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp2006&r=ino |
| By: | Philip Hemmings (OECD); Taejin Park |
| Abstract: | Innovation is key to boosting Australia’s productivity and inclusiveness. This paper examines the policies that create good conditions for innovation, not only in science and technology but also wider forms, such as business-model innovation. Competition and flexible markets are particularly important in the Australian context. Also there is room to improve the environment for firm entry and exit, and intellectual property arrangements. However, the returns to public spending on Australia’s numerous innovation-related SME support schemes are uncertain. Federal and state governments are taking a positive approach to the new wave of “disruptive” service-sector innovations, such as those underway in personal transport, accommodation, legal and financial services. Harnessing the full benefits of today's innovation requires household and business have access to high-speed ICT; and there is room for improvement on this front in Australia. In education, Australia’s STEM-oriented strategy could be strengthened. Innovation in public-services should receive considerable attention as this can raise aggregate productivity and improve living standards. |
| Keywords: | competition, firm dynamics, ICT, intellectual property, public sector, SME |
| JEL: | O30 O31 O33 O34 O38 O56 |
| Date: | 2017–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1390-en&r=ino |
| By: | Antonis Theocharous (Cyprus Institute of Technology); Robert Gampfer (European Commission - DG JRC); Nicolas Robledo Böttcher (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Cyprus |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105876&r=ino |
| By: | Demary, Vera |
| Abstract: | While the sharing economy is generally perceived to be very innovative, it has hardly been analyzed what defines this innovativeness. The main aspect for the sharing economy as a whole is the peer-to-peer (P2P) organization of its businesses. This allows sharing platforms to enter markets more easily, consequently increasing com-petition in these markets. In addition to that, many sharing platforms are also techno-logically innovative or apply a tested concept in a new setting. Increased competition may result in even more innovation in order to keep customers satisfied and boost the benefit these derive from participating in the sharing economy. However, in most affected markets, there is no level playing field yet between the established incum-bents and the new sharing platform entrants. This calls for urgent action on the side of policy-makers to foster innovation in the sharing economy while enabling fair com-petition. |
| JEL: | L12 L51 L86 O31 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:112017&r=ino |
| By: | Stijn Kelchtermans (KULeuven); Nicolas Robledo Böttcher (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Belgium |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105859&r=ino |
| By: | Vladimir Balaz (Slovak Academy of Sciences); Karol Frank (Slovak Academy of Sciences); Jana Zifciakova (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Slovakia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105850&r=ino |
| By: | Agne Paliokaite (Visionary Analytics); Elena González Verdesoto (European Commission/DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Lithuania |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105889&r=ino |
| By: | Jens Hanson (University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | This paper follows up on recent debates on relations between technological innovation systems (TISs) and context. Particular focus is placed on the role of established industries, which possess important resources for TIS formation. The paper contributes in two ways. First, the paper builds and expands upon the TIS framework to encompass beneficial relations between a TIS and its sectoral and technological context. Second, the framework is applied to the analysis of the emergence of a solar photovoltaic (PV) industry in Norway. The analysis first illustrates how an emerging TIS can benefit from an overlap with an established industry, which serves as a structural foundation and impacts key TIS processes. Second, the paper shows how relations between TIS and context change over time and range from supply chain interaction to more profound overlaps of system elements. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20170531&r=ino |
| By: | Thangamani Gurunathan (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | Product Innovation is a key aspect of any company and central to the New Product Development (NPD) process. Companies must take risks to launch innovative new products speedily and successfully for its survival and sustainability. Despite meticulous efforts by companies to bring innovations, most of them are failing in the market place and hence the ability to diagnose and manage risk is a very important activity in high risk innovations. This paper presents a new Product Innovation and Development (PID) process and a quantitative methodology for risk assessment. FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) and Markov process analysis are combined and presented as the risk assessment method. This methodology also investigates the overall Product innovation and Development process and explores various risks, categorize them according to their sources, assess those risks and explores various risk mitigation techniques. The methodology is demonstrated using a case study on a new innovative home appliance project. |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:242&r=ino |
| By: | Trofimov, Ivan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the current state of entrepreneurship theory in the public domain and proposes a theoretical framework applying the concepts of entrepreneurship developed by I. M. Kirzner and J. A. Schumpeter in the field of economics to the field of public policy. A distinction is made between political and policy entrepreneurship. Three generic policy entrepreneurship functions (policy leadership, innovation and coordination) which are performed by specific means by a variety of actors scattered across the policy system, are identified. It is shown that these entrepreneurial functions can provide a complete explanation of adjustments taking place during policy regime formation (including agenda setting and policy negotiation). It is postulated that during this process (denoted as policy equilibration), the complementarity of entrepreneurship functions is essential. The paper also considers possible exercise of policy entrepreneurship functions in the trade policy domain and examines what actors can act as entrepreneurs. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; trade policy; agenda setting |
| JEL: | D78 F13 L26 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79497&r=ino |
| By: | Todorova Angelina (CASTRA Bulgaria); Slavcheva Milena (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | research and innovation, Bulgaria, innovation system |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105925&r=ino |
| By: | Tibor Dory (Széchenyi Istvan University, Gyor); Laszlo Csonka (IKU Innovation Research Centre, Budapest); Milena Slavcheva (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | research and innovation, Hungary, innovation system |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105927&r=ino |
| By: | Balázs Égert |
| Abstract: | Empirical research on the drivers of multi-factor productivity (MFP) is abundant at the firm- and industry level but surprisingly little research has been conducted on the determinants of MFP at the macroeconomic level. In this paper, we seek to understand the drivers of country-level MFP with a special emphasis on product and labour market policies and the quality of institutions. For a panel of OECD countries, we find that anticompetitive product market regulations are associated with lower MFP levels and that higher innovation intensity and greater openness go in tandem with higher MFP. We also find that the impact of product market regulations on MFP may depend on the level of labour market regulations. Better institutions, a more business friendly environment and lower barriers to trade and investment amplify the positive impact of R&D spending on MFP. Finally, we also show that cross-country MFP variations can be explained to a considerable extent by cross-country variation in labour market regulations, barriers to trade and investment and institutions (including corruption). |
| Keywords: | human capital, measurement, multi-factor productivity, OECD |
| JEL: | C2 J2 O4 |
| Date: | 2017–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1393-en&r=ino |
| By: | Krzysztof Klincewicz (University of Warsaw); Katarzyna Szkuta (European Commission - DG JRC); Magdalena Marczewska (University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Poland |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105843&r=ino |
| By: | Mette Præst Knudsen (University of Southern Denmark); Jesper Lindgaard Christensen (Aalborg University); Christensen, Peder (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester analysis, Denmark |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc106034&r=ino |
| By: | Schuch Klaus (Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI)); Gampfer Robert (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester analysis, Austria |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105844&r=ino |
| By: | Wolfgang Sofka (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark); Sprutacz Maren (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Belgium |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105845&r=ino |
| By: | Brian Warrington (Independent Expert); Hristo Hristov (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Malta |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105847&r=ino |
| By: | Tom Martin (Tom Martin & Associates); Peter Fako (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Ireland |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105882&r=ino |
| By: | Kattel Rainer (Tallinn University of Technology); Stamenov Blagoy (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Estonia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105895&r=ino |
| By: | Gundars Kulikovskis (FIDEA (Financial and Management Consulting Company)); Diana Petraityte (FIDEA (Financial and Management Consulting Company)); Stamenov Blagoy (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Latvia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105892&r=ino |
| By: | Kimmo Halme (4FRONT OY); Veli-Pekka Saarnivaara (VPSolutio); Jessica Mitchell (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester analysis, |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105853&r=ino |
| By: | Eva Benages (University of Valencia and Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Laura Hernandez (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Consuelo Minguez (University of Valencia); Juan Perez (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Juan Carlos Robledo (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Jimena Salamanca (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Marta Solaz (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE)); Montserrat Lopez-Cobo (European Commission - JRC); Fiammetta Rossetti (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This methodological report details the work done in the Prospective Insights on R&D in ICT (PREDICT) project in 2017. PREDICT provides updated indicators for the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector and for its Research and Development (R&D) in the European Union and in the major ICT leaders worldwide. This project is being carried out jointly by the Joint Research Centre, Directorate B and the Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT) of the European Commission. The data and methodologies have been developed in collaboration with the Valencian Institute of Economic Research (IVIE). The 2017 PREDICT Dataset has been deepened and expanded in this latest version in order to include complementary dimensions, such as the Media and Content sector and sub-sectors. An updated methodology for estimating ICT Government Budget allocations for Research and Development (ICT GBARD) has been applied. Furthermore, for the most important indicators, existing PREDICT time series have been reconstructed back to 1995, while figures are now-casted for 2015 and 2016. |
| Keywords: | R&D, ICT, innovation, statistics, data collection, estimation, nowcasting, digital economy, ICT industry analysis, ICT R&D and innovation |
| JEL: | O30 O32 O52 C82 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc106713&r=ino |
| By: | Nadia Albis (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI) and Observatorio Colombiano de Ciencia y Tecnología.); Isabel Álvarez (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effects of heterogeneous foreign subsidiaries in the generation of knowledge spillovers beneficial for domestic owned firms. The empirical analysis uses firm-level panel data for manufacturing firms in Colombia for the period 2003-2012. We identify two different types of subsidiaries according to their technological responsibilities and mandates, to empirically test the existence of differential effects on domestic firms’ productivity. Our results confirm that only those subsidiaries oriented to creative technological activities exert significant and positive effects, while those subsidiaries oriented to exploitative technological activities do not generate knowledge spillover effects. These findings contribute to arguments in the existing literature supporting the distinctive role and relevance of heterogeneous foreign subsidiaries in developing host contexts. |
| Keywords: | Technological spillovers; Multinational; Subsidiaries; Firms; Heterogeneity. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:wpaper:1704&r=ino |
| By: | Vitor Corado Simoes (Economics and Management Institute, Technical University of Lisbon (CISEP/ISEG)); Manuel Mira Godinho (Economics and Management Institute, Technical University of Lisbon (CISEP/ISEG)); Miguel Sanchez Martinez (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, European Semester analysis, Portugal |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105862&r=ino |
| By: | Jos van den Broek (Rathenau Institute); Jasper Deuten (Rathenau Institute); Koen Jonkers (European Commission - DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2016 series of the RIO Country Report analyses and assesses the development and performance of the national research and innovation system of the EU-28 Member States and related policies. It aims at monitoring and evaluating the EU policy implementation as well as facilitating policy learning in the Member States. |
| Keywords: | The Netherlands, Research, Innovation, Policy analysis |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc105872&r=ino |
| By: | Florian Brugger (Department of Sociology, University of Graz); Christian Gehrke (Department of Economics, University of Graz) |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a summary account of the views of the classical political economists on the effects of technical change on the demand for labour, and in particular for skilled versus unskilled labour. The views of the classical economic theorists, from Smith to Ricardo, Babbage, Ure and Marx, are then contrasted with the historical record of the bias of technical change with regard to de-qualifying and skill-enhancing tendencies in the 18th and 19th century that emerges from studies of economic historians. The paper shows that some of the classical economists made a serious effort to account for heterogeneous labour in a changing technical environment. While Smith and Marx envisaged the de-qualification of the workforce as the main characteristic of technological development and as a purposely intended consequence of the introduction of new technologies, other authors like Babbage also took into account capital - skilled labour complementarities and skill-enhancing effects of technological change. While for Smith the deskilling bias is a by-product of progress, Marx and Ure regarded directed technological change as a bourgeois weapon in the class struggle for the reduction of the bargaining power of the proletariat. Economic historians found strong confirmation for Marx’s hypotheses that technical change was used as a weapon against the proletariat. But most empirical studies found no evidence for a deskilling tendency of industrialization as a whole. According to those studies industrialization was accompanied by a polarization of labour. On the one hand, industrialization deskilled part of the labour force and on the other hand it sharply raised the demand for highly skilled workers. |
| Date: | 2017–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpsses:2017-02&r=ino |